液相色谱-质谱法测定蘑菇中咪鲜安残留

建立了以固相萃取-液相色谱-电喷雾质谱(SPE-LC-ESI/MS)法检测蘑菇中咪鲜安残留量的方法。蘑菇样品加入乙腈萃取,离心分离,取上清液加入NaCl和MgSO4进行盐析,有机相浓缩后加入键合丙基乙二胺(PSA)净化,上清液以0.45μm针头过滤器过滤后进样。色谱柱为ZORBAX Eclipse XDB-C18(150×2.1 mm,3.5μm)柱,柱温40℃;流动相为0.1%乙酸水溶液-乙腈(30 70,V/V),流速0.20 mL/min。质谱采用选择离子监控模式,检测离子的质荷比(m/z)分别为380、378、376、312、310和308。咪鲜安在样品中的加标回收率为95.00%~100.07%,变异系数在1.72%~8.71%之间,检出限(S/N>10)为2.86μg/L。此方法简单,准确,将其应用于蘑菇中咪鲜安的消解动态研究,取得了比较理想的效果。     

固相萃取-高效液相色谱-串联质谱法测定香蕉中咪鲜胺及2,4,6-三氯苯酚残留量

提出了固相萃取-高效液相色谱-串联质谱法测定香蕉中咪鲜胺及2,4,6-三氯苯酚残留量的方法。香蕉样品经乙酸-乙腈(2+98)混合液提取,用基质分散固相萃取净化。以Agilent Eclipse AAA色谱柱为分离柱对所得净化液进行分离,以不同体积比的水和乙腈混合液为流动相进行梯度洗脱,采用电喷雾正、负离子源多反应监测模式检测。咪鲜胺和2,4,6-三氯苯酚的线性范围分别为0.05~100mg·L-1和2.5~200mg·L-1,检出限(3S/N)分别为0.02,1.5μg·kg-1。以空白样品为基体进行加标回收试验,测得咪鲜胺和2,4,6-三氯苯酚的回收率分别在90.3%~106%和85.5%~101%之间,相对标准偏差(n=6)分别在3.3%~8.5%和3.6%~9.6%之间。     

基质分散固相萃取-高效液相色谱法测定水果中的异菌脲和咪鲜胺残留量

以PSA和ODS作为混合固相基质分散剂萃取净化,液相色谱柱分离,建立了测定水果中异菌脲和咪鲜胺残留量的测定方法.两种农药在0.1～5.0 μg/mL的浓度范围内,峰面积和浓度的相关系数大于0.999,在香蕉、柑桔和芒果中分别添加0.5、1.0、2.0 mg/kg 3个浓度异菌脲和咪鲜胺,回收率分别在82.70%～108.62%和82.56%～116.44%之间,RSD在1.8%～4.1%和2.1%～5.6%之间.异菌脲和咪鲜胺的方法的检出限分别为0.036和0.04 mg/kg.     

固相萃取-高效液相色谱-串联质谱法同时测定银耳中的8种农药残留

建立了同时测定银耳中吡虫啉、啶虫脒、异丙威、丁硫克百威、克百威、甲胺磷、乙酰甲胺磷和咪鲜胺8种常见农药残留的固相萃取-高效液相色谱-串联质谱分析方法。5 g样品,加入1 g NaCl,用乙酸乙酯提取,提取液通过C18柱固相萃取净化后,以Phenomenex Luna C8色谱柱(150 mm×2.0 mm×3.0μm)分离,流动相A为含0.1%甲酸-5 mmol/L NH_4Ac溶液,流动相B为乙腈,梯度洗脱。质谱采用多反应监测(MRM)模式检测,外标法定量。结果显示:吡虫啉在1.0～1 000.0μg/L,啶虫脒、异丙威、丁硫克百威、克百威和咪鲜胺在1.0～500.0μg/L,甲胺磷和乙酰甲胺磷在1.0～250.0μg/L范围内线性良好,相关系数(r~2)均大于0.995;检出限为0.01～0.30μg/kg,定量限为0.03～1.00μg/kg。在低、中、高3个水平加标的回收率为70.1%～106.4%,相对标准偏差(RSD)为3.97%～13.68%。实际样品检测结果表明该方法稳定、准确、可靠。     

全自动固相萃取技术同时测定动物产品中9种磺胺药物残留

针对目前动物产品中兽药残留检测样品前处理繁琐的问题,应用全自动固相萃取技术对动物产品中9种磺胺类药物残留检测的样品前处理方法进行了系统的研究,对提取溶剂、固相萃取柱、淋洗液、洗脱溶剂及仪器分析条件进行了优化选择,建立了新型磺胺药物残留检测的全自动固相萃取净化方法.经不同检测单位验证,该方法的加标回收率为78.4%～107.8%,精密度为3.9%～11.0%检出限为0.010～0.020mg/kg,满足出口检测要求.     

改进QuEChERS-气相色谱-质谱法测定苹果中胺鲜酯残留

以改进的QuEChERS前处理技术结合气相色谱-质谱（GC-MS）技术,建立了苹果中胺鲜酯残留的检测方法,为苹果中胺鲜酯残留限量的制定提供依据。采用温水作为提取溶剂,提取液经二氯甲烷反萃取,旋转蒸发浓缩、定容净化后,以HP-5MS毛细管柱进行分离,在电子轰击（EI）源、选择离子监测（SIM）模式下检测苹果中胺鲜酯。在3个添加水平下,胺鲜酯的回收率为74.1%~84.2%,相对标准偏差（RSD）为1.5%~4.1%,检出限和定量限分别为0.0024 mg/L和0.008 mg/kg。该方法用于苹果中胺鲜酯残留的检测,灵敏度高,实用性强。     

气相色谱法测定杀菌剂咪鲜胺及其代谢物在水稻中的残留量

咪鲜胺(prochloraz)是一种咪唑类广谱杀菌剂,主要通过抑制甾醇的生物合成而起作用。咪鲜胺在环境中首先降解成为BTS44595和BTS44596,最后都降解为2,4,6-三氯苯酚。尽管咪鲜胺属低毒杀菌剂,但其最终代谢产物2,4,6-三氯苯酚是环境中的重要污染物之一。因此,在进行咪鲜胺残留研究时,应同时检测其代谢产物。     

固相微萃取气相色谱法测定非那雄胺中残留的二氯甲烷和三氯甲烷

利用固相微萃取气相色谱法测定非那雄胺中的溶剂残留,对固相微萃取的萃取温度、萃取时间、解吸时间和溶液的离子强度等分析条件进行了优化.该方法具有较好的线性,相关系数:二氯甲烷为0.997,三氯甲烷为0.998;相对标准偏差:二氯甲烷为2.7%,三氯甲烷为1.8%.     

固相萃取-高效液相色谱同时测定大米中的4种烟碱农药残留量

建立了高效液相色谱法同时测定大米样品中呋虫胺、噻虫胺、吡虫啉、吡虫清4种烟碱农药残留量的检测方法,对4种烟碱农药在ENVI-Florisil和Carb复合固相萃取柱上的保留行为进行了研究。样品用乙腈提取,固相萃取净化,HPLC-DAD分离检测,外标法定量。峰面积与标准溶液浓度在0.1～1.0 mg/L范围内呈良好的线性关系,相关系数大于0.9996。样品加标回收率为75.5%～96.0%,相对标准偏差为0.49%～4.36%(n=6),检出限达到0.004 mg/kg。     

蒜苔中咪鲜胺及其代谢物残留检测方法的研究与比较

建立了水解法与QuEChERS法测定蒜苔中咪鲜胺及其代谢物的残留量,并对两种方法进行了比较。在QuEChERS法中,样品经乙腈提取,QuEChERS净化管净化后用气相色谱法测定咪鲜胺及其代谢产物2,4,6-三氯苯酚的含量,基质匹配标准曲线外标法定量;在水解法中,样品经乙腈提取,吡啶盐酸盐水解后,用硫酸磺化,用气相色谱法测定咪鲜胺的含量。结果表明,水解法和QuEChERS法测定的咪鲜胺标准曲线在0.01~2 mg/L范围内均有良好的线性关系,相关系数（r²）均大于0.999。水解法中咪鲜胺的定量限（LOQ）为0.005 mg/kg;QuEChERS法中咪鲜胺的LOQ为0.039 mg/kg、2,4,6-三氯苯酚的LOQ为0.003 mg/kg。在3个不同浓度添加水平下,方法回收率为81.5%~105.4%,相对标准偏差（RSD）为1.3%~6.8%。在测定阳性样品时,水解法可以较为全面地检测出样品中咪鲜胺及其主要代谢物的总量,QuEChERS法可以检测出咪鲜胺及其主要代谢物2,4,6-三氯苯酚的存在形式和各自的含量,两种方法可以互相补充用于蒜苔中咪鲜胺及其代谢物的检测和确证。     

Determination of sulfonamides in swine muscle after salting-out assisted liquid extraction with acetonitrile coupled with back-extraction by a water/acetonitrile/dichloromethane ternary component system prior to high-performance liquid chromatography

A salting-out assisted liquid extraction coupled with back-extraction by a water/acetonitrile/dichloromethane ternary component system combined with high-performance liquid chromatography with diode-array detection (HPLC–DAD) was developed for the extraction and determination of sulfonamides in solid tissue samples. After the homogenization of the swine muscle with acetonitrile and salt-promoted partitioning, an aliquot of 1 mL of the acetonitrile extract containing a small amount of dichloromethane (250–400 μL) was alkalinized with diethylamine. The clear organic extract obtained by centrifugation was used as a donor phase and then a small amount of water (40–55 μL) could be used as an acceptor phase to back-extract the analytes in the water/acetonitrile/dichloromethane ternary component system. In the back-extraction procedure, after mixing and centrifuging, the sedimented phase would be water and could be withdrawn easily into a microsyringe and directly injected into the HPLC system. Under the optimal conditions, recoveries were determined for swine muscle fortified at 10 ng/g and quantification was achieved by matrix-matched calibration. The calibration curves of five sulfonamides showed linearity with the coefficient of estimation above 0.998. Relative recoveries for the analytes were all from 96.5 to 109.2% with relative standard deviation of 2.7–4.0%. Preconcentration factors ranged from 16.8 to 30.6 for 1 mL of the acetonitrile extract. Limits of detection ranged from 0.2 to 1.0 ng/g.     

Study of the preferential solvation of some betaine dyes in binary solvent mixtures

The preferential solvation (PS) in mixed binary solvents, e.g. dichloromethane/acetonitrile, dichloromethane/methanol, acetonitrile/water has been studied by monitoring the charge transfer band of some betaine dyes. Since PS accounts for dielectric as well as specific interactions while dielectric enrichment only for the former, it was shown that in the case of dichloromethane/methanol, hydrogen bonding precedes dielectric enrichment whereas in the case of acetonitrile/water the inverse is true.     

Reversed phase behaviour of high molar mass polystyrenes in acetonitrile with halogenated methane solvent mixtures

Summary The reversed phase behaviour of high molecular mass polystyrenes was investigated on a C18 bonded phase column using acetonitrile as the polar mobile phase component and dichloromethane, chloroform and carbon tetrachloride, as separate nonpolar components. Solvent solubility compositions, elution compositions and resolutions of the various molar mass polystyrenes were measured and compared for each of the three mobile phases. Anomalous behaviour of the polystyrenes was not observed in any of the three mobile phases and only minor differences in resolution were observed. By comparing these results with previously published work, it is suggested that any mobile phase component that is both nonpolar and a good solvent for the polymer can be combined with acetonitrile for effective separations of polystyrenes by mass and that it is the poor solvent component of the mobile phase that is responsible for the anomalous behaviour that is sometimes observed in this type of chromatography.     

HPLC—UV determination of pesticide residues at 0.01 ppm in apple and pear pulp used for baby food

Two distinct methods are described for determination of residues of ethiofencarb and triforine, and of diflubenzuron, teflubenzuron, and triflumuron at the 0.01 ppm level in apple and pear pulp used for baby food;recoveries are above 50%. Diflubenzuron, teflubenzuron, and triflumuron are extracted with a 1:1 mixture of dichloromethane and acetone, and the extracts are cleaned by SPE using C₁₈ as stationary phase and methanol as mobile phase. Ethiofencarb and triforine are extracted with dichloromethane, and the extracts cleaned using the same stationary phase but a 1:1 mixture of acetonitrile and water as mobile phase. Analysis of both groups of pesticides is by isocratic HPLC—UV at 210 nm using an RP-18 column and acetonitrile-water as mobile phase.     

Fast chromatographic separation of (−)-menthyl chloroformate derivatives of some chiral drugs,with special reference to amlodipine,on porous graphitic carbon

Summary Enantiomeric separation of (–)-menthyl chloroformate derivatives of some chiral cardioactive drugs, on porous graphitic carbon (PGC), Hypercarb-S, is described. Capacity and separation factors of derivatives of the calcium channel blockers; amlodipine and UK52.829, the -blockers; atenolol, sotalol and propranolol, and mexiletine were studied in different chromatographic systems based on dichloromethane. A high content of a carboxylic acid in the mobile phase was found to decrease the retention and positively affect the stereoselectivity of the derivatives. A mobile phase with dichloromethane, acetonitrile and formic acid gave baseline separation of the enantiomers of amlodipine in less than 8 minutes. Results show that acetic acid and formic acid, may be regarded as strong organic solvents in PGC chromatography with nearly the same elution power as dichloromethane.     

Femtosecond pump-probe studies of nitrosyl chloride photochemistry in solution

We present a femtosecond pump-probe study of the primary events of nitrosyl chloride (ClNO) photochemistry in solution. Following 266 nm photolysis, the resulting evolution in optical density is measured for ClNO dissolved in acetonitrile, chloroform, and dichloromethane. The results demonstrate that photolysis results in the production of a photoproduct that has an absorption band maximum at 295 nm in acetonitrile and 330 nm in chloroform and dichloromethane. To determine the extent of Cl production, comparative photochemical studies of methyl hypochlorite (MeOCl) and ClNO are performed. Photolysis of MeOCl in solution results in the production of the Cl:solvent charge-transfer complex; therefore, a comparison of the spectral evolution observed following MeOCl and ClNO photolysis under identical photolysis conditions is performed to determine the extent of Cl production following ClNO photolysis. We find that similar to the gas-phase photochemistry, Cl and NO formation is the dominant photochemical channel in acetonitrile. However, the photochemistry in chloroform and dichloromethane is more complex, with a second product formed in addition to Cl and NO. It is proposed that in these solvents photoisomerization also occurs, resulting in the production of ClON. The results presented here represent the first detailed examination of the solution phase photochemistry of ClNO.     

Mixture design optimization of extraction and mobile phase media for fingerprint analysis of Bauhinia variegata L

Two statistical mixture designs were used to optimize the proportions of solvents used in both the extraction medium and the reversed liquid chromatographic mobile phase to improve the quality of chromatographic fingerprints of Bauhinia variegata L extracts. For modeling, the number of peaks was used as a measure of fingerprint information. Three mobile phases, each with a chromatographic strength of two, gave good results. A methanol/water (77:23 v/v) mixture resulted in 17 peaks in the chromatographic fingerprint whereas acetonitrile/water (64.5:35.5 v/v) and methanol/acetonitrile/water (35:35:30 v/v/v) mixtures resulted in 18 and 20 peaks, respectively. The corresponding optimum solvent compositions to extract chemical substances for these three mobile phases were ethanol/acetone (25:75 v/v/v) and dichloromethane/acetone (70:30 v/v) mixtures, and pure dichloromethane, respectively. The mixture designs are useful for understanding the influence of different solvents on the strengths of the extraction medium and the mobile phase.     

Determination of 6-mercaptopurine and its metabolites in plasma or serum by high performance liquid chromatography

A sensitive and accurate reversed phase liquid chromatographic assay was developed for the determination of 6-mercaptopurine (6MP) (the active metabolite of azathioprine) in human plasma. The assay involved extraction into acetonitrile and dichloromethane from plasma pretreated with 0.038 M of dithiothreitol solution. The residue was analyzed by isocratic chromatography on a C18 analytical column with UV detection at 326 nm. The average extraction recovery of 6MP was 85%. The method has been applied successfully to the determination of 6MP and its metabolites in pharmacokinetic studies.     

Control of adsorption and solubility in gradient high performance liquid chromatography. Part 4. Sudden-transition gradient elution of styrene/ethyl methacrylate copolymers in reversed phase mode

Summary Copolymers from styrene and ethyl methacrylate have been separated according to composition byn-heptane gradients on a C18 bonded phase after injection into acetonitrile and subsequent sudden transition to a concentration of either dichloromethane or tetrahydrofuran between 30 and 50% or 20 and 50%, respectively. Acetonitrile is a polar non-solvent for the copolymers under investigation and ensures proper retention of the samples on a non-polar stationary phase. Dichloromethane and tetrahydrofuran are good solvents of moderate polarity. The addition of, e.g., 30 vol% of one of these solvents increased the dissolution power of the starting eluent but not to the extent necessary for elution. The latter was achieved by the addition ofn-heptane, which is a non-solvent for the polymers investigated. Thus, its eluting power must be understood as the consequence of its modifying effect on the polarity of the eluent mixture. The higher the content of copolymer in ethyl methacrylate the earlier it was eluted. Since acetonitrile andn-heptane are only partly miscible, phase diagrams were measured after the addition of either tetrahydrofuran or dichloromethane as a third component. Homogeneous mixtures were obtained on addition of about 30% solvent (one of both of the latter).Part 3: see Ref. [10]     

PHOTOCHEMICAL CHARACTERIZATION OF COVALENTLY-LINKED PORPHYRIN-QUINONE COMPLEXES*

Abstract— The fluorescence properties of a covalently-linked porphyrin-quinone complex and its zinc derivative were studied in a variety of organic solvents. The kinetics of fluorescence decay for both the quinone and hydroquinone oxidation states were measured in acetonitrile, dichloromethane, dimethyl-formamide, and pentane. The fluorescence yield and kinetics of decay at room temperature were little affected in the porphyrin or zinc porphyrin complexes when the attached quinone was reduced. However, for these complexes the fluorescence yield and lifetimes were both substantially decreased in acetonitrile and dichloromethane when the quinone was in its oxidized state. These latter decay kinetics were not explainable by a process having a single exponential decay. On the other hand, little fluorescence quenching or lifetime shortening was observed in dimethylformamide or pentane, indicating unique solvent dependencies for the quenching process. Evidence was obtained for photoproduced charge separation from EPR measurements on the covalently-linked zinc porphyrin-quinone complex. The EPR data showed equivalent concentrations of a Zn porphyrin cation radical and a benzoquinone anion radical in acetonitrile or dichloromethane at both room temperature and 77 K. The charge separated state rapidly decayed at room temperature (in sub-millisecond times) but was quite stable at 77 K. It is concluded that light-induced charge separation in acetonitrile and dichloromethane at room temperature may occur from the excited singlet state with a high quantum efficiency. A photoproduced charge separated state also occurred when the covalently-linked complexes were incorporated into egg yolk phosphatidylcholine liposomes. The quantum yield for radical formation in this latter system was 0.1 and the lifetimes of the radical species formed were many minutes.