Portfolio adjusting optimization with added assets and transaction costs based on credibility measures

In response to changeful financial markets and investor’s capital, we discuss a portfolio adjusting problem with additional risk assets and a riskless asset based on credibility theory. We propose two credibilistic mean–variance portfolio adjusting models with general fuzzy returns, which take lending, borrowing, transaction cost, additional risk assets and capital into consideration in portfolio adjusting process. We present crisp forms of the models when the returns of risk assets are some deterministic fuzzy variables such as trapezoidal, triangular and interval types. We also employ a quadratic programming solution algorithm for obtaining optimal adjusting strategy. The comparisons of numeral results from different models illustrate the efficiency of the proposed models and the algorithm.     

Portfolio selection in discrete time with transaction costs and power utility function: a perturbation analysis

In this article, we study a multi-period portfolio selection model in which a generic class of probability distributions is assumed for the returns of the risky asset. An investor with a power utility function rebalances a portfolio comprising a risk-free and risky asset at the beginning of each time period in order to maximize expected utility of terminal wealth. Trading the risky asset incurs a cost that is proportional to the value of the transaction. At each time period, the optimal investment strategy involves buying or selling the risky asset to reach the boundaries of a certain no-transaction region. In the limit of small transaction costs, dynamic programming and perturbation analysis are applied to obtain explicit approximations to the optimal boundaries and optimal value function of the portfolio at each stage of a multi-period investment process of any length.     

Fuzzy portfolio model with different investor risk attitudes

We propose a fuzzy portfolio model designed for efficient portfolio selection with respect to uncertain or vague returns. Although many researchers have studied the fuzzy portfolio model, no researcher has yet attempted a behavioral analysis of the investor in the fuzzy portfolio model. To address this problem, we examined investor risk attitudes—risk-averse, risk-neutral, or risk-seeking behaviors—to discover an efficient method for fuzzy portfolio selection. In this study, we relied on the advantages of possibilistic mean–standard deviation models that we believed would fit the risk attitudes of investors. Thus, we developed a fuzzy portfolio model that focuses on different investor risk attitudes so that fuzzy portfolio selection for investors who possess different risk attitudes can be achieved more easily. Finally, we presented a numerical example of a portfolio selection problem to illustrate ways to address problems presented by a variety of investor risk attitudes.     

A multicriteria optimization model of portfolio rebalancing with transaction costs in fuzzy environment

In this paper we propose multicriteria credibilistic framework for portfolio rebalancing (adjusting) problem with fuzzy parameters considering return, risk and liquidity as key financial criteria. The portfolio risk is characterized by a risk curve that represents each likely loss of the portfolio return and the corresponding chance of its occurrence rather than a single pre-set level of the loss. Furthermore, we consider an investment market scenario where, at the end of a typical time period, the investor would like to modify his existing portfolio by buying and/or selling assets in response to changing market conditions. We assume that the investor pays transaction costs based on incremental discount schemes associated with the buying and/or selling of assets, which are adjusted in the net return of the portfolio. A hybrid intelligent algorithm that integrates fuzzy simulation with a real-coded genetic algorithm is developed to solve the portfolio rebalancing (adjusting) problem. The proposed solution approach is useful particularly for the cases where fuzzy parameters of the problem are characterized by general functional forms.     

Portfolio rebalancing model with transaction costs based on fuzzy decision theory

The fuzzy set is one of the powerful tools used to describe an uncertain environment. As well as quantifying any potential return and risk, portfolio liquidity is taken into account and a linear programming model for portfolio rebalancing with transaction costs is proposed. The level of return that an investor might aspire to, the risk and the liquidity of portfolio are vague in an uncertain financial environment. Considering them as fuzzy numbers, we propose a portfolio rebalancing model with transaction costs based on fuzzy decision theory. An example is given to illustrate the behavior of the proposed model using real data from the Shanghai Stock Exchange.     

Portfolio-optimization models for small investors

Since 2010, the client base of online-trading service providers has grown significantly. Such companies enable small investors to access the stock market at advantageous rates. Because small investors buy and sell stocks in moderate amounts, they should consider fixed transaction costs, integral transaction units, and dividends when selecting their portfolio. In this paper, we consider the small investor’s problem of investing capital in stocks in a way that maximizes the expected portfolio return and guarantees that the portfolio risk does not exceed a prescribed risk level. Portfolio-optimization models known from the literature are in general designed for institutional investors and do not consider the specific constraints of small investors. We therefore extend four well-known portfolio-optimization models to make them applicable for small investors. We consider one nonlinear model that uses variance as a risk measure and three linear models that use the mean absolute deviation from the portfolio return, the maximum loss, and the conditional value-at-risk as risk measures. We extend all models to consider piecewise-constant transaction costs, integral transaction units, and dividends. In an out-of-sample experiment based on Swiss stock-market data and the cost structure of the online-trading service provider Swissquote, we apply both the basic models and the extended models; the former represent the perspective of an institutional investor, and the latter the perspective of a small investor. The basic models compute portfolios that yield on average a slightly higher return than the portfolios computed with the extended models. However, all generated portfolios yield on average a higher return than the Swiss performance index. There are considerable differences between the four risk measures with respect to the mean realized portfolio return and the standard deviation of the realized portfolio return.     

Multi-period portfolio selection problem under uncertain environment with bankruptcy constraint

The complexity of financial markets leads to different types of indeterminate asset returns. For example, asset returns are considered as random variables, when the available data is enough. When the available data is too small or even no available data to estimate a probability distribution, we have to invite some domain experts to evaluate the belief degrees of asset returns. Then, asset returns can be described as uncertain variables. In this paper, we discuss a multi-period portfolio selection problem under uncertain environment, which maximizes the final wealth and minimizes the risk of investment. Unlike the common method to describe the multi-period portfolio selection problem as a bi-objective optimization model, we formulate this uncertain multi-period portfolio selection problem by a new method in three steps with two single objective optimization models. And, we consider the influence of transaction cost and bankruptcy of investor. Then, the proposed uncertain optimization models are transformed into the corresponding crisp optimization models and we use the genetic algorithm combined with penalty function method to solve them. Finally, a numerical example is given to show the effectiveness and practicability of proposed models and method.     

基于随机模糊投资乘数的离散CPPI资产配置研究

以传统CPPI投资策略的分析框架为基础,在风险资产为连续价格波动的条件下,构建离散投资决策时点的CPPI投资策略。引入模糊决策的分析方法度量投资决策者的心理预期,将传统CPPI投资策略中的投资乘数修正为随机模糊投资乘数,采用马尔科夫链蒙特卡洛模拟风险资产未来市场价格,利用模糊隶属函数描述投资决策者对未来市场运行状况预期的不确定性,保证即使投资决策者预期不精确的条件下,也能保证离散CPPI投资策略获得相对稳定的投资效果。利用中国证券市场上的真实数据进行实证检验,认为:随机模糊投资乘数最大限度地涵盖了投资决策者主观预测的不确定性;基于随机模糊投资乘数的离散CPPI投资策略在不同的市场运行状况中,较传统的CPPI投资策略更具投资的灵活性,可以在保证投资保险的前提下,追求较高的投资收益。     

A Class of Chance Constrained Multi-objective Portfolio Selection Model Under Fuzzy Random Environment

This paper deals with a class of chance constrained portfolio selection problems in the fuzzy random decision making system. An integrated fuzzy random portfolio selection model with a chance constraint is proposed on the basis of the mean-variance model and the safety-first model. According to different definitions of chance, we consider two types of fuzzy random portfolio selection models: one is for the optimistic investors and the other is for the pessimistic investors. In order to deal with the fuzzy random models, we develop a few theorems on the variances of fuzzy random returns and the equivalent partitions of two types of chance constraints. We then transform the fuzzy random portfolio selection models into their equivalent crisp models. We further employ the ε-constraint method to obtain the efficient frontier. Finally, we apply the proposed models and approaches to the Chinese stock market as an illustration.     

有交易成本的模糊最优化投资

本文针对交易成本在证券组合投资中的重要地位 ,提出了考虑交易成本 ,并兼顾收益与风险的模糊最优化投资模型 ,分析了交易成本对投资有效边界的影响 ,并给出了最优投资比例公式 .这对投资者进行投资有重要的理论与实践意义 .最后 ,通过释例进行了说明 .     

半绝对偏差投资组合模型构建及其应用

通过对模糊隶属函数以及基金投资组合基本模型的适当变形,构建了带交易费及流动性约束的极大极小-半绝对偏差投资组合模型.选取5支证券,依据2008年全年的数据作为样本数据,按投资者的不同偏好得出不同的最优投资策略,并对几种情形进行了对比,结果显示此模型能很好地反映出投资者的主观意愿,具有很好的灵活性.     

多约束的多阶段积极投资组合模型及实证研究

构建投资组合时需要衡量其风险, 除了考虑组合本身的风险暴露, 还需考虑其相对基准组合的风险暴露. 再者, 确定组合权重时需要根据市场的规则加入合适的约束. 基于此, 为了较为完整地考虑现实投资组合面临的风险及交易约束, 将绝对风险(CVaR)和相对风险(跟踪误差)作为风险约束, 将交易成本、卖空限制和多元权值作为交易限制约束, 构建一个新的多阶段投资组合模型, 并利用动态规划和非线性优化方法进行求解. 最后, 利用上证50成分股中41只股票构建投资组合进行实证研究. 实证结果表明构建的多阶段投资组合模型能持续战胜基准组合且优于单阶段投资组合, 同时也表明模型考虑多元权值约束具有现实意义.     

Building an Optimal Portfolio in Discrete Time in the Presence of Transaction Costs

Abstract

Portfolio theory covers different approaches to the construction of a portfolio offering maximum expected returns for a given level of risk tolerance where the goal is to find the optimal investment rule. Each investor has a certain utility for money which is reflected by the choice of a utility function. In this article, a risk averse power utility function is studied in discrete time for a large class of underlying probability distribution of the returns of the asset prices. Each investor chooses, at the beginning of an investment period, the feasible portfolio allocation which maximizes the expected value of the utility function for terminal wealth. Effects of both large and small proportional transaction costs on the choice of an optimal portfolio are taken into account. The transaction regions are approximated by using asymptotic methods when the proportional transaction costs are small and by using expansions about critical points for large transaction costs.     

Mean-chance model for portfolio selection based on uncertain measure

This paper discusses a portfolio selection problem in which security returns are given by experts’ evaluations instead of historical data. A factor method for evaluating security returns based on experts’ judgment is proposed and a mean-chance model for optimal portfolio selection is developed taking transaction costs and investors’ preference on diversification and investment limitations on certain securities into account. The factor method of evaluation can make good use of experts’ knowledge on the effects of economic environment and the companies’ unique characteristics on security returns and incorporate the contemporary relationship of security returns in the portfolio. The use of chance of portfolio return failing to reach the threshold can help investors easily tell their tolerance toward risk and thus facilitate a decision making. To solve the proposed nonlinear programming problem, a genetic algorithm is provided. To illustrate the application of the proposed method, a numerical example is also presented.     

A chance-constrained portfolio selection model with risk constraints

The paper by Huang [Fuzzy chance-constrained portfolio selection, Applied Mathematics and Computation 177 (2006) 500-507] proposes a fuzzy chance-constrained portfolio selection model and presents a numerical example to illustrate the proposed model. In this note, we will show that Huang’s model produces optimal portfolio investing in only one security when candidate security returns are independent to each other no matter how many independent securities are in the market. The reason for concentrative solution is that Huang’s model does not consider the investment risk. To avoid concentrative investment, a risk constraint is added to the fuzzy chance-constrained portfolio selection model. In addition, we point out that the result of the numerical example is inaccurate.     

Portfolio adjusting optimization with added assets and transaction costs based on credibility measures

In response to changeful financial markets and investor’s capital, we discuss a portfolio adjusting problem with additional risk assets and a riskless asset based on credibility theory. We propose two credibilistic mean–variance portfolio adjusting models with general fuzzy returns, which take lending, borrowing, transaction cost, additional risk assets and capital into consideration in portfolio adjusting process. We present crisp forms of the models when the returns of risk assets are some deterministic fuzzy variables such as trapezoidal, triangular and interval types. We also employ a quadratic programming solution algorithm for obtaining optimal adjusting strategy. The comparisons of numeral results from different models illustrate the efficiency of the proposed models and the algorithm.     

基于遗传算法的多因素证券组合投资决策模型

基于 APT理论 ,在不允许卖空、并考虑交易成本的情况下 ,本文建立了多因素证券组合投资决策模型 ,然后利用遗传算法研究了模型的求解     

考虑投资者异质信念和目标优先级的投资组合问题研究

考虑证券市场的模糊不确定性及投资者的模糊决策特征,以资产收益、下方风险及流动性为模糊投资目标,构建考虑投资者异质信念和目标优先级的多目标投资组合模型。进一步,以我国主板、中小板和创业板市场为背景,采用CPT-TOPSIS交互式算法进行实证分析。研究发现:乐观、理性和悲观投资者权衡收益、风险和流动性目标时偏好的优先顺序不同,导致资产配置结构、最优决策和绩效表现存在差别。结果表明模糊多目标模型能够满足不同投资者权衡多目标的差异化投资需求,取得优于基准随机投资组合的投资效果,可作为投资者投资决策的参考依据。     

A possibilistic mean-semivariance-entropy model for multi-period portfolio selection with transaction costs

This paper deals with a multi-period portfolio selection problem with fuzzy returns. A possibilistic mean-semivariance-entropy model for multi-period portfolio selection is presented by taking into account four criteria viz., return, risk, transaction cost and diversification degree of portfolio. In the proposed model, the return level is quantified by the possibilistic mean value of return, the risk level is characterized by the lower possibilistic semivariance of return, and the diversification degree of portfolio is measured by the originally presented possibilistic entropy. Furthermore, a hybrid intelligent algorithm is designed to obtain the optimal portfolio strategy. Finally, the comparison analysis between the possibilistic entropy model and the proportion entropy model is provided by two numerical examples to illustrate the efficiency of the proposed approaches and the designed algorithm.     

随机模糊的等比例-最小方差投资组合优化研究

Markowitz的均值-方差模型在投资组合优化中得到了广泛的运用和拓展,其中多数拓展模型仅局限于对随机投资组合或模糊投资组合的研究,而忽略了实际问题同时包含了随机信息和模糊信息两个方面。本文首先定义随机模糊变量的方差用以度量投资组合的风险,提出具有阀值约束的最小方差随机模糊投资组合模型,基于随机模糊理论,将该模型转化为具有线性等式和不等式约束的凸二次规划问题。为了提高上述模型的有效性,本文以投资者期望效用最大化为压缩目标对投资组合权重进行压缩,构建等比例-最小方差混合的随机模糊投资组合模型,并求解该模型的最优解。最后,运用滚动实际数据的方法,比较上述两个模型的夏普比率以验证其有效性。