An Unexpected Frequency Response of A Piezoelectric Quartz Crystal Sensor to the Density and Viscosity of the Liquid

An unexpected frequency response for a piezoelectric quartz crystal (PQC) sensor to liquid density and viscosity was reported. For a PQC oscillating in a liquid phase, the frequency shifts (△f) show a wave-shape response to liquid density (p) and viscosity 03) in fine structure, ifthe longitudinal wave effect was not eliminated. This result is different from the well-knownlinear relationship between of Af and (ρη)1/2. An oscillating frequency-temperature curve of thesensor was observed and explained.     

1-((12-Bromododecyl)oxy)-4-((4-(4-pentylcyclohexyl)phenyl)ethynyl) benzene: Liquid crystal with aggregation-induced emission characteristics

The luminescent liquid crystals (LLCs) are expected to solve the conflicts between the aggregation caused quenching and the requirement of aggregation or self-organization for LCs. Herein, we developed a new strategy of applying aggregation-induced emission (AIE) phenomenon to the molecular design of LCs towards LLCs. In this report, a calamitic liquid crystal based on tolane with AIE characteristics was successfully synthesized and the chemical structure was characterized by 1H, 13C NMR, and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight (MALDI-TOF) high-resolution mass spectra. The fluorescence behavior was studied by fluorescence spectroscopy and the liquid crystal phase behaviors were investigated by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), polarized optical microscopy (POM). The crystal structure was obtained by X-ray diffraction crystallography with P1 space group. Results demonstrated that the sample was AIE active and the LC phases sequence during cooling was nematic, smectic C and smectic B phase.     

1-（（12-Bromododecyl）oxy）-4-（（4-（4-pentylcyclohexyl） phenyl）ethynyl） benzene：Liquid crystal with aggregation-induced emission characteristics

The luminescent liquid crystals （LLCs） are expected to solve the conflicts between the aggregation caused quenching and the requirement of aggregation or self-organization for LCs. Herein, we developed a new strategy of applying aggregation-induced emission （AIE） phenomenon to the molecular design of LCs towards LLCs. In this report, a calamitic liquid crystal based on tolane with AIE characteristics was successfully synthesized and the chemical structure was characterized by 1H, 13C NMR, and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight （MALDI-TOF） high-resolution mass spectra. The fluorescence behavior was studied by fluorescence spectroscopy and the liquid crystal phase behaviors were investigated by differential scanning calorimetry （DSC）, polarized optical microscopy （POM）. The crystal structure was obtained by X-ray diffraction crystallography with P1 space group. Results demonstrated that the sample was AIE active and the LC phases sequence during cooling was nematic, smectic C and smectic B phase.     

Kinetics of wetting of liquid on a solid surface

To consider a sessile drop on an ideal solid surface in equilibrium with a vapor phase, the classic Young equation was given. The derivation of the Young equation was based on both the mechanics and the energy knowledge. According to the constant volume of the liquid in the wetting process of the liquid on a smooth and homogeneous solid surface and the low energy law, Young equation was ob-tained through the mathematic method in this paper. The previous work indicated that the contact angle θ was a function...     

室温离子液体BMIGaCl4热力学性质研究

An ionic liquid （IL） BMIGaCh was prepared by directly mixing GaCl3 and 1-methyl-3-butylimidazolium chloride with molar ratio of 1/1 under argon atmosphere. The densities and surface tensions of this pure ionic liquid were determined in the temperature range of 268.15 to （338.15±0.1） K. A new theoretical model of ionic liquids, an interstice model, was applied to calculate the thermal expansion coefficient of IL BMIGaCh, a, and the magnitude order of its value calculated by the theory was the same as experimental one. Both Raman scattering and ab initio calculations indicate that GaCl4^- is the only species containing Ga in the ionic liquid BMIGaCl4.     

Catalytic performances of kaoline and silica alumina in the thermal degradation of polypropylene

Polypropylene was cracked thermally and catalytically in the presence of kaoline and silica alumina in a semi batch reactor in the temperature range 400℃～550℃ in order to obtain suitable liquid fuels.The dependencies between process temperatures,types of catalyst,feed compositions and product yields of the obtained fuel fractions were found.It was observed that up to 450℃ thermal cracking temperature,the major product of pyrolysis was liquid oil and the major product at other higher temperatures(475℃～550℃) ...     

The effect of hydrogen bond acceptor properties of ionic liquids on their cellulose solubility

It is nowadays well-known that ionic liquids can dissolve cellulose. However, little systematic data has been published that shed light onto the influence of the ionic liquid structure on the dissolution of cellulose. We have conducted 1H NMR spectroscopy of ethanol in a large number of ionic liquids, and found an excellent correlation of the data obtained with the hydrogen acceptor properties (β-values). With this tool in hand, it is possible to distinguish between cellulose-dissolving and non-dissolving ionic liquids. A modulating effect of both, the anion of the non-dissolving ionic liquid and its cation was found in solubility studies with binary ionic liquid mixtures. The study was extended to other non-dissolving liquids, namely water and dimethylsulfoxide, and the effect of the cation was also investigated.     

Photo-polymerization of liquid crystalline monomer in oriented liquid crystal phase

<正>A new approach to synthesize liquid crystalline polymer with narrow polydispersity index(PDI) was developed.Photopolymerization of 4-cyanophenyl-4'-(6-acryloyloxyhexyloxy)benzoate(RM23) in nematic liquid crystals with macroscopic orientation was studied.The effects of the monomer concentration on the molecular weight and PDI of the resulting polymers were studied through gel permeation chromatography(GPC) and polarized optical microscopy.The low PDI of 1.19 and 1.22 was obtained in the reverse and normal modes,respectively.The PDI and molecular weight increased with monomer concentration.     

SYNTHESIS OF DIAZA CROWN ETHER CHIRAL LIQUID CRYSTAL

A chiral liquid crystal crown ether containing diaza-18-crown-6 was synthesized with the help of CPK atomic model and in the meantime a nonchiral liquid crystal crown ether of alike structure was also synthesized for comparison, indicating that only the former was asymmetric. The present work represents the first attempt of the investigation in chiral liquid crystal crown ether, thus providing basis for further research into problems as such.     

Immobilization of Pd（Ⅱ）Catalysts for Cyclopropanation in Ionic Liquid

Cyclopropanation of styrene with ethyl diazoacetate catalyzed by Pd(Ⅱ） in ionic liquid [omim][BF4] was investigated.Palladium catalysts can be effectively immobilized in ionic liquid.The catalysts PdCl2 and cyclopalladated complex 2 contained in ionic liquid could be recycled for 6 and 7 times,respectively,without losing the efficiency.     

稀散金属室温离子液体研究I.InCl_3/BPC体系

利用差示扫描量热曲线（DSC）方法构筑了InCl_3/BPC二元体系相图，并指出 该体系可形成含稀散金属的室温离子液体，有一定宽度的室温离子液体窗口和较小 的室温离子液体深度。从头算和Raman光谱都指出，在InCl_3/BPC体系室温离子液 体中InCl_4~-是主要负离子。     

Spectroscopic characterisation of indium(III) chloride and mixed ligand complexes

Acidic solutions of InCl3 plus InBr3 contain mixed halide complexes and solvent extraction yields the four-coordinate anions InCl(n)Br(4 - n)-, whose v(In-Cl) and v(In-Br) modes are reported. Two solid products of InCl3 with 15-crown-5 have been identified; crystallisation from aqueous HCI gave a molecular adduct containing InCl3(H2O)2, whereas the ionic complex [InCl2(15-crown-5)][InCl4] was produced under anhydrous conditions. The vibrational spectra are assigned.     

Synthesis of water-tolerant indium homoenolate in aqueous media and its application in the synthesis of 1,4-dicarbonyl compounds via palladium-catalyzed coupling with acid chloride

The first water-tolerant, ketone-type indium homoenolate was synthesized via the oxidative addition of In/InCl(3) to enones. The reaction proceeds exclusively in aqueous media. Both indium and indium(III) chloride are necessary for the smooth conversion of the reaction. Similar results were obtained when InCl or InCl(2) was used in place of In/InCl(3). The synthetic utility of the indium homoenolate was demonstrated through the synthesis of 1,4-dicarbonyl compounds via palladium-catalyzed coupling of indium homoenolate with acid chloride.     

Reexamination of CeCl3 and InCl3 as activators in the diastereoselective Mukaiyama aldol reaction in aqueous media

A search for suitable reaction conditions in Mukaiyama-type aldol condensations activated by CeCl(3) and InCl(3) revealed that the reaction proceeds best in i-PrOH/H(2)O (95:5). Contrary to literature precedent, no reaction was observed in pure water, and the encountered destruction of the starting silyl enol ether can be ascribed to initial hydrolysis of the Lewis acid. As anticipated from the dual parameter (pK(h), WERC value) characteristics of CeCl(3) and InCl(3), the former proved more efficient as Lewis acid-promoter, in terms of reaction speed and yield. Nevertheless, InCl(3) was a superior catalyst during evaluation of the diastereoselectivity of the process. In this regard, determination of diastereoselectivity as a function of time showed that the InCl(3)-catalyzed reaction is irreversible, whereas the CeCl(3)-catalyzed reaction is a reversible process. In both cases, formation of the syn product is kinetically preferred, although DeltaDeltaG(++)273K(InCl(3)) = 1.50 kcal/mol versus DeltaDeltaG(++)273K (CeCl(3)) = 0.38 kcal/mol. Molecular modeling (semiempirical PM3, ab initio HF/3-21G*, hybrid B3LYP/3-21G*, and B3LYP/LANL2DZ) of the diastereoselective aldol reaction promoted by InCl(3) supports a "closed", Zimmermann-Traxler transition state.     

稀散金属化合物InCl3的热化学研究

摘要在298.150 K下, 利用具有恒温环境的溶解反应热量计测定了不同浓度的InCl3摩尔溶解热(ΔsHm), 根据Pitzer理论得到了InCl3的无限稀释摩尔溶解热(ΔsH∞m), 和Pitzer焓参数β(0)LMX及β(1)LMX, 计算了溶质的偏摩尔焓. 讨论了离子和溶剂之间的相互作用. 利用文献中的InCl3的晶格能和氯离子的水化热数据, 得到了InCl3和铟离子的水化热.     

Reaction of InCl3 with various reducing agents: InCl3-NaBH4-mediated reduction of aromatic and aliphatic nitriles to primary amines

While alternative methods of preparing dichloroindium hydride (HInCl(2)) via the in situ reduction of InCl(3) using lithium amino borohydride (LAB) were explored, generation of HInCl(2) from the reduction of InCl(3) by sodium borohydride (NaBH(4)) was also re-evaluated for comparison. The reductive capability of the InCl(3)/NaBH(4) system was found to be highly dependent on the solvent used. Investigation by (11)B NMR spectroscopic analyses indicated that the reaction of InCl(3) with NaBH(4) in THF generates HInCl(2) along with borane-tetrahydrofuran (BH(3)·THF) in situ. Nitriles underwent reduction to primary amines under optimized conditions at 25 °C using 1 equiv of anhydrous InCl(3) with 3 equiv of NaBH(4) in THF. A variety of aromatic, heteroaromatic, and aliphatic nitriles were reduced to their corresponding primary amine in 70-99% isolated yields. Alkyl halide and nitrile functional groups were reduced in tandem by utilizing the reductive capabilities of both HInCl(2) and BH(3)·THF in a one-pot reaction. Finally, the selective reduction of the carbon bromine bond in the presence of nitriles was achieved by generating HInCl(2) via the reduction InCl(3) with NaBH(4) in CH(3)CN or with lithium dimethylaminoborohydride (MeLAB) in THF.     

InCl(3)-catalyzed three-component asymmetric Mannich-type reaction in methanol

[reaction: see text] A one-pot InCl(3)-catalyzed Mannich-type reaction was carried out in methanol. High diastereoselectivities and high yields were obtained. In addition, after the reaction was completed, InCl(3) can be recycled and reused without a drop of activity and selectivity.     

Effects of ligand tuning on dinuclear indium catalysts for lactide polymerization

Functionalized diaminophenols, H(N(R1R2)N(R3)O), were investigated as ligands for indium catalysts in the ring-opening polymerization of racemic lactide. Precursor complexes (N(Me2)N(Me)O)InCl(2) (1), (N(Pr2)NO)InCl(2) (2), and (N(Mes)NO)InCl(2) (3) were synthesized and fully characterized by (1)H and (13)C NMR spectroscopy, elemental analysis, and single-crystal X-ray crystallography. Complexes 1 and 2 were used to synthesize alkoxy-bridged complexes [(N(Me2)N(Me)O)InCl](2)(μ-Cl)(μ-OEt) (4) and [(N(Pr2)NO)InCl](2)(μ-Cl)(μ-OEt) (5). These complexes catalysed the polymerization of racemic lactide at different rates, with complex 5 being substantially more active than complex 4. The dissociation behaviour of these catalysts in the presence of lactide was also studied and used to make comparisons with previously reported catalyst systems.     

Topochemically Controlled Redox Reactions in the System In/Sn/Cl

The difference in reactivity of the two modifications of InCl in solid state reactions with SnCl₂ is discussed. It is explained on the basis of semi‐empirical and ab initio calculations giving the density of states diagrams of InCl and the energies of possible disproportionation reactions. Their general features are discussed on the basis of a simple bonding picture for open‐packed structures involving inert pair elements. A detailed analysis of the DOS distribution allows to pinpoint the observed redox instability to a specific structural feature of α‐InCl.     

Indium(III) chloride-sodium borohydride system: a convenient radical reagent for an alternative to tributyltin hydride system

The indium hydride generated from NaBH4 and InCl3, is a promising candidate of alternative to Bu3SnH. In particular, the catalytic performance of InCl3 in the dehalogenation of alkyl and aryl halides, intramolecular cyclization and intermolecular coupling reaction are noteworthy.