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1.
T. Okazaki T. Shimada K. Suenaga Y. Ohno T. Mizutani J. Lee Y. Kuk H. Shinohara 《Applied Physics A: Materials Science & Processing》2003,76(4):475-478
Electronic properties of Gd@C82 metallofullerene peapods, (Gd@C82)n@SWNTs, were investigated by electron energy-loss spectroscopy (EELS), scanning tunneling microscopy and spectroscopy (STM/STS),
and field-effect transistor (FET) transport measurements. The results indicate that the electronic structure of Gd@C82 metallofullerene peapods is completely different from that of intact single-walled nanotubes (SWNTs). For example, Gd@C82-peapod-FETs show ambipolar behavior which is not observed in the empty SWNT-FETs under our experimental conditions. Furthermore,
in semiconducting nanotubes the band gap can be varied from ∼0.5 to ∼0.1 eV using inserted Gd@C82 endohedral metallofullerenes with a spatial periodicity of 1.1 to 8.0 nm, depending on the density of the fullerenes. The
present findings suggest that metallofullerene peapods may point the way toward novel electronic devices.
Received: 6 September 2002 / Accepted: 25 October 2002 / Published online: 10 March 2003
RID="*"
ID="*"Corresponding author. Fax: +81-52/789-1169, E-mail: noris@cc.nagoya-u.ac.jp 相似文献
2.
A.V. Karabutov V.D. Frolov E.N. Loubnin A.V. Simakin G.A. Shafeev 《Applied Physics A: Materials Science & Processing》2003,76(3):413-416
Low-threshold field electron emission (FEE) is reported for periodic arrays of micro-tips produced by laser ablation of Si
wafers. The best samples show emission at threshold fields as low as 4–5 V/μm for n-type Si substrates and of 1–2 V/μm for
p-doped Si substrates, as measured with a flat-screen technique. Auger electron spectroscopy and X-ray electron spectroscopy
reveal island-like deviation of the SiO2 stoichiometry on the tip surfaces, with lateral dimensions of less than 100 nm. Microscopic studies using a special field-emission
STM show that the emission originates from well-conducting regions of sub-micron size. The experimental data suggest FEE from
the tip arrays by a geometric field enhancement of both the individual micro-tip and the narrow conducting channels in the
tip body.
Received: 3 May 2002 / Accepted: 1 July 2002 / Published online: 28 October 2002
RID="*"
ID="*"Corresponding author. Fax: +7-095/135-82-34, E-mail: shafeev@kapella.gpi.ru 相似文献
3.
The authors’ endeavors over the last few years with respect to boron nitride (BN) nanotube metal filling are reviewed. Mo
clusters of 1–2 nm in size and FeNi Invar alloy (Fe ∼60 at. %; Ni ∼40 at. %) or Co nanorods of 20–70 nm in diameter were embedded
into BN nanotube channels via a newly developed two-stage process, in which multi-walled C nanotubes served as templates for
the BN multi-walled nanotube synthesis. During cluster filling, low-surface-tension and melting-point Mo oxide first filled
a C nanotube through the open tube ends, followed by fragmentation of this filling into discrete clusters via O2 outflow and C→BN conversion within tubular shells at high temperature. During nanorod filling, C nanotubes containing FeNi
or Co nanoparticles at the tube tips were first synthesized by plasma-assisted chemical vapor deposition on FeNi Invar alloy
or Co substrates, respectively, and, then, the nanomaterial was heated to the melting points of the corresponding metals in
a flow of B2O3 and N2 gases. During this second stage, simultaneous filling of nanotubes with a FeNi or Co melt through capillarity and chemical
modification of C tubular shells to form BN nanotubes occurred. The synthesized nanocomposites were analyzed by scanning and
high-resolution transmission electron microscopy, electron diffraction, electron-energy-loss spectroscopy and energy-dispersive
X-ray spectroscopy. The nanostructures are presumed to function as ‘nanocables’ having conducting metallic cores (FeNi, Co,
Mo) and insulating nanotubular shields (BN) with the additional benefit of excellent environmental stability.
Received: 10 October 2002 / Accepted: 25 October 2002 / Published online: 10 March 2003
RID="*"
ID="*"Corresponding author. Fax: +81-298/51-6280, E-mail: golberg.dmitri@nims.go.jp 相似文献
4.
Silver colloids in aqueous solution were studied by different scanning microscopy techniques and UV/VIS spectroscopy. The
silver colloids were produced either by chemical reduction or by nanosecond laser ablation from a solid silver foil in water.
Variation of laser power and ablation time leads to solutions of metal clusters of different sizes in water. We characterized
the electronic absorption of the clusters by UV/VIS spectroscopy. STM (scanning tunneling microscope) imaging of the metal
colloids shows atomic resolution of rod- or tenon-like silver clusters up to 10-nm length formed by laser ablation. Our scanning
electron microscope measurements, however, show that much larger silver colloids up to 5-μm length are also formed, which
are not visible in the STM due to their roughness. We correlate them with the long-wavelength tail of the multimodal UV/VIS
spectrum. The silver colloids obtained by chemical reduction are generally larger and their electronic spectra are red-shifted
compared to the laser-ablated clusters. Irradiation of the colloid solution with nanosecond laser pulses of appropriate fluence
at 532 nm and 355 nm initially reduced the colloid size. Longer irradiation at 355 nm, however, leads to the formation of
larger colloids again. There seems to be a critical lower particle size, where silver clusters in aqueous solution become
unstable and start to coagulate.
Received: 24 June 2002 / Revised version: 25 July 2002 / Published online: 25 October 2002
RID="*"
ID="*"This work is part of the thesis of H. M?ltgen
RID="**"
ID="**"Corresponding author. Fax: +49-211/811-5195, E-mail: kleinermanns@uni-duesseldorf.de 相似文献
5.
Highly oriented GaN nanowire arrays have been achieved by the catalytic reaction of gallium with ammonium. The resulting materials
were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), field-emission scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive X-ray
spectroscopy (EDS), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and selected-area electron diffraction (SAED). SEM images show
that the resulting materials are nanowire arrays with a uniform length of about 10 μm. XRD, EDS, TEM and SAED indicate that
the nanowire arrays are single-crystal hexagonal GaN with a wurtzite structure. They have diameters of 10 to 20 nm.
Received: 2 October 2002 / Accepted: 7 October 2002 / Published online: 17 December 2002
RID="*"
ID="*"Corresponding author. E-mail: wwwangjc@sina.com 相似文献
6.
U. Diebold 《Applied Physics A: Materials Science & Processing》2003,76(5):681-687
Titanium oxides are used in a wide variety of technological applications where surface properties play a role. TiO2 surfaces, especially the (110) face of rutile, have become prototypical model systems in the surface science of metal oxides.
Reduced TiO2 single crystals are easy to work with experimentally, and their surfaces have been characterized with virtually all surface-science
techniques. Recently, TiO2 has also been used to refine computational ab initio approaches and to calculate properties of adsorption systems. Scanning
tunneling microscopy (STM) studies have shown that the surface structure of TiO2(110) is more complex than originally anticipated. The reduction state of the sample, i.e. the number and type of bulk defects,
as well as the surface treatment (annealing in vacuum vs. annealing in oxygen), can give rise to different structures, such
as two different (1×2) reconstructions, a ‘rosette’ overlayer, and crystallographic shear planes. Single point defects can
be identified with STM and influence the surface chemistry in a variety of ways; the adsorption of water is discussed as one
example. The growth of a large number of different metal overlayers has been studied on TiO2(110). Some of these studies have been instrumental in furthering the understanding of the ‘strong metal support interaction’
between group-VIII metals and TiO2, as well as low-temperature oxidation reactions on TiO2-supported nanoscopic gold clusters. The growth morphology, interfacial oxidation/reduction reaction, thermal stability, and
geometric structure of ultra-thin metal overlayers follow general trends where the most critical parameter is the reactivity
of the overlayer metal towards oxygen. It has been shown recently that the technologically more relevant TiO2 anatase phase can also be made accessible to surface investigations.
Received: 4 March 2002 / Accepted: 20 October 2002 / Published online: 5 February 2003
RID="*"
ID="*"Corresponding author. Fax: +1-504/862-8279, E-mail: diebold@tulane.edu 相似文献
7.
W. Wang Z. Liu Y. Liu C. Xu C. Zheng G. Wang 《Applied Physics A: Materials Science & Processing》2003,76(3):417-420
Using a simple wet-chemical route, we synthesized CuO nanorods with diameters of ca. 5–15 nm and lengths of up to 400 nm.
The purity, crystallinity, morphology, structure features, and chemical composition of the as-prepared CuO nanorods were investigated
by powder X-ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy, high-resolution transmission electron microscopy, X-ray photoelectron
spectroscopy, and Raman spectroscopy.
Received: 22 March 2002 / Accepted: 12 June 2002 / Published online: 28 October 2002
RID="*"
ID="*"Corresponding author. Fax: +86-25/359-5535, E-mail: wangqun@nju.edu.cn 相似文献
8.
S.H. Sun G.W. Meng Y.W. Wang T. Gao M.G. Zhang Y.T. Tian X.S. Peng L.D. Zhang 《Applied Physics A: Materials Science & Processing》2003,76(2):287-289
Tin dioxide (SnO2) nanobelts have been successfully synthesized in bulk quantity by a simple and low-cost process based on the thermal evaporation
of tin powders at 800 °C. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) observations reveal
that the nanobelts are uniform, with lengths from several-hundred micrometers to a few millimeters, widths of 60 to 250 nm
and thicknesses of 10 to 30 nm. X-ray diffraction (XRD), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) and selected-area electron
diffraction analysis (SAED) indicate that the nanobelts are tetragonal rutile structure of SnO2. The SnO2 nanobelts grow via a vapor–solid (VS) process.
Received: 3 June 2002 / Accepted: 10 June 2002 / Published online: 10 September 2002
RID="*"
ID="*"Corresponding author. Fax: +86-551/559-1434, E-mail: gwmeng@mail.issp.ac.cn 相似文献
9.
M.M. Kuklja 《Applied Physics A: Materials Science & Processing》2003,76(3):359-366
In this article we briefly review the results of theoretical simulations for the initiation of chemistry processes in high-explosive
crystals from a solid-state-physics viewpoint. We analyze the possibility of initiation of chemical reactions from excited
electronic states. In other words, we look for conditions that facilitate electronic excitations in the crystal. Specifically,
we describe modifications to the electronic structure of RDX (cyclotrimethylene trinitramine) induced by lattice defects and
by a shock wave traversing the solid. Our approach is based on ab initio Hartree–Fock band-structure calculations with electronic
correlation corrections. An excitonic mechanism and a hole model, suggested earlier, are discussed in connection with the
most recent experimental and theoretical advances in ultrafast optical techniques. We also consider here possible new avenues
in the development of detonation theory.
Received: 3 December 2001 / Accepted: 9 July 2002 / Published online: 25 October 2002
RID="*"
ID="*"Corresponding author. Fax: +1-301/744-4451, E-mail: KuklaMM@ih.navy.mil 相似文献
10.
K. Yamasaki S. Juodkazis T. Lippert M. Watanabe S. Matsuo H. Misawa 《Applied Physics A: Materials Science & Processing》2003,76(3):325-329
We report the reversible micro-structuring of a synthetic rubber polymer (cis1,4-polybutadiene (PB)) by femtosecond laser
illumination. Visco-elastic relaxation of the optically damaged region was observed. The recovery time, typically 102–104 ms, can be varied by changing the irradiation pulse energy. Multi-shot-induced damage recovers on the much longer scale of
101–102 s. It was found that the doping of PB by 4 wt. % of pentazadiene ([4-NO2]–phenyl–N=N–N(C3H7)–N=N–phenyl–[4-NO2]) reduces the threshold of light-induced photo-modification by 20%. This is explained by photo-induced (homolytic) cleavage
of the pentazadiene bonds and formation of gaseous N2, which facilitates material failure at the irradiated spot.
The recovery of optical transmission can be applied to optical memory, optical and micro-mechanical applications. The underlying
mechanism of the phenomenon is discussed in terms of anelastic α- and β-relaxation (polymer backbone and chains/coils relaxation,
respectively).
Received: 11 October 2001 / Accepted: 9 July 2002 / Published online: 25 October 2002
RID="*"
ID="*"Corresponding author. Fax: +81-88/656-7598, E-mail: misawa@eco.tokushima-u.ac.jp 相似文献
11.
High-resolution electron microscopy of individual metallofullerene molecules on the dipole orientations in peapods 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
K. Suenaga T. Okazaki K. Hirahara S. Bandow H. Kato A. Taninaka H. Shinohara S. Iijima 《Applied Physics A: Materials Science & Processing》2003,76(4):445-447
Electron microscopy with atomic sensitivity enables us to obtain a direct image of the intra-molecular structure of metallofullerenes
encapsulated inside single-walled carbon nanotubes. By a comparison of high-resolution images with a simulation to extract
the relative atom positions for encaged metal atoms in each molecule, the distribution of the molecular orientations and interactions
between adjacent molecules in metallofullerene peapods have been statistically analyzed. The results are suggestive of strong
interactions between fullerene–fullerene and fullerene–tube in peapods at room temperature.
Received: 10 October 2002 / Accepted: 25 October 2002 / Published online: 10 March 2003
RID="*"
ID="*"Corresponding author. Fax: +81-298/61-6310, E-mail: suenaga-kazu@aist.go.jp 相似文献
12.
M.P. Joshi 《Applied Physics A: Materials Science & Processing》2003,76(1):59-62
A diffusion-controlled technique of obtaining gradient in molecular distribution of C60 molecules in porous vycor glass is presented. Here toluene solution of C60 is allowed to diffuse only in one-dimension. The molecular distribution in the doped glass is measured by transmission method.
By comparing optical limiting performance in the graded and uniformly doped glasses, we show that there is about 10-fold increase
in the dynamic range in graded device.
Received: 10 July 2001 / Accepted: 11 January 2002 / Published online: 3 May 2002
RID="*"
ID="*"Corresponding author. E-mail: mukesh@cat.ernet.in 相似文献
13.
T. Yabe C. Phipps K. Aoki M. Yamaguchi R. Nakagawa C. Baasandash Y. Ogata M. Shiho G. Inoue M. Onda K. Horioka I. Kajiwara K. Yoshida 《Applied Physics A: Materials Science & Processing》2003,77(2):243-249
Laser-supported propulsion of a micro-airplane with a water-covered ablator is demonstrated. The repetitive use of an overlay
structure is experimentally demonstrated with a specially designed water supply. Various transparent overlays are investigated
by the CIP-based hydrodynamic code and by experiments using a pendulum and using a semi-conductor load cell. A momentum-coupling
efficiency of ∼104 N s/MJ is achieved by water–exotic-target experiments, in agreement with the simulation code, which predicts a maximum efficiency
of ∼105 N s/MJ. The concept of laser-supported propulsion can also be used for driving a Mach 5 airplane in the stratosphere, a micro-ship
inside the human body, and a robot in a nuclear power reactor accident, during which large numbers of neutrons make electronic
devices useless.
Received: 7 October 2002 / Accepted: 20 January 2003 / Published online: 28 May 2003
RID="*"
ID="*"Corresponding author. Fax: +81-3/5734-2165, E-mail: yabe@mech.titech.ac.jp 相似文献
14.
S.T. Sanders 《Applied physics. B, Lasers and optics》2002,75(6-7):799-802
A swept-wavelength source is created by connecting four elements in series: a femtosecond fiber laser at 1.56 μm, a non-linear
fiber, a dispersive fiber and a tunable spectral bandpass filter. The 1.56-μm pulses are converted to super-continuum (1.1–2.2 μm)
pulses by the non-linear fiber, and these broadband pulses are stretched and arranged into wavelength scans by the dispersive
fiber. The tunable bandpass filter is used to select a portion of the super-continuum as a scan-wavelength output. A variety
of scan characteristics are possible using this approach. As an example, an output with an effective linewidth of approximately
1 cm-1 is scanned from 1350–1550 nm every 20 ns. Compared to previous scanning benchmarks of approximately 1 nm/μs, such broad,
rapid scans offer new capabilities: a gas sensing application is demonstrated by monitoring absorption bands of H2O, CO2, C2H2 and C2H6O at a pressure of 10 bar.
Received: 5 August 2002 / Revised version: 23 September 2002 / Published online: 22 November 2002
RID="*"
ID="*"Corresponding author. Fax: +1-608/265-2316, E-mail: ssanders@engr.wisc.edu 相似文献
15.
C. Henkel P. Krüger R. Folman J. Schmiedmayer 《Applied physics. B, Lasers and optics》2003,76(2):173-182
The limitations for the coherent manipulation of neutral atoms with fabricated solid-state devices, so-called ‘atom chips’,
are addressed. Specifically, we examine the dominant decoherence mechanism, which is due to the magnetic noise originating
from the surface of the atom chip. It is shown that the contribution of fluctuations in the chip wires at the shot-noise level
is not negligible. We estimate the coherence times and discuss ways to increase them. Our main conclusion is that future advances
should allow for coherence times as long as 1 s, a few μm away from the surface.
Received: 22 August 2002 / Revised version: 30 October 2002 / Published online: 26 February 2003
RID="*"
ID="*"Corresponding author. E-mail: carsten.henkel@quantum.physik.uni-potsdam.de 相似文献
16.
The influence of the surface roughness of polypropylene on the contact angle hysteresis is investigated by means of ethylene
glycol drops in order to estimate the true Young’s equilibrium contact angle. A new relationship between the contact angle
hysteresis and Wenzel’s contact angle is derived. In addition, the determination of Wenzel’s roughness factor by means of
scanning force microscopy opens an alternative way to obtaining Young’s equilibrium contact angle without any surface manipulation.
The experimental results presented verify this new approach.
Received: 2 September 2002 / Accepted: 2 September 2002 / Published online: 5 March 2003
RID="*"
ID="*"Corresponding author. Fax: +49-3328/352-452, E-mail: helmut.kamusewitz@gkss.de 相似文献
17.
M. Ramm M. Ata T. Gross W. Unger 《Applied Physics A: Materials Science & Processing》2000,70(4):387-390
We report core-level and valence-band X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and carbon [
]K near-edge X-ray-absorptionfine structure spectroscopy (NEXAFS) results of plasma-polymerized C60. In comparison with evaporated C60 the C 1s peak is broader and asymmetric for the C60 polymer and its shake-up satellites diminished. Furthermore, the features of the valence-band as well as the features of
the π* antibonding orbitals of the C60 polymer are broader and reduced in intensity. Changes in the electronic structure are attributed to the polymerization of
C60, the post-plasma functionalization of the surface by oxygen after exposure to atmosphere, and the occurrence of amorphous
carbon.
Received: 28 May 1999 / Accepted: 31 August 1999 / Published online: 8 March 2000 相似文献
18.
C. Janowitz R. Müller L. Dudy R.-St. Unger A. Krapf R. Manzke C. Ast H. Höchst 《Applied Physics A: Materials Science & Processing》2003,76(5):673-679
Over the last years there has been increasing evidence that the normal state of the cuprates can not be described adequately
with individual quasiparticles within Fermi-liquid theory. While the low-lying excitations in the superconducting state are
nevertheless possibly of quasiparticle character, this character vanishes with the loss of superconducting phase coherence
when going to the normal conducting state. Generally, this normal state is characterized by strong heterogeneity. In real
space this manifests in charge and spin ordering, either static or dynamical, the so-called ‘stripes’. The spectral signatures
of various models describing this unusual metallic normal state together with less exotic non-Fermi-liquid models, like the
marginal Fermi liquid, will be compared to photoemission spectra with high angular and energy resolution and to results obtained
by other methods.
Received: 19 March 2002 / Accepted: 2 October 2002 / Published online: 5 February 2003
RID="*"
ID="*"Corresponding author. Fax: +49-30/2093-7729, E-mail: christoph.janowitz@physik.hu-berlin.de 相似文献
19.
Results are given for thermal tuning and modulation of a 1556-nm distributed feedback fibre laser by resistive heating of
a thin silver film chemically deposited on the fibre. Without reaching the limits of performance, linear tuning is demonstrated
at a rate of 1.72 pm/mW up to about 200 pm, and a peak-to-peak modulation of 100 MHz up to modulation frequencies of 60 Hz.
The heat flow is analyzed, and the coated fibre is characterized in terms of the static and dynamic wavelength response to
the applied electric power. The performance of the scheme is tested by recording part of the ν1+ν3 combination band spectrum of 13C2H2 with thermal modulation and scanning of the fibre laser.
Received: 12 March 2002 / Revised version: 24 June 2002 / Published online: 25 September 2002
RID="*"
ID="*"Corresponding author. Fax: +45/4593-1137, E-mail: sus@dfm.dtu.dk 相似文献
20.
The progress in the development of a sensor for the detection of trace air constituents to monitor spacecraft air quality
is reported. A continuous-wave (cw), external-cavity tunable diode laser centered at 1.55 μm is used to pump an optical cavity
absorption cell in cw-cavity ringdown spectroscopy (cw-CRDS). Preliminary results are presented that demonstrate the sensitivity,
selectivity and reproducibility of this method. Detection limits of 2.0 ppm for CO, 2.5 ppm for CO2, 1.8 ppm for H2O, 19.4 ppb for NH3, 7.9 ppb for HCN and 4.0 ppb for C2H2 are calculated.
Received: 3 April 2002 / Revised version: 3 June 2002 / Published online: 21 August 2002
RID="*"
ID="*"Corresponding author. Fax: +1-202/994-5873, E-mail: Houston@gwu.edu 相似文献