Similarity Reductions of Barotropic and Quasi-geostrophic Potential Vorticity Equation

The (2 1)-dimensional nonlinear barotropic and quasi-geostrophic potential vorticity equation without forcing and dissipation on a beta-plane channel is investigated by using the classical Lie symmetry approach. Some types of group-invariant wave solutions are expressed by means of the lower-dimensional similarity reduction equations. In addition to the known periodic Rossby wave solutions, some new types of exact solutions such as the ring solitary waves and the breaking soliton type of vorticity solutions with nonlinear and nonconstant shears are also obtained.     

Similarity Reductions of Barotropic and Quasi-geostrophic Potential Vorticity Equation

The (2 1)-dimensional nonlinear barotropic and quasi-geostrophic potential vorticity equation without forcing and dissipation on a beta-plane channel is investigated by using the classical Lie symmetry approach. Some types of group-invariant wave solutions are expressed by means of the lower-dimensional similarity reduction equations. In addition to the known periodic Rossby wave solutions, some new types of exact solutions such as the ring solitary waves and the breaking soliton type of vorticity solutions with nonlinear and nonconstant shears are also obtained.     

Symmetry Analysis of Barotropic Potential Vorticity Equation

Recently F. Huang [Commun. Theor. Phys. 42 (2004) 903] and X. Tang and P.K. Shukla [Commun. Theor. Phys. 49 (2008) 229] investigated symmetry properties of the barotropic potential vorticity equation without forcing anddissipation on the beta-plane. This equation is governed by two dimensionless parameters, F and β, representing the ratio of the characteristic length scale to the Rossby radius of deformation and the variation of earth' angular rotation, respectively. In the present paper it is shown that in the case F≠ 0 there exists a well-defined point transformation to set β= 0. Theclassification of one- and two-dimensional Lie subalgebras of the Lie symmetry algebra of the potential vorticity equation is given for the parameter combination F≠0 and β = 0. Based upon this classification, distinct classes of group-invariant solutions are obtained and extended to the case β≠ 0.     

Similarity Reductions of Nonisospectral BKP Equation

Basing on the direct method developed by Clarkson and Kruskal, the nonisospectral BKP equation can be reduced to three types of （1＋1）-dimensional variable coefficients partial differential equations （PDEs）. Furthermore, on the basis of the idea of the symmetry group direct method by Lou et al., three types of reduction PDEs are all reduced to the related constant coefficients PDEs by some transformations.     

Similarity Reductions of Nonisospectral BKP Equation

Basing on the direct method developed by Clarkson and Kruskal, the nonisospectral BKP equation can be reduced to three types of (1+1)-dimensional variable coefficients partial differential equations (PDEs).Furthermore, on the basis of the idea of the symmetry group direct method by Lou et al., three types of reduction PDEs are all reduced tothe related constant coefficients PDEs by some transformations.     

Similarity Reductions of Nearly Concentric KdV Equation

Basing on the direct method developed by Clarkson and Kruskal, the nearly concentric Korteweg-de Vries （ncKdV） equation can be reduced to three types of （1＋1）-dimensional variable coefficients partial differential equations （PDEs） and three types of variable coefficients ordinary differential equation. Furthermore, three types of （1＋1）-dimensional variable coefficients PDEs are all reduced to constant coefficients PDEs by some transformations.     

Some Similarity Reduction Solutions to Two-Dimensional Incompressible Navier-Stokes Equation

We investigate the symmetry reduction for the two-dimensional incompressible Navier Stokes equation in conventional stream function form through Lie symmetry method and construct some similarity reduction solutions. Two special cases in [D.K. Ludlow, P.A. Clarkson, and A.P. Bassom, Stud. Appl. Math. 103 （1999） 183] and a theorem in [S.Y. Lou, M. Jia, X.Y. Tang, and F. Huang, Phys. Rev. E 75 （2007） 056318] are retrieved.     

Some Similarity Reduction Solutions to Two-Dimensional Incompressible Navier-Stokes Equation

We investigate the symmetry reduction for the two-dimensional incompressible Navier-Stokes equation in conventional stream function form through Lie symmetry method and construct some similarity reduction solutions. Two special cases in [D.K. Ludlow, P.A. Clarkson, and A.P. Bassom, Stud. Appl. Math. 103 (1999) 183] and a theorem in [S.Y. Lou, M. Jia, X.Y. Tang, and F. Huang, Phys. Rev. E 75 (2007) 056318] are retrieved.     

Conditional Similarity Reductions of Jimbo-Miwa Equation via the Classical Lie Group Approach

Recently, the Clarkson and Kruskal direct method has been modified to find new similarity reductions (conditional similarity reductions) of nonlinear systems and the results obtained by the modified direct method cannot be obtained by the current classical and/or non-classical Lie group approach. In this paper, we show that the conditional similarity reductions of the Jimbo-Miwa equation can be reobtained by adding an additional constraint equation to the original model to form a conditional equation system first and then solving the model system by means of the classical Lie group approach.     

Symmetries and Similarity Reductions of Nonlinear Diffusion Equation

The inverse recursion operator, three new sets of symmetries, and infinite-dimensional Lie algebras for the nonlinear diffusion equation are given. Some nonlocal symmetries related to eigenvectors of the recursion operator Ф with the eigenvalue λi are also obtained with the help of the recursion operator Фi = Ф - λi. Using a part of these symmetries we get twelve types of nontrivial new similarity reduction.     

Symmetries and Similarity Reductions of Nonlinear Diffusion Equation

The inverse recursion operator, three new sets of symmetries, and infinite-dimensional Lie algebras for the nonlinear diffusion equation are given. Some nonlocal symmetries related to eigenvectors of the recursion operator with the eigenvalue λi are also obtained with the help of the recursion operator φi=φ-λi. Using a part of these symmetries we get twelve types of nontrivial new similarity reduction.     

Similarity Reductions of Nonisospectral KP Equation by a Direct Method

On bases of the direct method developed by Clarkson and Kruskal [J. Math. Phys. 27 （1989） 2201], the （2＋1）-dimensional nonisospectral Kadomtsev-Petviashvili （KP） equation has been reduced to three types of （1 ＋1）- dimensional partial differential equations. We focus on solving the third type of reduction and dividing them into three subcases, from which we obtain rich solutions including some arbitrary functions.     

Similarity Reductions of Nonisospectral KP Equation by a Direct Method

On bases of the direct method developed by Clarkson and Kruskal [J. Math. Phys. 27 (1989) 2201], the (2+1)-dimensional nonisospectral Kadomtsev-Petviashvili (KP) equation has been reduced to three types of (1+1)-dimensional partial differential equations. We focus on solving the third type of reduction and dividing them into three subcases, from which we obtain rich solutions including some arbitrary functions.     

One-Dimensional Optimal System and Similarity Reductions of Wu-Zhang Equation

The one-dimensional optimal system for the Lie symmetry group of the (2+1)-dimensional Wu-Zhang equation is constructed by the general and systematic approach. Based on the optimal system, the complete and inequivalent symmetry reduction systems are presented in the form of table. It is noteworthy that a new Painlevé integrable equation with constant coefficient is in the table besides the classic Boussinesq equation and the steady case of the Wu-Zhang equation.     

Symmetries and Exact Solutions of the Breaking Soliton Equation

With the aid of the classical Lie group method and nonclassical Lie group method, we derive the classical Lie point symmetry and the nonclassical Lie point symmetry of (2+1)-dimensional breaking soliton (BS) equation. Using the symmetries, we find six classical similarity reductions and two nonclassical similarity reductions of the BS equation. Varieties of exact solutions of the BS equation are obtained by solving the reduced equations.     

Symmetry, Reductions and New Exact Solutions of ANNV Equation Through Lax Pair

In this paper, the direct symmetry method is extended to the Lax pair of the ANNV equation. As a result, symmetries of the Lax pair and the ANNV equation are obtained at the same time. Applying the obtained symmetry, the （2＋1）-dimensional Lax pair is reduced to （1＋1）-dimensional Lax pair, whose compatibility yields the reduction of the ANNV equation. Based on the obtained reductions of the ANNV equation, a lot of new exact solutions for the ANNV equation are found. This shows that for an integrable system, both the symmetry and the reductions can be obtained through its corresponding Lax pair.     

Multiple Soliton-Like Solutions and Similarity Reductions of a Spherical Kadomtsev-Petviashvili Equation from Plasma Physics

A spherical Kadomtsev-Petviashvili （SKP） equation for dust acoustic or ion-acoustic waves is studied. Similarity reductions of the SKP equation are obtained with the one-parameter （ε） Lie group of infinitesimal transformations and Clarkson-Kruskal direct method, The SKP equation is also solved with a generalized tanh function method.     

Symmetry,Reductions and New Exact Solutions of ANNV Equation Through Lax Pair

In this paper, the direct symmetry method is extended to the Lax pair of the ANNV equation. As a result, symmetries of the Lax pair and the ANNV equation are obtained at the same time. Applying the obtained symmetry, the (2+1)-dimensional Lax pair is reduced to (1+1)-dimensional Lax pair, whose compatibility yields the reduction of the ANNV equation. Based on the obtained reductions of the ANNV equation, a lot of new exact solutions for the ANNV equation are found. This shows that for an integrable system, both the symmetry and the reductions can be obtained through its corresponding Lax pair.     

Symmetry Reductions of a 1.5-Layer Ocean Circulation Model

The （2＋1）-dimensional nonlinear 1.5-layer ocean circulation model without external wind stress forcing is analyzed by using the classical Lie group approach. Some Lie point symmetries and their corresponding two-dimensional reduction equations are obtained.