角隅全反镜谐振腔激光器的输出特性

 在高功率脉冲气体激光器中,用角隅反射镜作为全反镜,平行平面镜作为输出镜构成角隅全反镜谐振腔。对角隅腔激光器的输出特性和抗失调稳定性进行了研究,并与平凹腔和平平腔激光器进行了比较。实验结果表明：在角隅全反镜失调角为16 mrad时,角隅腔激光器的单脉冲输出能量下降9.2%,且近场输出光斑没有明显变化;而凹面全反镜失调角仅为0.4 mrad时,平凹腔激光器输出能量下降了9%,近场输出光斑严重变形。在输出镜正前方3.12 m处测量,当角隅镜偏转16.3 mrad时,激光器输出光斑与标准状态时的输出光斑重合;凹面全反镜失调角为0.4 mrad时,激光器输出光斑位移14 mm。经模式仪分析表明,角隅腔激光器近场光强分布均匀。     

角隅全反镜谐振腔激光器的输出特性

在高功率脉冲气体激光器中,用角隅反射镜作为全反镜,平行平面镜作为输出镜构成角隅全反镜谐振腔。对角隅腔激光器的输出特性和抗失调稳定性进行了研究,并与平凹腔和平平腔激光器进行了比较。实验结果表明：在角隅全反镜失调角为16 mrad时,角隅腔激光器的单脉冲输出能量下降9.2%,且近场输出光斑没有明显变化;而凹面全反镜失调角仅为0.4 mrad时,平凹腔激光器输出能量下降了9%,近场输出光斑严重变形。在输出镜正前方3.12 m处测量,当角隅镜偏转16.3 mrad时,激光器输出光斑与标准状态时的输出光斑重合;凹面全反镜失调角为0.4 mrad时,激光器输出光斑位移14 mm。经模式仪分析表明,角隅腔激光器近场光强分布均匀。     

中心波长为28.5nm多层膜镜反射率测量

在“星光-Ⅱ”装置上以类Ne铬x射线激光作为标定源，以平场光栅谱仪为分光元件进行了285nm的Mo/Si多层膜反射镜效率测量.介绍了实验方法，给出了实验结果，本次研制的两块多层膜镜反射率分别为31%和9.6%. 关键词： x射线多层膜反射镜 反射率测量 x射线激光     

Variable reflectivity unstable resonators for a long pulse XeCl excimer laser

The divergence of a long pulse, low gain XeCl excimer laser has been improved using confocal positive branch unstable resonators with variable reflectivity mirrors as outcouplers. With variable reflectivity unstable resonators, nearly diffraction limited beams are obtained. Variable reflectivity resonators lead to high brightness beams (9.1 10 W/(cm sr)). Different reflection profiles were studied with respect to their influence on the beam quality and the energy extraction.     

轻微非共面腔的输出片应力作用研究

 建立了计算轻微非共面腔输出光椭圆度的数学模型,分析了R. H. Moore专利中的理论计算错误,计算分析了输出片的应力作用对输出光椭圆度的影响,发现：输出镜片的应力作用对环形激光器顺时针方向和逆时针方向输出光椭圆度的非对称有影响。通过实验验证了理论计算的正确性。得出R. H. Moore, S. W. Hammons等人在专利中提出的调腔方法存在错误,它不能有效地消除环形激光器中由腔体轻微异面所引起的磁效应。     

平面镜反射率的标定及修正

 研究了用同步辐射源标定软X光掠入射平面镜的反射率。实验采用北京同步辐射装置(BSRF)-3W1B束线及反射率计靶室,在50~1 500 eV能区,做了C,Si,Ni和Au材料平面镜在1°~7°掠射角下的反射率标定曲线。由于3W1B束线的单色器采用变间距光栅作色散元件,光栅分光必然存在高次谐波,高次谐波严重影响光源的单色性,从而给平面镜的反射率标定值带来误差。前置滤片虽然能有效抵制高次谐波,但不能完全消除高次谐波。为此,利用透射光栅对光源做了单色性研究,给出高次谐波在不同能区所占光源强度的比例,从而对平面镜反射率标定值做出修正。     

平面镜反射率的标定及修正

研究了用同步辐射源标定软X光掠入射平面镜的反射率。实验采用北京同步辐射装置(BSRF)-3W1B束线及反射率计靶室,在50~1 500 eV能区,做了C,Si,Ni和Au材料平面镜在1°~7°掠射角下的反射率标定曲线。由于3W1B束线的单色器采用变间距光栅作色散元件,光栅分光必然存在高次谐波,高次谐波严重影响光源的单色性,从而给平面镜的反射率标定值带来误差。前置滤片虽然能有效抵制高次谐波,但不能完全消除高次谐波。为此,利用透射光栅对光源做了单色性研究,给出高次谐波在不同能区所占光源强度的比例,从而对平面镜反射率标定值做出修正。     

球面镜真空紫外光谱反射率的高精度测量

为了实现对球面镜真空紫外光谱反射率的直接测量,构建了一套真空紫外光谱反射率测试系统。该系统以氟化镁窗口氘灯与Seya-Namioka凹面光栅单色仪产生单色光源,反射式调制器与参考探测器做光学补偿,内径80mm的荧光积分球与精密转台作为接收系统。光学补偿消除单色光源不稳定性,荧光积分球消除了两次测量光斑不同对探测器响应的影响,且减少了系统的能量损失。利用该系统测量了115～180nm球面镜的反射率,测试结果表明测量重复性优于±0.3%;按国际通用不确定度评估规范,对系统进行不确定度分析,相关不确定度小于1.3%。实现了球面镜反射率的高精度测量。     

Confinement and stability in optical resonators employing mirrors with gaussian reflectivity tapers

Optical resonators with mirrors having gaussian reflectivity profiles are analyzed. This makes it possible to extend the conventional analysis of “stable”, i.e., confining, optical resonators to describe unstable (non-confining) resonators. Problems of mode discrimination, spot sizes, asymmetry and perturbation stability are considered.     

Mode profiles in resonators with a near 90° roof-top mirror

The transverse modes of a laser resonator comprising a near 90° roof-top mirror and a feedback mirror are studied theoretically. We relate this configuration to an almost plane roof-top resonator and apply the Fox and Li technique to compute the lowest-order symmetric and antisymmetric modes. The effects of perturbations to the vertex angle of the roof-top mirror, misalignments of the feedback mirror and curved feedback mirrors are examined.     

真空低温环境反射镜光谱反射率原位测量技术

为了研究真空低温环境下定标光学系统光谱反射率测量技术,搭建了小型离轴抛物面反射镜的光谱反射率原位测量试验系统。系统由太阳模拟器、准直镜、折叠镜、离轴抛物面反射镜、光谱仪、数采系统等组成。分别在常温常压和真空低温环境下进行测量,得到350 nm～950 nm谱段光谱反射率及变化规律,常温常压、真空低温、恢复常温常压下系统测量平均值分别为0.882、0.863和0.883,测量重复性1.1％,不确定度优于2.4％。结果表明,反射镜光谱反射率在真空低温环境下有较明显的下降,环境恢复后,反射率随之恢复。     

利用偏振控制器连续调节光纤环镜的反射率

研究了一种新型光纤环镜(FLM)的原理与特性，这种FLM由在普通光纤环镜中插入光纤型偏振控制器(PC)构成.通过等效光路分析建立了该FLM的理论模型，并对其反射特性进行了数值模拟.研究表明，通过改变PC的状态，即改变其双折射效应的快轴取向或强度，可连续调节FLM的反射率，反射率谱具有宽带特性，主要受光纤耦合器工作带宽的影响.此外，对FLM的反射特性还进行了实验研究.实验结果也证实，通过调节PC状态，FLM反射率可在其最大和最小值之间连续调节，实验测得FLM最大和最小反射率分别可达93%和2%.根据PC双折 关键词： 光纤环镜 偏振控制器 光纤耦合器 反射率     

Energetic Sn+ irradiation effects on ruthenium mirror specular reflectivity at 13.5-nm

Sn⁺ irradiations of Ru single-layer mirrors (SLM) simulate conditions of fast-Sn ion exposure in high-intensity 13.5 nm lithography lamps. Ultra-shallow implantation of Sn is measured down to 1–1.5 nm depth for energies between 1–1.3 keV at near-normal incident angles on Ru mirror surfaces. The Sn surface concentration reaches an equilibrium of 55–58% Sn/Ru for near-normal incidence and 36–38% for grazing incidence at approximately 63 degrees with respect to the mirror surface normal. The relative reflectivity at 13.5 nm at 15-degree incidence was measured in-situ during Sn⁺ irradiation. For near-normal Sn⁺ exposures the reflectivity is measured to decrease between 4–7% for a total Sn fluence of 10¹⁶ cm⁻². Theoretical Fresnel reflectivity modeling shows for the same fluence assuming all Sn atoms form a layer on the Ru mirror surface, that the reflectivity loss should be between 15–18% for this dose. Ex-situ absolute 13.5 nm reflectivity data corroborate these results, indicating that implanted energetic Sn atoms mixed with Ru reflect 13.5-nm light differently than theoretically predicted by Fresnel reflectivity models.     

B4C/Mo/Si high reflectivity multilayer mirror at 30.4 nm

The B4C/Mo/Si high reflectivity multilayer mirror was designed for He-Ⅱ radiation (30.4 nm) using the layer-by-layer method. The theoretical peak reflectivity was up to 38.2% at the incident angle of 5°. The B4C/Mo/Si multilayer was fabricated by direct current magnetron sputtering and measured at the National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory (NSRL) of China. The experimental reflectivity of the B4C/Mo/Si multilayer at 30.4 nm was about 32.5%. The promising performances of the B4C/Mo/Si multilayer mirror could be used for the construction of solar physics instrumentation.     

圆形高斯镜平凹腔腔内外激光场研究

运用边界元素法把圆形高斯镜平凹腔的自再现模的衍射积分方程转化为有限阶矩阵方程。计算了圆形高斯镜取不同反射率膜斑半径和中心振幅反射率情况下基模的场强分布、相位分布和本征值。研究表明:腔内光场分布半径随反射率膜斑半径的减小而增大,中心振幅反射率不影响光场分布半径;反射率膜斑半径影响远场分布,当其数值较小时,在光束的远场分布主峰周围产生弱衍射环;当高斯镜中心全反射时,远场分布随反射率膜斑半径的变化无明显变化;模式本征值随反射率膜斑半径的增大而增大。     

Low-threshold mid-IR MgO:PPLN optical parametric generation with high reflectivity mirror for signal wavelength

A low-threshold middle-infrared(mid-IR) MgO:PPLN optical parametric generation(OPG)pumped by a laser diode(LDl end-pumped Z-type Nd:YLF laser at 1047 nm is realized with high reflectivity(HR) mirror for signal.At repetition rate of 10 kHz,the OPG threshold of 50μJ has been achieved with HR mirror for signal.Compared with the threshold without mirror,the threshold decreases by 17%.Using HR mirror for pump at output side of crystal,the threshold of 40μJ is achieved.The 2.7-4.1μm continuous tunable output is produced with seven grating periods from 28.5 to 31.5μm and temperatures from 30 to 200℃.When the incident average pump power is 3 W.the OPG idler output power is 0.46 W at 3.26 μm,which corresponds to optical-to-optical conversion efficiency up to 15.3%.     

Specular reflectivity of 13.5-nm light from Sn islands deposited on grazing incidence mirror surfaces

We have investigated the effect of exposure to thermal Sn atoms on the 13.5-nm specular reflectivity of single-layer Pd mirror surfaces. The mirror surfaces were characterized using low-energy ion scattering spectroscopy (LEISS) and the relative 13.5-nm specular reflectivity measured in situ during exposure to doses up to several 10¹⁶ cm^-2 Sn particles. The relative reflectivity loss at 13.5 nm is found to deviate from the theoretical Fresnel reflectivity. Losses are < 20% for fluence levels > 10¹⁶ cm^-2. The difference is due to deposited Sn nucleating at early stages of exposure and coalescing to nanoscale islands. Sn atomic surface fraction from LEISS reaches 50 a/o (atomic percent) at a fluence of 0.25×10¹⁶ cm^-2 and ultimately levels off at 93–95% for fluences greater than 2.0×10¹⁶ cm^-2. The specular reflectivity approaches the Fresnel theoretical value of 38.7% for thermal Sn deposition at large doses and equilibrates to 36.4%. The difference is mainly due to surface roughness of the deposited Sn film. PACS 61.18.Bn; 79.20.Rf; 78.70.Ck; 78.67.Bf     

Stability of optical laser resonators with mirrors of gaussian reflectivity profiles,which contain an active medium

The stability of laser resonators which contain a medium with a gain profile is investigated. Such resonators are unstable when the resonator mirrors are large (infinite aperture approximation), and the gain is lowest on the optical axis and increases with radial distance. It is shown that such resonators have well-defined regions of stability if the mirrors have gaussian reflectivity tapers.     

高斯反射镜及其倾斜对平凹腔激光场分布的影响

 从菲涅尔-基尔霍夫衍射积分公式出发，运用边界元法数值计算了平凹腔平面镜均匀反射率时倾斜和未倾斜情况下基模的场强分布、相位分布和本征值，同时与高斯反射率平面镜在腔镜倾斜时的情况做了比较。研究表明，腔镜倾斜使激光场模式分布沿发生倾斜的方向向镜边缘偏移，而且在腔镜倾斜较严重时模式分布发生畸变，不再是对称的高斯分布，基模本征值随倾斜角增大而变小，光束远场分布变差。同等条件下，高斯反射率平凹腔腔镜倾斜对谐振腔引起的模畸变小于均匀反射率平凹腔，且基模光场及本征值随镜倾斜的变化关系稍不同于均匀反射率平凹腔。