Catalytic and asymmetric Friedel-Crafts alkylation of indoles with nitroacrylates. Application to the synthesis of tryptophan analogues

An asymmetric Friedel-Crafts alkylation of indoles with nitroacrylates catalyzed by chiral (4R,5S)-DiPh-BOX (L1)-Cu(OTf)₂ complex (10 mol %) has been developed. The reactions provide tryptophan nitro-precursors in moderate diastereoselectivities (anti/syn up to 72:28) and good to excellent enantioselectivities (up to 99% ee). The alkylation products could be easily reduced to optically active tryptophan analogues with Zn/H⁺.     

A new synthesis of cyanocyclopropanes by the intramolecular alkylation of magnesium carbenoids as the key reaction

Addition reaction of 1-chlorovinyl p-tolyl sulfoxides, derived from ketones and chloromethyl p-tolyl sulfoxide, with cyanomethyllithium gave adducts in quantitative yields. Treatment of the adducts with i-PrMgCl in THF resulted in the formation of cyanocyclopropanes via the intramolecular alkylation of the generated magnesium carbenoids. The intermediate of this reaction was proved to be a cyclopropylmagnesium chloride, and it was found to be reactive with electrophiles to give multi-substituted cyanocyclopropanes. The key reaction, intramolecular alkylation of magnesium carbenoid, is the first example for the reaction of the magnesium carbenoids with nitrile-stabilized carbanions.     

碱酸改性ZSM-5分子筛催化剂的噻吩烷基化反应性能研究

以SiO_2/Al_2O_3物质的量比为50的HZSM-5分子筛为原粉,经过一定浓度的NaOH溶液处理后再使用柠檬酸溶液进行酸洗以制备微孔-介孔多级孔HZSM-5催化剂,并研究其在模拟油中的噻吩烷基化反应性能。结果表明,使用柠檬酸溶液进行酸洗可以清除碱处理后孔道内残余的杂质。当柠檬酸溶液浓度为0.5 mol/L时,此时得到的HZ(AC-0.5)催化剂具有适宜的孔径和酸性,因而噻吩烷基化转化率最高,达到95.6%。在HZ(AC-0.5)催化剂上以苯并噻吩作为噻吩衍生物模型化合物,异戊二烯作为烯烃模型化合物,苯作为芳烃模型化合物,分别考察噻吩烷基化反应性能,并分析不同组分的模拟油对噻吩烷基化反应转化率和选择性的影响。结果表明,噻吩烷基化的最佳反应温度是120℃,在该温度下苯并噻吩烷基化的转化率高于噻吩烷基化的转化率,当异戊二烯作为烯烃模型化合物后噻吩的转化率会升高,当苯作为芳烃模型化合物后噻吩的转化率会降低。     

1,2,4-三苯基环戊二烯的合成及其烷基化反应

测定了颇哪醇在酸性条件下所得的脱水产物的分子结构.结果表明,在酸性条件下颇哪醇的脱水反应优于重排反应,由此合成了1,2,4-三苯基环戊二烯.该环戊二烯衍生物的烷基化反应,在通常条件下优先发生在碳环的第5位碳原子上,但在苛刻的剧烈反应条件下,进而发生在碳环的第3位碳原子上.讨论了脱水反应和烷基化反应的机理.     

Fukuyama-Mitsunobu alkylation in amine synthesis on solid phase revisited: N-alkylation with secondary alcohols and synthesis of curtatoxins

The Fukuyama-Mitsunobu amination strategy has emerged as an efficient means of N-alkylation of peptides and sulfonamides, as well as a method for synthesis of polyamines on solid phase. Here, an array of reagent combinations for solid-phase alkylation with secondary alcohols was examined in various solvents. The classical reagents DEAD-PPh₃ as well as DEAD-PEt₃ proved applicable for a single alkylation step. Sharply dropping yields in successive alkylation steps were identified as the most serious limitation of the use of Fukuyama-Mitsunobu reaction in SPS of polyamines using primary and in particular secondary alcohols.     

Oxazolidinone cross-alkylation during Evans’ asymmetric alkylation reaction

Starting from Evans’ imidazolidin-2-one (1) two compounds were obtained by trans-N-acylation: the expected one 3 with S,R configuration and a second compound 5, that is, related to 3 by the loss of a CH(CH₃)CO fragment. The stereochemistry of 3 was established by NMR spectroscopy, mainly NOE experiments, as expected, the new center has an S configuration, the compound being thus S,R. The structure of compound 5 was determined by X-ray crystallography. A mechanism of formation of 5 was proposed.     

丝光沸石催化愈创木酚选择性烷基化反应的研究

本文研究了氢型丝光沸石催化愈创木酚(1)与莰烯(2)的选择性烷基化反应. 该烷基化反应产物萜基愈创木酚(3～6)中含5-异莰基愈创木酚(3a)25.0%, 经氢化, 氢解得萜基环己醇混合物, 含人造檀香主要成份反式-3-异莰基环己醇(7a)23.0%. 通过IR, ^1H NMR 和MS鉴定了烷基化产物色谱图中的5个主要化合物.     

ZSM-22分子筛的合成、表征及烷基化性能研究

通过不同合成方法制备聚束状、粗棒状和细棒状ZSM-22分子筛,采用XRD、SEM、BET、MAS NMR、NH_3-TPD及PyFTIR等表征手段对分子筛的形貌、织构、硅铝配位环境及酸性进行研究。以甲苯-甲醇烷基化制备对二甲苯为探针反应,考察不同形貌ZSM-22分子筛催化剂的催化性能。结果表明,不同形貌ZSM-22分子筛的晶胞参数、织构、硅铝配位环境及酸性等存在明显差异。聚束状ZSM-22分子筛由于各束之间的相互作用导致Si(4Si)配位结构发生变化,Al原子的嵌入导致T3和T4比例较高、T2较少,并表现出更多的L酸中心。在380℃反应温度下,聚束状ZSM-22分子筛催化剂在甲苯-甲醇烷基化反应转化率为16.7%时,对二甲苯选择性达到76.1%。     

Molybdenum-catalyzed asymmetric allylic alkylation of 3-alkyloxindoles: reaction development and applications

We report a full account of our work towards the development of Mo‐catalyzed asymmetric allylic alkylation reactions with 3‐alkyloxindoles as nucleophiles. The reaction is complementary to the Pd‐catalyzed reaction with regard to the scope of oxindole nucleophiles. A number of 3‐alkyloxindoles were alkylated successfully under mild conditions to give products with excellent yields and good‐to‐excellent enantioselectivities. Applications of this method to the preparation of indoline alkaloids such as (?)‐physostigmine, ent‐(?)‐debromoflustramine B, and the indolinoquinoline rings of communesin B are reported.     

Stereoselective synthesis of (-)-cephalotaxine and C-7 alkylated analogues

A total asymmetric synthesis of (-)-cephalotaxine is reported. The chemistry of alpha,beta-unsaturated gamma-lactams was used to access the 1-azaspiro[4.4]nonane skeleton in enantiomerically pure form via a stereocontrolled semipinacolic rearrangement of an alpha-hydroxyiminium ion. This spiro compound was transformed into (-)-cephalotaxine without any racemization or epimerization by following the racemic synthesis reported by Kuehne. We thus performed a total synthesis of (-)-cephalotaxine in 98.7% ee with an overall yield of 9.8% over a 16 steps sequence. This synthetic process was adaptable to the access of some alkylated analogues.     

高性能甲苯烷基化合成二甲苯催化剂研究

通过对比不同孔结构分子筛的甲苯甲醇烷基化催化性能,发现分子筛孔道尺寸与目标芳烃分子动力学尺寸的有效匹配以及孔道空间限制效应对反应路径的约束管理,对实现高性能烷基化至关重要。并结合XRD、BET、NH₃-TPD和SEM表征分析,通过先后负载La₂O₃和P₂O₅对硅铝比为60的ZSM-5进行复合改性修饰,提升其骨架水热稳定性的同时,选择性地消除内外表面大部分强酸中心,保留弱+中强酸作为烷基化催化活性位,所得MAT-HZSM-5催化该反应表现出很高的甲醇烷基化效率和良好的反应稳定性,在氮气反应气氛下,连续运行500 h无明显失活迹象,甲苯转化率维持在35%-38%,二甲苯选择性60%-77%,甲醇烷基化效率大于90%。     

Regioselective alkylation of guanine derivatives in the synthesis of peptide nucleic acid monomers

A method for the synthesis of 6-O-benzyl- and 6-O-benzyl-2-N-benzyloxycarbonyl-protected guanine derivatives starting from 2-amino-6-chloropurin is described. A regioselective alkylation of these N(9)-protected guanine derivatives gave the corresponding α-monomers of chiral peptide nucleic acids, the L-glutamic acid derivatives. It was shown that these compound do not inhibit (in the concentrations <20 µmol L^–1) the topoisomerase I activity.     

The effect of fluoromethyl groups on the diastereoselectivity in the electrophilic alkylation

The effect of fluoromethyl groups on the diastereoselectivity in the electrophilic alkylation is described. In particular, the electrophilic alkylation of enolates with a trifluoromethyl group was proceeded with highly diastereofacial selectivity based on the steric and/or electrostatic effect of substituent with strong electron withdrawing.     

复合离子液体催化碳四烷基化反应性的研究

合成了一种新型的酸性离子液体催化剂——复合离子液体,该离子液体的阴离子具有双金属的配位中心。同时,研究了复合离子液体催化异丁烷与丁烯烷基化反应的规律。结果表明,在搅拌速率大于1500r/min,反应低于20℃,烃酸比2∶1~3∶1,烷烯比大于15,反应停留5min~10min,使用丁烯-2为碳四烯烃反应原料下,复合离子液体催化碳四烷基化所得烷基化油的研究法辛烷值（RON）最高可达100以上,明显优于常规氯铝酸离子液体催化所得烷基化油的质量。     

Malonate-type bis(oxazoline) ligands with sp hybridized bridge carbon: synthesis and application in Friedel-Crafts alkylation and allylic alkylation

A series of simple and new C₂-symmetric diphenylmethylidene malonate-type bis(oxazoline) ligands were synthesized and applied to the Friedel-Crafts reaction and allylic alkylation. The Cu(II) complex of ligand 4b bearing the benzyl group afforded good to excellent enantioselectivity for the F-C adducts (up to >99% ee) between indole and alkylidene malonate, and the palladium complex of ligand 4c bearing the phenyl group afforded excellent enantioselectivity (up to 94% ee) for the allylic alkylation product.     

不同条件下苯与丙烯烷基化反应的催化剂失活研究

对不同条件下苯与丙烯烷基化反应Hβ催化剂的寿命、失活催化剂的积炭量和积炭性质进行了研究。在5.7MPa下,随反应温度变化,反应介质在反应过程中所经历的相态变化不同,导致催化剂的寿命、失活催化剂的积炭量和积炭的性质也存在着较大差异。300℃时,反应介质处于接近于体系临界点的超临界相或高压液相状态,催化剂寿命最长,积炭量大。失活催化剂积炭的元素分析及TPO-MS表征结果发现,积炭的碳氢比与反应温度有关,温度越高,碳氢比越高;而积炭的脱炭温度与反应时间（催化剂寿命）相关,催化剂寿命越长,相应的脱炭温度也越高。     

Efficient and stereoselective synthesis of novel cis-4-substituted proline analogues

A series of novel cis-4-substituted proline analogues were designed and synthesized. Highly stereoselective alkylations at the γ-position of glutamic ester 2 were achieved, followed by reduction, mesylation, and cyclization to afford the title compounds 1 in good yields and high diastereoselectivity.     

Stereospecificity of alkylation of phosphite anion in electrochemical version of the Michaelis-Becker reaction

Benzylation ofcis2-hydro-2-oxo-4-methyl-1,3,2-dioxaphosphorinane in the electro-chemical version of the Michaelis-Becker reaction occurs stereospecifically with retention of the stereochemistry of the hydrophosphoryl center and affords stereochemically pure 2-benzyl-2-oxo-4-methyl-1,3,2-dioxaphosphorinane (yield 60–70 %). The structure of this compound was determined by X-ray diffraction analysis. The mechanism of the process was discussed.Translated fromIzvestiya Akademii Nauk. Seriva Khimicheskaya, No. 2, pp. 444–446, February, 1996.     

改性HZSM-5分子筛上噻吩烷基化反应和失活再生性能的研究

采用不同碱单独处理和两种碱不同方式联合处理HZSM-5分子筛,制备微孔-介孔多级孔HZSM-5分子筛催化剂并应用于噻吩烷基化反应中。结果表明,不同碱单独处理和两种碱不同方式联合处理HZSM-5分子筛后,均能够在分子筛上造出介孔孔道且能够调变分子筛的酸性,其中,采用Na₂CO₃溶液和TPAOH溶液分开处理得到的分子筛催化剂织结构最适合噻吩烷基化反应;其次考察具有最佳织结构分子筛催化剂的噻吩烷基化反应稳定性,并分析催化剂失活的原因和再生条件。结果表明,当噻吩烷基化反应进行到1050 h后,催化剂已基本失活,催化剂失活的主要原因是,在反应过程中原料中反应组分间发生烯烃齐聚、环化、脱氢和芳烃烷基化等副反应生成的大分子化合物沉积在催化剂上,堵塞催化剂的孔道和遮盖催化剂的活性中心所致;对失活催化剂进行高温再生,从高温再生的能耗较大以及多次高温再生对催化剂酸性和骨架结构不利的角度考虑,选定催化剂的再生温度为550 ℃。