声发射技术在铁路系统检测中的研究和应用

高速铁路的快速发展,给我国经济和社会发展带来了巨大的推动作用,同时对铁路系统的安全性提出了更高的要求。针对声发射技术在铁路系统安全检测中的研究和应用,介绍了声发射技术及其在检测应用中的优点,综述了目前国内外声发射技术在铁路系统检测研究中的情况,包括钢轨伤损检测、车轮伤损检测、轮轴轴承伤损检测、铁路结构安全监测以及车体材料安全监测等,特别针对钢轨裂纹伤损引起的钢轨断裂这一铁路安全中的主要事故,着重分析了声发射技术在钢轨裂纹伤损检测研究中的情况,并介绍了在高速铁路方面的应用探索。最后在上述分析总结的基础上,指出了声发射技术在铁路系统特别是高速铁路检测研究中的前景及研究难点。     

Microwave dielectric dispersion in ferroelectric telluric acid ammonium phosphate

The paper presents the results of the investigation of dielectric dispersion in monoclinic telluric acid ammonium phosphate crystal over the frequency range 1 MHz to 77 GHz. It is shown that ferroelectric dispersion of the Debye type along the direction perpendicular to the plane (101) occurs in the frequency range 10⁸ to 10¹¹ Hz and is caused by a single relaxational soft mode. The relaxational soft mode is caused by the flipping motion of protons between two potential minima in a hydrogen bond. The frequency of the flipping proton mode in the paraelectric phase varies according to v_s = 0.94 (T – T_o ) GHz and decreases to 1.75 GHz at T_c = 317.3 K. The relaxational mode gives the main contribution to the high static dielectric permittivity of this crystal which fits the Curie-Weiss law. The results confirm the order-disorder nature of a proper ferroelectric phase transition of second order.     

Theoretical study of left-handed behavior of composite metamaterials

We investigate numerically the transmission properties of 1D and 2D composite metamaterials (CMM) consisting of periodically arrangements of circular split-ring resonators (SRR) and wires. The theoretical methods used are the commercially available code Microwave Studio for transmission calculations and a retrieval procedure which gives the effective electric permittivity, , and magnetic permeability, μ, of the system. Our theoretical results are in good agreement with experimental data.     

Locating point of impact in anisotropic fiber reinforced composite plates

The conventional triangulation technique cannot predict the point of impact in an anisotropic composite plate because the triangulation technique assumes that the wave speed is independent of the direction of propagation which is not the case for anisotropic plates. An alternative method based on the optimization scheme was proposed by Kundu et al. [T. Kundu, S. Das, K.V. Jata, Point of impact prediction in isotropic and anistropic plates from the acoustic emission data, J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 122, 2007, 2057-2066] to locate the point of impact in plates by analyzing the time of arrival of the ultrasonic signals received by the passive sensors attached to the plate. In this paper, that objective function is modified further to overcome the inherent difficulties associated with multiple singularities and to maximize the efficiency of the acoustic emission data for multiple receiving sensors. With this modified objective function the impact point on an anisotropic composite plate is predicted from the acoustic emission data. Experiments are carried out by dropping steel and ping pong balls on a graphite-epoxy composite plate and recording acoustic signals by passive transducers adhesively bonded to the plate at three different locations. The impact point is predicted by the proposed method and compared with the actual location of impact.     

Agglomeration of particles by a converging ultrasound field and their quantitative assessments

The acoustic radiation force resulting from acoustic waves have been extensively studied for the contact-free generation of organized patterning arrays. The precise arrangement of microscopic objects clustered at the pressure nodes is critical to the development of functional structures and patterned surfaces. However, the size of the clusters is restricted by the saturation limit of the acoustic nodes. Here, we present a bulk acoustic wave (BAW) platform, which employs a two-dimensional acoustic wave to propel particles of various sizes. Experimentally, when particles are large, significant acoustic energy is scattered and partly absorbed by the matched layers in front of the sensors. The acoustic radiation force from a convergent acoustic pressure field agglomerates the large polystyrene (PS) particles towards the central region instead of the pressure nodes. The parametric analysis has been performed to assess the transition in the particles from clustering at the organized nodal arrays to agglomerating in the central region, which is a function of particle size, particle concentration, and load voltage. Statistically, the particles can agglomerate with a cluster ratio greater than 70%, and this ratio can be improved by increasing the load power/voltage supplied to the transducers. With its ability to perform biocompatible, label-free, and contact-free self-assembly, this concept offers a new possibility in the fabrication of colloidal layers, the recreation of tissue microstructure, the development of organoid spheroid cultures, the migration of microorganisms, and the assembly of bioprinting materials.     

Three-dimensional hybrid model for predicting air-coupled generation of guided waves in composite material plates

For contact-less, non-destructive testing (NDT) purposes using air-coupled ultrasonic transducers, it is often required to numerically simulate the propagation of ultrasonic waves in solid media, and their coupling through air with specific transducers. At that point, one could simulate the propagation in the air and then in the solid component, using a Finite Element (FE) model. However, when three-dimensional (3D) modeling becomes necessary, such a solution reveals to be extremely demanding in terms of number of degrees of freedom and computational time. In this paper, to avoid such difficulties, the propagation in air from an ultrasonic transmitter to a tested solid plate is modeled in 3D using a closed-form solution. The knowledge of the transducer characteristics (diameter, frequency bandwidth, efficiency in Pa/V) allows the spatial distribution and actual pressure (in Pa) of the acoustic field produced in the air to be predicted, for a given input voltage. This pressure field is applied in turn as a boundary condition in a 3D FE model, to predict the plate response (displacement and stress guided beams) for a given distance between the transmitter and the plate, and for a given angle of orientation of the transmitter with respect to the plate. The FE model is so restricted to modeling of the solid structure only, thus reducing very significantly the number of degrees of freedom and computational time. The material constituting the plate is considered to be an anisotropic and viscoelastic medium. To validate the whole modeling process, an air-coupled ultrasonic transducer is used and oriented at a specific angle chosen for generating one specific Lamb mode guided along a composite plate sample, and a laser probe measures the normal velocity at different locations on the surface of the plate. In the field of NDT, it is generally suitable to excite a pure Lamb mode in order to ease the interpretation of received signals that would represent waves scattered by defects. After a validation step, the numerical model is then used to investigate the effect of the material anisotropy on the purity of the incident guided mode.     

Microstructure evolution process of Ferro-Aluminum based sandwich composite for electromagnetic shielding

In this paper, sandwich composite (SWC) with Fe–Al soft magnetic alloy sandwiched between pure iron substrates was proposed and fabricated by hot pressing and diffusion treatment. The microstructure evolution process of the composite was investigated. Fe/Fe₂Al₅/Fe diffusion couple was obtained at 700 °C and subsequently kept at 900 °C for further isothermal diffusion. During the diffusion reactive process, we confirmed that major FeAl₂ and minor Fe₄Al₁₃ were produced when Fe₂Al₅ dissolved. After 10 h of diffusion treatment, FeAl and α-Fe(Al) were the only two intermetallic phases left. Except FeAl₂, the thickness of each intermetallic layer held good parabolic relationship with the diffusion annealing time.     

Elastic guided wave propagation in a periodic array of multi-layered piezoelectric plates with finite cross-sections

In this study, we present a model study of guided wave dispersion and resonance behavior of an array of piezoelectric plates with arbitrary cross-sections. The objective of this work is to analyze the influence of the geometry of an element of a 1D-array ultrasound transducer on generating multi-resonance frequency so as to increase the frequency bandwidth of the transducers. A semi-analytical finite-element (SAFE) method is used to model guided wave propagation in multi-layered 1D-array ultrasound transducers. Each element of the array is composed of LiNbO₃ piezoelectric material with rectangular or subdiced cross-section. Four-node bilinear finite-elements have been used to discretize the cross-section of the transducer. Dispersion curves showing the dependence of phase and group velocities on the frequency, and mode shapes of propagating modes were obtained for different geometry consurations. A parametric analysis was carried out to determine the effect of the aspect ratio, subdicing, inversion layer and matching layers on the vibrational behavior of 1D-array ultrasound transducers. It was found that the geometry with subdiced cross-section causes more vibration modes compared with the rectangular section. Modal analysis showed that the additional modes correspond to lateral modes of the piezoelectric subdiced section. In addition, some modes have strong normal displacements, which may influence the bandwidth and the pressure field in front of the transducer. In addition, the dispersion curves reveal strong coupling between waveguide modes due to the anisotropy of the piezoelectric crystal. The effect of the matching layers was to cluster extensional and flexural modes within a certain frequency range. Finally, inversion layer is found to have a minor effect on the dispersion curves. This analysis may provide a means to analyze and understand the dynamic response of 1D-array ultrasound transducers.     

Electromagnetic interference shielding effectiveness of reinforced composite with graphene oxide-lead oxide hybrid nanosheets

ABSTRACT

The rapid development of telecommunication devices and related technologies improved the distribution of electromagnetic (EM) waves within the environment, which can adversely affect the performance of electronic systems and put the life of living species in serious danger; thus, practical alternatives are required to protect vulnerable sources from them. To address this demand, we developed reinforced composites with graphene oxide (GO)-lead oxide (GO-Pb₃O₄) hybrid 2D nanosheets at diverse filler loadings by employing the vacuum shock technique. Next, the developed fillers and composites were well characterized by the diverse analysis methods and their electromagnetic interference shielding effectiveness (EMI SE) was evaluated and compared with their X-ray shielding performance. The obtained results showed that the developed composites can perfectly attenuate X-ray waves and weaken the total power of applied EM waves (in X-band frequency (8.2–12.4 GHz)) more than 50%. In this regard, a 6 mm thick specimen containing 10?wt% GO-Pb₃O₄ attenuated emitted X-ray waves equal to 4.06, 4.83 and 3.91?mmAl at 40, 60 and 80?kVp energies, which shows about 124%, 124% and 121% increase, respectively, in the X-ray attenuation compared with neat epoxy resin. These results indicated that developed composites are perfect candidates to protect vulnerable sources from diverse EM sources, and despite the insulative nature of the GO-Pb₃O₄, these hybrid nanosheets can act as a potential barrier against EM waves.     

Discrimination and Analysis of Microwave Modes in High Power Systems

The microwave modes discrimination and analysis for high power waveguide systems is an important topic. In this paper we review different methods and discuss their advantages and disadvantages. Both the limitations and applicability of various techniques are commented as well.     

离子对电磁波传播特性的影响

对等离子体中电磁波传播的平板几何模型进行了修正, 讨论了离子对电磁波在大气压均匀非磁化弱电离等离子体中的反射、吸收和透射等传播特性的影响。数值分析的结果表明: 大气条件下, 离子对电磁波在均匀非磁化弱电离等离子体中传播特性的影响是显著的, 同时给出等离子体对电磁波的最大吸收值和吸收宽带。     

碳纳米管增强铝基复合材料电子理论研究

采用自行开发计算机软件，建立了铝晶粒大角度重位点阵晶界模型及碳纳米管与铝金属的界面结构，利用递归法计算了纳米碳管增强铝基复合材料的电子结构参数(铝晶界、铝与纳米管界面及纳米管的结构能，体系费米能级等). 计算结果表明：Σ为5的晶界结构能最低，比较稳定；纳米碳管在铝晶粒的晶界处与铝形成的界面结构能较低，复合材料中纳米碳管主要分布在铝晶粒的晶界处；铝提高纳米碳管的结构能，降低纳米碳管的稳定性，增强碳管的物理化学活性，且管口处的碳原子稳定性较差，易与周围环境中的原子结合生成稳定结构. 关键词： 电子结构 晶界 铝复合材料 纳米管     

Microstructure of multilayer interface in an Al matrix composite reinforced by TiNi fiber

A multilayer interface was formed in the Al matrix composite which was reinforced by 30% volume fraction of TiNi fiber. The composite was fabricated by pressure infiltration process and the interface between the TiNi fiber and Al matrix was investigated by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS). When the TiNi fiber was pre-oxidized in the air at 773 K for 1 h, three layers have been found and characterized in the interface: TiNi–B₂ layer near the TiNi fiber, Ti–Al compound layer with Ti and granular TiO₂ near the Al matrix, and Ti–Ni compound layer between TiNi–B₂ and Ti–Al compound layers. The effect of the multilayer interface on the mechanical properties of the composite was also discussed. The result showed that the uniaxial tensile strength of the composite at room temperature was 318 MPa, which was very close to the theoretical calculation value of 326 MPa. Moreover, the composite with good ductility exhibited a typical ductile-fracture pattern.     

Application of robust color composite fringe in flip-chip solder bump 3-D measurement

This study developed a 3-D measurement system based on flip-chip solder bump, used fringes with different modulation intensities in color channels, in order to produce color composite fringe with robustness, and proposed a multi-channel composite phase unwrapping algorithm, which uses fringe modulation weights of different channels to recombine the phase information for better measurement accuracy and stability. The experimental results showed that the average measurement accuracy is 0.43μm and the standard deviation is 1.38 µm. The results thus proved that the proposed 3-D measurement system is effective in measuring a plane with a height of 50 μm. In the flip-chip solder bump measuring experiment, different fringe modulation configurations were tested to overcome the problem of reflective coefficient between the flip-chip base board and the solder bump. The proposed system has a good measurement results and robust stability in the solder bump measurement, and can be used for the measurement of 3-D information for micron flip-chip solder bump application.     

Upconversion of whistler waves by gyrating ion beams in a plasma

A gyrating ion beam, with a ring-shaped distribution in velocity, supports negative energy beam modes near the harmonics of beam gyro-frequency. An investigation of the non-linear interaction of high-frequency whistler waves with the negative energy beam cyclotron mode is made. A non-linear dispersion relation is derived for the coupled modes. It is shown that a gyrating ion-beam frequency upconverts the whistler waves separated by harmonics of beam gyro-frequency. The expression for the growth rate of whistler mode waves has been derived. In Case 1, a high-amplitude whistler wave decays into two lower frequency waves, called a low-frequency mode and a side band of frequency lower than that of pump wave. In Case 2 a high-amplitude whistler wave decays into two lower frequency daughter waves, called the low-frequency mode and whistler waves. Generation mechanism of these waves has application in space and laboratory plasmas.     

Frequency dependence of images in scanning laser source technique for a plate

Defect imaging using scanning laser source technique has been investigated for a plate with rounded defects and notch-type defects in our previous studies. This paper examines frequency dependence of the defect images with both calculations and experiments in order to acquire clearer images. Both calculation and experimental results for a straight notch revealed that clearer images of notch-type defects can be obtained in the range of low frequency-thickness product below about 200 kHz mm. Moreover, images of the defects of various shapes were obtained by synthesizing images from eight receiving transducers, and similarly to the case of the straight notches, they became more clearly in the low frequency range.     

Corrosion resistance of cerium-based conversion coatings on alumina borate whisker reinforced AA6061 composite

Cerium-based conversion coatings on Al₁₈B₄O₃₃w/6061Al composite surface were obtained by immersing the composite into a solution containing various concentrations of CeCl₃. Results indicate that the susceptibility to pitting for the conversion-coated composites was much lower than that of the untreated composite, and the corrosion resistance of the coated composites was improved markedly; moreover, the concentration of CeCl₃ in the cerium solution affects significantly the corrosion behaviors of the coated composites. The coating obtained from a solution containing 7.5 g CeCl₃ into 1000 ml produced better corrosion resistance on the composite due to the surface being almost covered by conversion coating. EDX and XPS experimental results indicated that the coatings were made up of oxygen, cerium, and aluminum.     

Existence and stability of modulating pulse-solutions in a phenomenological model of nonlinear optics

Modulating pulse-solutions consist of a pulse-like envelope advancing in the laboratory frame and modulating an underlying spatially and temporarily oscillating wave train. Such solutions play a big role in nonlinear optics, where information is transported as pulse-like modulations of an underlying electromagnetic wave. For a phenomenological model we prove criteria for the existence and asymptotic stability of such solutions in terms of the coefficients of the associated equation for the envelope.     

Coherent scattering of microwaves by plasma density fluctuations. Application: Observation of lower hybrid waves in wega

The scattering of 2 mm radiation by the density fluctuation associated with lower hybrid waves is used to localize the injected waves within a cross-section of the plasma. A translating antenna setup scores a region extending from the center of the plasma to the boundary with two fixed scattering angles. The measured amplitudes allow one to determine the local value of certain spectral components of n_" in the plasma.