Complete experimental characterization of the influence of parametric four-wave mixing on stimulated Raman gain

We present what is to our knowledge the first complete measurement of the dependence of Raman gain on chromatic dispersion, fully revealing the influence of parametric four-wave mixing on stimulated Raman scattering. In particular, a threefold increase of the Raman gain is observed under phase-matching conditions, in excellent agreement with theoretical predictions. Our experiments, which were performed in a photonic crystal fiber, demonstrate that these unique fibers can be exploited to boost the performances of fiber Raman amplifiers.     

Analytical investigations on crosstalk in fiber Raman amplification for WDM systems

In this paper, the analytical investigations for the crosstalk in fiber amplification for WDM channels have been reported. The crosstalk between WDM channels with external Raman amplification including second-order dispersion terms has been investigated. It has been shown that the higher-order dispersion severely degrades the performance of optical communication systems. To ensure small crosstalk, the signal gain and the injected pump power should be limited to the value well below the threshold of Raman amplification. Analytical formula for signal interference ratio (SIR) and gain in fiber Raman amplifier including the impact of second-order dispersion terms for WDM systems has been derived at different wavelengths. It has also been shown that there is increase in crosstalk due to second-order dispersion.     

Research on WDM optical fiber transmission system based on fiber Raman amplifier

After wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) optical fiber transmission system based on fiber Raman amplifier (FRA) is investigated in detail, the influence of the collocation of dispersion compensation fiber (DCF), the dispersion coefficient, dispersion slope (DS), effective core area, nonlinear index, length of FRA, launch power and the bandwidth of Bessel filter on bit error rate (BER) is deduced. The influence of Rayleigh backscattering noise on optical signal noise ratio (OSNR) is also investigated, which affects the performance of long haul transmission badly. The result indicates that the broadband long haul transmission can be realized through the reasonable design of the fiber. The result is useful to the optimal design of the WDM optical fiber transmission system based on FRA.     

Soliton models in resonant and nonresonant optical fibers

In this review, considering the important linear and nonlinear optical effects like group velocity dispersion, higher order dispersion, Kerr nonlinearity, self-steepening, stimulated Raman scattering, birefringence, self-induced transparency and various inhomogeneous effects in fibers, the completely integrable concept and bright, dark and self-induced transparency soliton models in nonlinear fiber optics are discussed. Considering the above important optical effects, the different completely integrable soliton models in the form of nonlinear Schrödinger (NLS), NLS-Maxwell-Bloch (MB) type equations reported in the literature are discussed. Finally, solitons in stimulated Raman scattering (SRS) system is briefly discussed.     

Numerical modeling of a four-wave-mixing-assisted Raman fiber laser

We present a new numerical model of cascaded Raman fiber lasers that takes into account the chromatic dispersion of the fiber and includes the full spectrum of the intracavity field. This model explains and describes remarkably well a new operating regime found experimentally and reveals that chromatic dispersion is truly a new degree of freedom in the design of cascaded Raman lasers.     

S波段光纤拉曼放大器中级联受激布里渊散射串扰的实验研究

研究了光纤激光器前向抽运的S波段分布式光纤拉曼放大器中级联的受激布里渊散射(SBS)串扰现象。用窄光谱带宽(<100MHz)的可调谐激光二极管作为信号源,通过S波段分布式光纤拉曼放大器,当被放大的信号功率超过单模光纤受激布里渊散射的阈值时,出现了前向受激布里渊散射,这是传导声波布里渊散射在光纤放大器中放大的现象。随着拉曼放大器抽运功率的提高,在斯托克斯区,出现了两阶受激布里渊散射线,在实验中观测到偶数阶的受激布里渊散射谱线功率大于奇数阶的布里渊一瑞利散射线。当进一步增加拉曼放大器的抽运功率,出现了前向级联的多阶受激布里渊散射现象,拉曼放大器的增益下降,被放大的信号功率转换为受激布里渊散射,噪声变大。受激布里渊散射的串扰破坏了拉曼放大器的特性,使拉曼放大器无法在密集波分复用光纤传输系统中使用,因此需要严格地控制入纤的信号功率和放大器的抽运功率。在实验中还观测到在光纤拉曼放大器中被放大的信号光和受激布里渊散射线两侧的伴线。     

Optimum algorithm for WDM channel allocation for reducing four-wave mixing effects

A novel channel allocation method, based on optical Golomb ruler (OGR), that allows reduction of the FWM effect while maintaining bandwidth efficiency along with the algorithms has been presented in this paper. Very high-capacity, long-haul optical communication systems can be designed by wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) of high-bit-rate channels and by using erbium-doped fiber amplifiers (EDFAs) to periodically compensate the fiber loss. In such all-optical systems, the effects of chromatic dispersion and nonlinearities accumulate during light propagation, imposing limits on the achievable performance. Chromatic dispersion at 1.55 pm can be effectively reduced by using dispersion-shifted fiber (DSF). The use of very-low-dispersion fiber, however, enhances the efficiency of generation of four-wave mixing (FWM) waves by reducing the phase mismatch naturally provided by the fiber dispersion. For this reason, crosstalk due to FWM is the dominant nonlinear effect in long-haul WDM systems using DSFs. To reduce four-wave-mixing crosstalk in high capacity long-haul repeater less WDM light wave systems, the use of the channel allocation method that involves unequal spaced channels has been proposed.     

Generation of a compact high-power high-efficiency normal-dispersion pumping supercontinuum in silica photonic crystal fiber pumped with a 1064-nm picosecond pulse

Broadband normal dispersion pumping supercontinuum （SC） generation in silica photonic crystal fiber （PCF） is investigated in this paper. A 1064-nm picosecond fiber laser is used to pump silica PCF for the SC generation. The length of PCF is optimized for the most efficient stimulated Raman scattering process in the picosecond pump pulse region. The first stimulated Raman Stokes peak is located in the anomalous dispersion regime of the PCF and near the zero dispersion wavelength; thus the SC generation process can benefit from both a normal dispersion pumping scheme and an anomalous dispersion pumping scheme. The 51.7-W SC spanning from about 700 nm to beyond 1700 nm is generated with an all-fiber configuration, and the pump-to-SC conversion efficiency is up to 90%. In order to avoid the output fiber end face damage and increase the stability of the system, an improved output solution for the high power SC is proposed in our experiment. This high-efficiency near-infrared SC source is very suitable for applications in which average output power and spectral power density are firstly desirable.     

Third-order dispersion for generating optical rogue solitons

We theoretically and numerically evidence that optical rare and strong temporal events generated in fiber supercontinua originate from convective modulational instabilities. This convective nature is induced by higher-order terms (odd-order dispersion and stimulated Raman scattering) that break the time reversal symmetry of the nonlinear Schrödinger equation. We demonstrate (i) analytically that the third-order dispersion term alone turns the system to be convectively unstable and (ii) numerically that the sign of the curvature of the tail of the probability density function changes (in logarithmic scale) when the third-order dispersion term is added. This latter feature results in more powerful rare events. If, in addition, stimulated Raman scattering is taken into account, both the convective instabilities and the power of extreme events are further enhanced giving rise to a probability density function with a more pronounced curvature.     

Survey of systems experiments demonstrating dispersion compensation technologies

Chromatic dispersion compensation is an integral part of WDM transmission system design. Compensator properties such as insertion loss, dispersion slope and effective mode area have a large impact on WDM system performance due to nonlinear optical propagation effects. Dispersion compensator imperfections, such as multi-path interference, group delay ripple, insertion loss ripple and limited per-channel compensation bandwidth, place additional limitations on the achievable transmission distance and capacity. In this paper, a survey of key WDM transmission system experiments is undertaken to 1) review the development of chromatic dispersion compensation technologies, 2) discuss the device characteristics that most impact system design for each technology, and 3) hopefully enable the reader to better evaluate compensator technologies for specific applications.     

Adding channels with PSBT format at 40 Gbit/s in an existing 10 Gbit/s optical network

Until recently, the wavelength-division-multiplexed (WDM) transmission system has reached record capacities and distances due to innovations such as FEC (Forward Error Correction), distributed Raman amplification, new transmission fiber and advanced optical format. Optical-communication systems exclusively employed conventional On-Off Keying signals in either Non-Return-To-Zero (NRZ) or Return-To-Zero (RZ) format. Recently a number of advanced modulation formats have attracted attention. Some of these formats carry information through On-Off-Keying but also modulate the optical phase in order to enhance the robustness of signal to chromatic dispersion, optical filtering and non-linearities. Through extensive sets of simulation results, we showed that it is possible to replace a channel with higher bit-rate on existing DPSK or OOK at 10Gbit/s transmission link. Duobinary formats are ideal candidates to do it and are known for their low spectral range and high tolerance to residual chromatic dispersion. These particularities make them very attractive for both high bit rates and high distance-transmissions. Today, Phase Shaped Binary Transmission (PSBT) is considered as being the promising format for the deployment of 40Gbit/s technology on existing links at 10Gbit/s WDM long haul transmissions.     

Analysis of chromatic dispersion effect on coherent optical CPFSK system and performance improvement with the use of combinations of various optical fibers

The performance of a coherent optical continuous-phase frequency shift keying (CPFSK) system is evaluated theoretically including the combined effect of fiber chromatic dispersion, non-zero laser line width and receiver noises. The system limitations imposed by chromatic dispersion and laser phase noise are depicted. The system performance can be improved by shifting the zero-dispersion wavelength to the operating wavelength of the system and this shifting can be achieved efficiently by using a suitable combination of different types of optical fibers. Dispersion shifting characteristics are demonstrated using four kinds of fibers, namely: standard single-mode fiber (SMF), dispersion shifted fiber (DSF), dispersion compensated fiber (DCF) and large core fiber (LCF). The effect of dispersion shifting on the system performance is evaluated in terms of transmission distance and bit rate.     

Comparison of the performance of optical systems in fiber links 4000 km long

This article reports a numerical investigation of the performance of single-channel and WDM optical systems, assuming a fiber link 4000 km long in the presence of the Kerr effect, chromatic dispersion, and the amplifier spontaneous emission noise of the optical amplifiers. Both solitons and NRZ signals are considered, and IM-DD and coherent asynchronous ASK detections are used. Results on the technique of the midpoint spectral inversion are also reported.     

Analysis and simulation of single-frequency Raman fiber amplifiers

High power operation of single-frequency Raman fiber amplifiers is usually limited by the onset of stimulated Brillouin scattering. A theoretical investigation on single-frequency Raman fiber amplifier limited by stimulated Brillouin scattering is presented in this paper, based on the intensity equations combining stimulated Brillouin scattering and stimulated Raman scattering. A combination of methods is proposed to increase the output power of single-frequency Raman fiber amplifier. These methods include applying a suitable pump scheme according to the fiber length and seed signal power, using short gain fibers, utilizing a multiple-stage scheme and providing suppression of stimulated Brillouin scattering.     

单模光纤脉冲展宽效应实验研究

利用时间分辨率为2ps的扫描相机和实时处理系统研究了当脉宽为15ps波长为1.06μm的Nd:YAG激光脉冲在单模光纤中传输时,光纤中自相位调制(SPM),正群速色散(GVD)和受激喇曼散射(SRS)引起的联合非线性效应。     

Improvement of dispersion tolerance using wavelength-interleaving and forward error correction

In this paper, we first derived the BER expression of an optical channel with chromatic dispersion impairment. The derived BER expression takes into account the influence of pulse spreading, transmitter rise/fall times, receiver Q-factor and noises. It is simpler and hence easier to use than many existing channel BER models. Then we proposed a wavelength-interleaved FEC scheme to mitigate the chromatic dispersion impairment in optical transmission system and analyzed its decoding performance. The minimum wavelength separation required for such a wavelength-interleaving FEC system to obtain the highest coding gain is also determined. Based on this design, the chromatic dispersion tolerance of the proposed system with 2-wavelength and 4-wavelength-interleaving are shown to improve by about 13% and 22%, respectively, over a non-interleaved system. In essence, wavelength-interleaving averages out the performances of a set of channels experiencing higher and lower dispersion, hence the interleaved channels have better performance than the non-interleaved channels experiencing higher dispersion, and worse performance than the non-interleaved channels experiencing lower dispersion. However, since WDM systems are typically designed based on the worst-case channel, the overall system performance is improved by wavelength-interleaving.     

光纤通信中有色散影响的受激喇曼散射信道特性研究

提出了在波分复用光纤通信系统中，考虑光纤色散“走离”时受激喇曼散射(SRS)信道的新模型,给出了计算中距离步长的选取公式。根据该模型，数值计算了各信道在随机数字序列调制下和在受激喇曼散射(SRS)非线性效应作用下经过有色散“走离”的波分复用光纤系统的传输功率。得出光纤色散会降低SRS效应引起的输出功率波动的结论,画出了在SRS效应作用下输出功率标准差随色散系数变化的曲线，并对产生该现象的机理进行了定性分析。该模型适合于任意光纤色散、任意输入功率和任意信道数目。     

Absolute polar duty cycle division multiplexing over wavelength division multiplexing system

The performance of absolute polar duty cycle division multiplexing (AP-DCDM) over wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) system is presented based on the simulation results. The AP-DCDM signal has narrower bandwidth than conventional time division multiplexing (TDM) signal, which makes its implementation in WDM system advantageous. In this paper, characteristics of AP-DCDM and TDM signals in WDM system are compared at the speed of 40 Gbit/s per channel, for the minimum allowed channel spacing and the chromatic dispersion tolerance. The results clearly show that AP-DCDM performs significantly better than TDM. By using AP-DCDM, 1.28 Tbit/s (32 × 40 Gbit/s) was successfully transmitted over 320 km standard single mode fiber. Spectral efficiency of 0.64 b/s/Hz was achieved by using 10 Gbit/s transmitters and receivers without polarization multiplexing.     

Broadband spectrum generation with compact Yb-doped fiber laser by intra-cavity cascaded Raman scattering

We experimentally demonstrate a cascaded Raman scattering continuum, utilizing a compact mode-locked Yb-doped fiber laser based on a nonlinear polarization rotation technique in the all normal dispersion regime.There is no physical filter or polarization controller in the oscillator, and a different mode-locked operation is achieved, corresponding to the extra fiber location in the oscillator. The broadband spectrum generation owes to the enhanced stimulated Raman scattering progress. The maximum output average power and peak power are14.75 n J and 18.0 W, and the short coherence light is suited for optical coherence tomography.     

Optimization of a Raman/EDFA hybrid amplifier based on dual-order stimulated Raman scattering using a single-pump

Based on dual-order stimulated Raman scattering (SRS) of a single 1395 nm Raman fiber laser in 75 km single mode fiber and its corresponding dispersion compensation module, a hybrid Raman/Erbium doped fiber amplifier (EDFA) for long wavelength band (L-band) amplification is realized by inserting a segment of EDF within the span. By comparing the performance of gain and noise in four hybrid amplifiers with different span configurations, we find that the distribution of the secondary L-band amplification obtained from the EDF along the link has a great influence on the performance of the hybrid amplifier. Both gain and noise performance of hybrid amplifier can be improved significantly by optimizing the location of the EDF. Moreover, we can extend the flat gain bandwidth from L-band to central wavelength band (C-band) plus L-band by recycling the residual first-order SRS to pump a segment of EDF with proper length.