冲击载荷下岩石压胀对其性质的影响

采用落锤动态加载岩石实验系统,通过调节落锤质量、下落距离及活塞杆垫板材料,记录岩石瞬间形成冲击压力脉冲,研究压胀对不同岩石性质影响的规律。实验结果表明,压胀产生后岩石的性质发生了改变,岩石的渗透率有不同程度的增加,且岩石越致密,渗透率增加倍数越大;岩石的弹性模量和弹性极限随岩石体积的增加而降低;压胀产生后纵波和横波在岩石中的传播速度减小,岩样内部产生了微裂纹或原有微裂纹延伸扩展造成孔隙度增加。     

冲击荷载作用下混凝土材料的细观本构模型

将混凝土材料看成是水泥砂浆基体和粗骨料颗粒组成的2相复合材料,假设水泥砂浆基体和粗骨料颗粒均为弹性、均匀、各向同性的,粗骨料颗粒为球形。基于Mori-Tanaka理论和Eshelby 等效夹杂理论推出了混凝土材料弹性模量的计算公式。在Horii和Nemat-Nasser提出的脆性材料在双轴向压应力作用下破坏的滑移裂纹模型基础上,运用细观力学方法推导了微裂纹对材料弹性模量的弱化作用以及微裂纹的损伤演化方程。建立了混凝土材料在冲击荷载作用下的一维动态本构模型,模拟曲线与实验曲线符合良好,因而可以用该模型模拟混凝土材料在冲击荷载下的动态特性。     

冲击荷载下单层球面网壳的失效机理

为研究单层球面网壳在冲击荷载下的失效机理,在ANSYS/LS-DYNA中建立60m跨度K8型单层球面网壳与圆柱形冲击物的数值模型并进行数值分析,总结了网壳结构的4种失效模式。通过对失效全过程的分析,从能量的角度将失效过程分为能量施加、能量传递与损失、能量消耗3个阶段。之后分别从能量传递与杆件破坏形式2方面揭示了网壳的失效机理。能量分析表明:剩余能量(Elf)对结构最终动力响应及失效模式起决定作用,而Elf只是初始冲击能量中除去冲击物穿透损失与网壳局部破坏损失后的剩余部分。通过对杆件破坏形式的分析发现:杆件的破坏可能滞后于冲击荷载的作用,且杆件的破坏形式决定其传递能量的能力,当杆件发生拉伸破坏时,其强度被充分利用,传递的能量最多,Elf值较大,网壳整体破坏严重。杆件的破坏形式与Elf及网壳整体的失效模式间有很好的对应关系。     

岩石材料的一种蠕变损伤方程

通过大量的岩石蠕变试验研究，总结出了以能描述损伤历史的蠕变模量为参数的岩石蠕变损伤方程，由该方程能方便地定出任意蠕变时刻的损伤状态和进行蠕变损伤的测定。     

潜艇典型结构在爆炸冲击载荷作用下开裂判据的试验研究

试验研究了潜艇艇体用钢在爆炸冲击载荷作用下的动态极限应变。利用体积等效原理,得到了潜艇的两种典型结构在双向应变假设和单向应变假设下的动态开裂应变。试验结果可为潜艇艇体结构在爆炸冲击载荷作用下破损进水的数值仿真提供开裂判据。     

坚硬岩石在强冲击荷载作用近区的性状研究

根据坚硬岩石的性质,利用力学模型分析了在冲击荷载作用下的岩石破坏过程,经由弹性状态向内摩擦状态的转变,最终达到流体力学状态。通过对内摩擦状态的分析,认为在强冲击荷载区域的变形近似为一维变形状态。冲击荷载作用在岩石中产生的应力波可以看作类似于冲击波的短波,在波阵面附近的某个狭窄区域内将发生参数的急剧变化。根据近区变形状态与质量守恒导出了侵彻近区的速度场表达式。根据短波的研究,给出了近区应力波的衰减规律。     

循环冲击作用下岩石应力应变曲线及应力波特性

利用研制的岩石动静组合加载实验装置进行循环冲击实验,研究了在循环冲击过程中岩石典型的动态应力应变曲线及反射波和透射波的变化规律。结果表明:岩石在循环冲击过程中的动态应力应变曲线可分为压密阶段、弹性阶段、内部裂纹扩展的加载阶段、第1卸载阶段和第2卸载阶段等5个阶段。在相同入射波循环作用下,随着循环次数的增加,岩石的反射波峰值越来越大,反射波峰值出现的时间越来越迟,透射波峰值越来越小,透射波峰值出现的时间越来越早,表明在循环冲击过程中岩石内部损伤逐渐累积,从而导致抵抗外部冲击载荷的能力逐渐降低。     

新型混凝土桥面铺装材料的冲击力学性能

利用大尺寸Hopkinson压杆对新型混凝土桥面铺装材料钢纤维增强聚合物改性混凝土（steel fiber reinforced and polymer modified concrete,SFRPMC）进行了冲击实验,并且在相同基准配合比下,与普通混凝土、钢纤维混凝土的冲击性能进行了对比。观察了不同打击速度下三种材料的破坏形态,得到了在不同应变率下的应力应变关系,比较了三种材料的应变率敏感性,最后从机理上分析了掺加钢纤维和聚合物对混凝土材料冲击力学性能的影响。结果表明,钢纤维增强聚合物改性混凝土材料具有良好的冲击韧性,是一种理想的混凝土桥面铺装材料。     

岩石张拉与剪切断裂的比较

本文探讨了岩石Ⅱ型裂纹剪切断裂韧性的测试方法,并把结果与１型断裂及Ⅱ型裂纹和Ⅰ型扩展的断裂韧性、厚度效应及断裂机理等方面之间的差异进行了比较讨论。     

基于夏比冲击试验的材料失效模型参数

结合夏比冲击试验和ABAQUS显式动力数值模拟,对Q370d钢进行了Johnson-Cook失效模型参数研究。首先,在不考虑材料失效的情况下,通过3种不同厚度的无缺口试件冲击实验对有限元模型参数设置和材料本构模型的准确性进行了验证,同时还讨论了试件断裂区网格的合适尺寸;在此基础上,基于正交设计,通过大量的有限元数值模拟得到失效模型参数样本,利用回归分析求得冲击功与失效模型参数的回归方程组;最后结合夏比V型缺口冲击试验,求解Q370d钢的失效模型参数,并对断裂截面的力学特性进行了分析,可为工程应用提供参考。     

NUMERICAL SIMULATION STUDY ON ROCK BREAKING MECHANISM AND PROCESS UNDER HIGH PRESSURE WATER JET

The numerical simulation method to study rock breaking process and mechanism under high pressure water jet was developed with the continuous mechanics and the FEM theory. The rock damage model and the damage-coupling model suited to analyze the whole process of water jet breaking rock were established with continuum damage mechanics and micro damage mechanics. The numerical results show the dynamic response of rock under water jet and the evolvement of hydrodynamic characteristic of jet during rock breaking is close to reality, and indicates that the body of rock damage and breakage under the general continual jet occurs within several milliseconds, the main damage form is tensile damage caused by rock unload and jet impact, and the evolvement of rock damage shows a step-change trend. On the whole, the numerical results can agree with experimental conclusions, which manifest that the analytical method is feasible and can be applied to guide the research and application of jet breaking rock theory.     

轮廓爆破下柱状节理岩体开裂过程的数值模拟

以白鹤滩水电站柱状节理玄武岩为研究对象,根据现场的柱状节理分布统计资料生成数值模型,模拟边坡开挖轮廓爆破下柱状节理岩体的开裂过程。结果表明：轮廓爆破时,柱状节理面对岩体裂纹的发展起着导向和控制作用;爆炸荷载作用下炮孔周围的节理面首先张开,然后裂缝沿着炮孔连心线附近的节理面扩展,最后形成贯通的由大量柱状节理面连接而成的裂缝;预裂爆破条件下,预裂缝宽度先增大后减少,最后达到稳定的开度,而且预裂爆破在柱状节理岩体中产生的裂纹范围比光面爆破产生的大。

     

Zonal fracturing mechanism in deep crack-weakened rock masses

The mechanical behaviors of deep crack-weakened rock masses are different from those of shallow crack-weakened rock masses. The surrounding rock in shallow crack-weakened rock mass engineering is classified into loose zone, plastic zone and elastic zone, while the surrounding rock in deep crack-weakened rock mass engineering is classified into fractured zone and non-fractured zone, which occur alternatively. It is assumed that the deep rock masses contain one joint set, in which the probability density function describing the distribution of sizes is assumed to follow the Rayleigh distribution, and the probability density function describing the distribution of spacing is assumed to follow the Weibull distribution. On the basis of strength criterion of deep rock mass, the near-field stress redistribution around circular opening induced by excavation is determined. The strong interaction among cracks is investigated by using the dislocation model. The nucleation, growth, interaction and coalescence of cracks were analyzed based on the strain energy density factor theory. When cracks coalesce, failure of deep crack-weakened rock masses occurs, fractured zone is formed. Then, size and quantity of fractured zone and non-fractured zone are given out. The size and quantity of fractured zone increase with decreasing strength of rock mass. The size and quantity of fractured zone increase with increasing in situ stress. Zonal fracturing phenomenon occurs once value of in situ stress is larger than the unaxial compressive strength of rock masses. The size and quantity of fractured zone decrease with increasing λ when p₂ > p₁. The size and quantity of fractured zone increase with increasing λ when p₂ < p₁.     

岩石动态断裂韧度的尺寸效应

采用两种圆孔裂缝平台巴西圆盘试件(一种为直径分别为42、80、122、155 mm的几何相似试件,另一种为直径80 mm、仅裂缝长度不同的单一尺寸试件)对岩石动态断裂韧度的尺寸效应进行了研究。给出了在霍普金森压杆系统上对试件进行径向撞击产生的应变波形和断裂模式。实验结果表明,对于几何相似试件,动态断裂韧度的测试值随着尺寸的增大而增大,而对于单一尺寸试件,其测试值随着中心裂缝长度的增加呈现先增大后减小的趋势。裂缝前端的断裂过程区长度和孕育时间是岩石动态断裂韧度测试值表现为尺寸效应的主要原因,为了减小尺寸效应,建立了考虑这两个参数在空间-时间域对动态应力强度因子的分布进行积分后再平均来确定岩石动态断裂韧度的方法。     

Allowing for the plastic properties of rock in stability problems for a stratified rock mass

The paper addresses the important issue of allowing for the inelastic properties of rock in stability problems for a stratified rock mass. A three-dimensional nonlinear problem statement is used. An exact method to study the surface instability of a regularly layered semi-infinite medium is developed. New numerical results are obtained __________ Translated from Prikladnaya Mekhanika, Vol. 43, No. 12, pp. 68–81, December 2007.     

软弱顺倾岩体爆破层裂的准静态力学模型应用研究

针对顺倾岩质边坡爆破引起软弱夹层冲刷、压密而影响边坡稳定的问题,应用爆轰气体等熵绝热膨胀理论,建立深孔爆破过程中软弱顺倾边坡的准静态力学模型,导出了爆炸作用在软弱夹层内形成爆腔后的准静态压力和软弱层临界层裂长度计算公式。通过分析爆轰气体楔入层面内对边坡岩体产生的抬动作用,推得了边坡潜在滑体的稳定系数与装药参数、岩体力学参数和边坡几何尺寸的定量关系。将提出的准静态力学模型应用于两个典型顺倾岩质边坡的爆破动力稳定分析,得到了与工程实际相符合的计算结果。     

Fracture Mechanics of Corrosion Cracking in Concrete by Acoustic Emission

Nucleation of microcracks can be detected and analyzed by acoustic emission (AE), by which crack kinematics of locations, types and rientations are quantitatively estimated. The procedure was applied to clarify mechanisms of corrosion cracking. Based on fracture mechanics, numerical analysis was conducted by the boundary element method (BEM). Relations between the stress intensity factors and crack types were investigated by BEM solutions. In experiments, four types of crack patterns were nucleated by employing expansive agent. Following the surface crack, the diagonal crack and/or the horizontal crack propagated. The internal crack extended after the surface crack was terminated. Depending on the crack types, contributions of mode-I and mode-II were varied. According to AE results, four crack patterns observed differently consisted of tensile, mixed-mode and shear cracks. It is demonstrated that mechanisms of corrosion cracking in concrete are dominantly of mode-I failure along with a minor contribution of mixed-mode and mode-II.     

基于元件组合理论的砂岩动态损伤本构模型

采用分离式霍普金森压杆（SHPB）系统,对砂岩进行不同速度下的冲击试验,得到砂岩的应变率效应特征以及典型的动态本构曲线。该曲线分为近似线弹性阶段、塑性阶段、塑性增强阶段和正向卸载阶段。通过组合模型的方法,构建了砂岩含损伤的动态本构模型,借助LS-DYNA软件中的用户材料子程序UMAT接口实现对本构模型的二次开发,并对砂岩在冲击速度为7.5、9.5、11.5和13.5 m/s 4种情况下的SHPB动态冲击压缩试验进行模拟。结果表明：所构建的模型可以很好地描述砂岩的应变率效应和应力-应变曲线弹性段,并且动态峰值强度、最大应变均与试验结果一致,应变率、峰值强度、最大应变与试验结果的相对误差不超过10%。所构建的砂岩动态本构模型能够准确地描述砂岩在冲击作用下的动态力学特性。     

承压薄壁容器应力分析的讨论

通过讲述与引伸承压薄壁圆筒的应力分析, 引导学生关联几种承力构件 的受力特征, 并展示其在日常生活中的应用实例, 可作为该部分课堂教学的补充材料.     

Inflation analyses of a circular elastomeric membrane with hydrostatic pressure

Composite diaphragm inflation (CDI) experiment is a useful methodology for exploring the mechanics relation of cell-cell junctions within a living epithelial sheet. In this paper, a new methodology of CDI experiment has been put forward. The finite deformation of a circular polydimezhylsiloxane elastomeric membrane, which is used as the substrate for the culture of epithelial cells, under hydrostatic pressure is explored by the theory of non-linear continuum mechanics. The simplified governing equations with minimum amount of differential equations and boundary conditions are obtained and solved by multiple shooting method. The influences on the membrane by hydrostatic pressure have been discussed.