邮票上的物理学史42--卢瑟福

新西兰出生的英国物理家卢瑟福是20世纪初一位重要的物理学家,     

邮票上的物理学史(55)--核能作为动力

二战后,核能的和平利用被提上了日程.核能独特的优点是:1) 核能是储量丰富的能源.根据专家估算,按现在的能源消耗速度,地球上的石油40年后即将耗尽,煤也只可开采200多年.煤和石油还是重要的化工原料,而核能是地球上储量最丰富的能源,地球上的核裂变燃料即铀矿和钍矿资源,按其所可释放的能量计算,是化石能源的20倍,开发和利用核能来替代煤和石油作为后续能源已是当务之急,而聚变燃料氘更是广泛存在,如能实现可控聚变,人类就不必再为能源担心了.2) 核能是清洁的能源.它不产生二氧化碳,不会引发温室效应,产生的其他污染物也少,有利于保护环境.不过,裂变燃料产生的废料具有放射性,有的放射性废料的半衰期很长,对其处理是一大难题.最近,有人提出了用加速器或反应堆加以照射以处理的建议.     

Nuclear stopping power

Inclusive cross sections for protons emitted in 100 GeV proton-nucleus collisions are used to estimate the stopping power of nuclear matter for fast nucleons. The typical recoil momentum obtained for a nucleon struck by the center of a lead nucleus is 4–10 GeV/c, an order of magnitude greater than in p-p collisions, and an order of magnitude smaller than in a naive cascade model. Possible implications for high energy heavy ion collisions are discussed.     

核电和物理学

20世纪三四十年代,原子物理学家们发现中子轰击铀原子核的裂变现象并首次实现可控裂变链式反应,把世界带进了原子能时代.半个世纪以来核电已达到全世界电力的16%.目前99%以上都是热中子反应堆核电站.在大规模发展核电的情况下,比如说百GWe,必须加快快中子增殖反应堆的发展和推广,方无核燃料匮乏之虞.     

核电和物理学

20世纪三四十年代，原子物理学家们发现中子轰击铀原子核的裂变现象并首次实现可控裂变链式反应，把世界带进了原子能时代．半个世纪以来核电已达到全世界电力的16％．目前99％以上都是热中子反应堆核电站。在大规模发展核电的情况下，比如说百GWe,必须加快快中子增殖反应堆的发展和推广，方无核燃料匮乏之虞。     

Nuclear stopping power in αα anddd collisions

Inelasticαα anddd collisions were studied at a centre-of-mass energy √S _NN=31.2 GeV per nucleon-nucleon collision, using the Split-Field Magnet (SFM) detector at the CERN ISR. In this paper we show the inclusive and semi-inclusive rapidity distributions of protons, compare them with predictions of the Lund model, and calculate the average rapidity loss for participant protons. From the negative particles we calculate the inelasticity of the interaction, the average energy per particle, and the degree of isotropy of the produced hadrons.     

Safe use of atomic (Nuclear) power (Nuclear Safety)

The established concept of ensuring safety for nuclear power sources is presented; the influence of severe accidents on nuclear power development is considered, including the accident at a Japan NPP in 2011, as well as the role of state regulation of nuclear safety.     

基于无线传感网的核电安全监控系统设计

低碳经济和能源可持续发展的要求下,新能源的开发和使用越来越受到世界各国的青睐。核电在新能源领域发电效率最高,电能质量最稳定,近年来取得长足的进步和丰硕的成果,然而,福岛核辐射事故的发生导致核电发展阻力重重,核电安全问题被提升到前所未有的高度。基于传感网技术的核电安全监控系统采用“检测层-接入层-汇聚层-数据中心”四层传感网结构,实时采集核电厂关键设备的运行状态和参数,并通过传感网传输到远程服务器,在数据中心对采集的数据进行数据挖掘和数据融合处理,对核电厂运行状态进行实时监测和预测,确保核电厂安全运营。核电安全监测网络的生命周期是保证整个网络使用可靠性和稳定性的前提和基础,从节点布局优化的角度出发,研究该监测网络的能量管理方法。     

Nuclear power pros and cons: A comparative analysis of radioactive emissions from nuclear power plants and thermal power plants

On the basis of the public data statistics of recent years on pollution and emissions from nuclear power plants (NPPs) and thermal power plants (TPPs) in the Russian Federation and the published investigation materials from Russian and foreign experts in this field, a comparative analysis of the radioactive emissions into the environment was performed for NPP emissions, as well as emissions from TPPs that operate using coal. It is shown that the total contents of radioactive nuclides in the TPP emissions substantially exceed those from NPPs, even for modern TPPs that operate using coal with ash contents of not more than 10% equipped with a filtering system that allows the removal of not less than 97.5% of the ash. An especially difficult situation for TPPs is due to long-lived radioactive isotopes, which are disposed practically without monitoring (and have a greater quantity of radioactive waste than NPPs by several orders of magnitude) with slag and are released into the atmosphere with the ash of organic fuels (particularly, shale oil, and coal).