Synthesis and reactions of 2-substituted ethyl N-alkylmalonylhydroxamic acids

Alkylation of O-silylated N-alkylmalonylhydroxamic acids provides a method for the synthesis of 2-substituted N-alkylmalonyl hydroxamic acids. The substituent at C-2 does not materially change the chemistry of the alpha-lactam intermediates produced from them. They can be converted to unsymmetric ureas and hydantoins in high yields. The addition of unsaturated substituents at C-2 is used to produce cyclic ureas containing medium rings via RCM reactions.     

Dibutyltin oxide catalyzed aminolysis of oxalate to carbamate,oxamate and derivatives of imidazolidine trione

Catalytic aminolysis of oxalates by simple and substituted ureas has been shown to give carbamates, oxamates and derivatives of imidazolidine trione. Various substituted ureas and oxalates were screened to verify the applicability of the protocol. The role of dibutyltin oxide as catalyst, effect of solvent and reaction conditions on product distribution pattern has been discussed. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

硒催化法合成2-吡啶脲的研究

 采用硒催化的一氧化碳还原羰基化法,由硝基苯衍生物与2－氨基吡啶进行反应,得到的不是比例相当的三种脲类物质混合物,而主要得到非对称的吡啶脲．进一步发展了硒／一氧化碳催化体系对硝基化合物的还原羰基化法,可望用来合成一系列含取代基的苯基吡啶基脲类物质;该合成方法工艺简单,操作易行．对部分产物进行了红外光谱、核磁共振谱、高压液相色谱及元素分析等鉴定．     

A facile synthesis of unsymmetrical ureas

A facile and versatile method for the synthesis of unsymmetrical ureas from readily available reagents is reported. In the first step trifluoroethylchloroformate is reacted with a stoichiometric amount of a primary amine to give an intermediate trifluoroethyl carbamate. The addition of a second amine (primary or secondary) to the trifluoroethyl carbamate furnishes corresponding unsymmetrical ureas in 75-85% yield. A simple workup procedure, the high yields obtained, and the purity of the isolated products are suitable for the parallel synthesis of combinatorial libraries of unsymmetrical ureas with high structural and functional diversity.     

非对称取代脲的合成与应用

总结了合成非对称取代脲的几种方法，分析了各种方法的利弊，介绍了非对称 取代脲的主要应用，指出直接利用一氧化碳进行硒催化的胺与硝基化合物的氧化还 原羰基化反应来合成非对称取代脲的方法是比较有发展前景的方法，并对硒催化的 氧化还原羰基化反应作了较为详细的介绍。     

Mesomere Kationen: III—13C-Fourier-Transform-NMR-Spektren von Harnstoffen,Thioharnstoffen und Guanidinen

The ¹³C-chemical shifts of methyl substituted ureas, thioureas and related compounds are reported and discussed. π-Electron densities, as obtained by simple HMO calculations, do not reproduce the ¹³C-chemical shift trend. A correlation has been found for the carbonyl and thiocarbonyl resonances which has been discussed as being mainly influenced by the mean excitation energy in the paramagnetic screening term.     

Microwave-assisted preparation of cyclic ureas from diamines in the presence of ZnO

A microwave-assisted facile method for the preparation of various ureas, cyclic ureas, and urethanes has been developed that affords nearly quantitative yield of products at 120 °C (150 W), 71 kPa within 10 min using ZnO as a catalyst. The enhanced selectivity in this reaction is attributed to the deployment of ZnO whose absence results in poor yield and the generation of byproducts.     

Regioselective bromination of aryl ureas with Phenyliodine(III) diacetate and potassium bromide

An efficient regioselective and operationally simple urea bromination method utilizing PIDA and potassium bromide is reported. This protocol proved to be effective on a broad range of substituted ureas in acetone at room temperature, forming the p-brominated compounds in 44–86% yields.     

An efficient and mild protocol for the synthesis of unsymmetrical ureas in the absence of catalyst and additives

<正>A new practical method for the synthesis of unsymmetrical ureas was achieved by reaction of phenylurea with primary and secondary amines under neutral and mild condition in very good yields.The reaction took place in refluxing dioxane and does not require any catalyst or additives.     

A simple and efficient synthesis of N-benzoyl ureas

A novel, operationally simple, method for the preparation of acyl ureas is described. The procedure is high yielding and tolerant of a wide range of functional groups.     

Activation of carboxylic acids by Burgess reagent: an efficient route to acyl ureas and amides

Carboxylic acids upon treatment with Burgess reagent are converted to novel mixed sulfocarboxy anhydrides. Subsequent treatment of such mixed anhydrides with amines at elevated temperatures yields acyl ureas and amides. The ratio of the two products appears to be temperature controlled. The method provides a simple and convenient route to diverse acyl ureas starting from carboxylic acids and amines.     

CeCl3 · 7H2O‐KI‐Catalyzed,Environmentally Friendly Synthesis of N,N′‐Disubstituted Ureas in Water Under Microwave Irradiation

N,N′‐Disubstituted ureas were efficiently synthesized by reactions of urea with a variety of amines in water under microwave irradiation using CeCl₃ · 7H₂O‐KI as catalyst. This protocol has advantages of not using toxic phosgene and hazardous organic solvents, high reaction rate, high yield, and a simple workup procedure.     

Efficient Method of Synthesis of N,N′-Disubstituted Ureas/Thioureas by a Zinc Chloride Catalyzed Thermal Reaction

Symmetrically N,N′-disubstituted ureas/thioureas were synthesized by heating amines or phenyl hydrazine and urea/thiourea on a preheated hot plate at 80–85°C under solvent-free conditions in the presence of a catalytic amount of ZnCl₂ as a catalyst. The protocol has the advantages of not using toxic phosgene and other hazardous substrates or organic solvents. Increased reaction rate, good yield, and a simple workup procedure are involved.     

Origin of the Superior Performance of (Thio)Squaramides over (Thio)Ureas in Organocatalysis

The Diels–Alder cycloaddition of anthracene and nitrostyrene catalyzed by the squaramide‐derived aminocatalysts ( Sq ) recently reported by Jørgensen and co‐workers (Angew. Chem.­ 2012 , 124, 10 417; Angew. Chem. Int. Ed.­ 2012 , 51, 10 271) has been studied by using modern tools of computational quantum chemistry. This catalyst is compared with analogous urea‐, thiourea‐, and thiosquaramide‐derived aminocatalysts. Ultimately, a thiosquar‐amide‐derived catalyst is predicted to result in the lowest free‐energy barrier, while retaining the same high degree of enantioselectivity as Sq . This stems in part from the superior hydrogen‐bonding ability of thiosquaramides, compared to squaramides and (thio)ureas. We also examine the hydrogen‐bonding ability of (thio)ureas and (thio)‐squaramides in model complexes. In contrast to previous work, we show that aromaticity does not contribute significantly to the enhanced hydrogen‐bonding interactions of squaramides. Overall, thiosquaramide, which has not been explored in the context of either organocatalysis or molecular recognition, is predicted to lead to strong, co‐planar hydrogen bonds, and should serve as a potent hydrogen‐bonding element in a myriad of applications.     

A tandem and tunable Pd catalyzed C–N coupling of heteroarenols with ureas via C–OH bond activation

At this circumstance for the first time, a facile and convenient method for heteroaryl ureas has been developed via a two-step process involving in situ C–OH activation followed by palladium catalyzed C–N coupling of heteroarenols with ureas, which show excellent functional group tolerance and give out rapid coupling in good to excellent yield.     

Hydrolysis of Cyclic Ureas under Microwave Irradiation: Synthesis and Characterization of 7,8‐Diaminopelargonic Acid

A simple and efficient method for the synthesis of 7,8‐diaminopelargonic acid, a key intermediate in the biotin biosynthesis pathway, is reported. The d‐desthiobiotin powder was dissolved in concentrated hydrochloric acid, and the solution was exposed to microwave radiation of 2.45 GHz for varying lengths of time ranging from 60 s to 2 min. The product thus obtained was characterized by spectroscopic techniques and confirmed through bioassay. Further, the protocol was extended to the synthesis of several diamines from their corresponding cyclic ureas. The results show that the method is generally applicable and not only accelerates the hydrolysis reaction but also offers excellent yields.     

5 + 2] Cycloaddition reaction of 2-vinylaziridines and sulfonyl isocyanates. Synthesis of seven-membered cyclic ureas

The [5 + 2] cycloaddition reaction of 2-vinylaziridines with sulfonyl isocyanates proceeded smoothly under mild conditions, and various cyclic ureas were isolated in high yields. The remarkable solvent effect on the reaction was observed, and the preferential formation of the seven-membered ring occurred when the reaction was carried out in CH(2)Cl(2). The scope and limitation were studied, and the mechanism of this reaction was discussed. This study provides a new and simple method for the synthesis of seven-membered cyclic ureas.     

Synthesis of glycolurils and hydantoins by reaction of urea and 1, 2-dicarbonyl compounds using etidronic acid as a “green catalyst”

Most of the known methods for the synthesis of heterocyclic compounds have disadvantages, such as a long reaction time and aggressive conditions. We have developed a new, rather simple and efficient method for the synthesis of a number of glycoluryls and hydantoins in water using a etidronic acid (HEDP) as “Green catalyst.” So, for the first time, the condensation reaction of ureas with 1, 2-dicarbonyl compounds was carried out in the presence of HEDP. Also based on NMR studies, a chemism of these reactions, which is stepwise, is proposed. It has been established that the optimal conditions for the synthesis of glycoluryls and hydantoins using HEDP are: temperature 80°C-90°C, 40-20 minutes, and the ratio of urea and HEDP is 1:1. In all cases, the remaining aqueous filtrate containing HEDP after the reaction can be reused for other cycles synthesis of glycoluril and other compounds, because HEDP is not converted during the reaction.     

Hydrogen Peroxide–Promoted Transformation of Thioureas/Thiosemicarbazides to Related Ureas/Semicarbazides at Room Temperature via Grinding

A novel and environmentally benign synthetic method for ureas through hydrogen peroxide–promoted desulfurization of thioureas at room tepemperature via grinding is reported. As compared with the traditional method, this one is manipulatively simple and the oxidant is low cost, highly active, and environmentally friendly.     

A Simple Method for the Synthesis of Unsymmetrical Ureas

A simple one pot procedure for the synthesis of N,N'-unsymmetrical ureas using phenyl chloroformate in THF is described.