Joint survival probability via truncated invariant copula

Given an intensity-based credit risk model, this paper studies dependence structure between default intensities. To model this structure, we use a multivariate shot noise intensity process, where jumps occur simultaneously and their sizes are correlated. Through very lengthy algebra, we obtain explicitly the joint survival probability of the integrated intensities by using the truncated invariant Farlie–Gumbel–Morgenstern copula with exponential marginal distributions. We also apply our theoretical result to pricing basket default swap spreads. This result can provide a useful guide for credit risk management.     

A reduced-form model with default intensities containing contagion and regime-switching Vasicek processes

The contagion credit risk model is used to describe the contagion effect among different financial institutions. Under such a model, the default intensities are driven not only by the common risk factors, but also by the defaults of other considered firms. In this paper, we consider a two-dimensional credit risk model with contagion and regime-switching. We assume that the default intensity of one firm will jump when the other firm defaults and that the intensity is controlled by a Vasicek model with the coefficients allowed to switch in different regimes before the default of other firm. By changing measure, we derive the marginal distributions and the joint distribution for default times. We obtain some closed form results for pricing the fair spreads of the first and the second to default credit default swaps (CDSs). Numerical results are presented to show the impacts of the model parameters on the fair spreads.     

Modelling dependence structure with Archimedean copulas and applications to the iTraxx CDS index

In this paper we model the dependence structure between credit default swap (CDS) and jump risk using Archimedean copulas. The paper models and estimates the different relationships that can exist in different ranges of behaviour. It studies the bivariate distributions of CDS index spreads and the kurtosis of equity return distribution. To take into account nonlinear relationships and different structures of dependency, we employ three Archimedean copula functions: Gumbel, Clayton, and Frank. We adopt nonparametric estimation of copula parameters and we find an extreme co-movement of CDS and stock market conditions. In addition, tail dependence indicates the extreme co-movements and the potential for a simultaneous large loss in stock markets and a significant default risk. Ignoring the tail dependence would lead to underestimation of the default risk premium.     

Estimation and evaluation of the term structure of credit default swaps: An empirical study

Chen, Cheng, Fabozzi and Liu [Chen, Ren-Raw, Cheng, Xiaolin, Fabozzi, Frank, Liu, Bo, 2008. An explicit, multi- factor credit default swap pricing model with correlated factors. J. Financial Quantitative Anal. 43 (1), 123-160] provide an explicit solution to the value of the credit default swap when the interest rate and the hazard rate are correlated. They also provide empirical evidence to support the model with transaction prices. In this paper, we extend their empirical work to study the term structure of CDS spreads by using a matrix CDS dataset from J. P. Morgan Chase. Matrix data contain interpolated prices based on traders’ expectations, which are often criticized as being “unreal”. However, the benefit of this matrix dataset is that it contains the entire credit spread curves, which allows us to understand the cross-sectional variation of the credit risk. The empirical results show that the parameters of the model are highly significant and it captures most of the cross-sectional as well as time series variation.     

Pricing basket default swaps in a tractable shot noise model

We value CDS spreads and kth-to-default swap spreads in a tractable shot noise model. The default dependence is modelled by letting the individual jumps of the default intensity be driven by a common latent factor. The arrival of the jumps is driven by a Poisson process. By using conditional independence and properties of the shot noise processes we derive tractable closed form expressions for the default distribution and the ordered survival distributions. These quantities are then used to price kth-to-default swap spreads. We calibrate a homogeneous version of the model to the term structure on market data from the iTraxx Europe index series sampled during the period 2008-01-14 to 2010-02-11. We perform 435 calibrations in this turbulent period and almost all calibrations yield very good fits. Finally we study kth-to-default spreads in the calibrated model.     

A Reduced-Form Model for Correlated Defaults with Regime-Switching Shot Noise Intensities

In this paper, we consider a two-dimensional reduced form contagion model with regime-switching interacting default intensities. The model assumes that the intensities of the default times are driven by macro-economy described by a homogenous Markov chain and that the default of one firm may trigger a positive jump, associated with the state of Markov chain, in the default intensity of the other firm. The intensities before the default of the other firm are modeled by a two-dimensional regime-switching shot noise process with common shocks. By using the idea of “change of measure” and some closed-form formulas for the joint conditional Laplace transforms of the regime-switching shot noise processes and the integrated regime-switching shot noise processes, we derive the two-dimensional conditional and unconditional joint distributions of the default times. Based on these results, we can express the single-name credit default swap (CDS) spread, the first and second-to-default CDS spreads on two underlyings in terms of fundamental matrix solutions of linear, matrix-valued, ordinary differential equations.     

A multiple-curve HJM model of interbank risk

In the aftermath of the 2007?C2009 financial crisis, a variety of spreads have developed between quantities that had been essentially the same until then, notably LIBOR?COIS spreads, LIBOR?COIS swap spreads, and basis swap spreads. By the end of 2011, with the sovereign credit crisis, these spreads were again significant. In this paper we study the valuation of LIBOR interest rate derivatives in a multiple-curve setup, which accounts for the spreads between a risk-free discount curve and LIBOR curves. Towards this end we resort to a defaultable HJM methodology, in which these spreads are explained by an implied default intensity of the LIBOR contributing banks, possibly in conjunction with an additional liquidity factor. Markovian short rate specifications are given in the form of an extended CIR and a Lévy Hull?CWhite model for a risk-free short rate and a LIBOR short spread. The use of Lévy drivers leads to the more parsimonious specification. Numerical values of the FRA spreads and the basis swap spreads computed with the latter largely cover the ranges of values observed even at the peak of the 2007?C2009 crisis.     

人民币利率互换中风险的市场价格

为研究人民币利率互换市场中流动性风险和违约风险的市场价格,运用三因子广义高斯仿射模型,同时对人民币国债市场利率、银行间质押式回购市场利率和利率互换市场利率进行模拟,并采用极大似然估计方法估计众多参数。结果发现,在目前的人民币利率互换定价过程中,流动性要素相对违约要素更加重要,市场给予流动性风险以显著的风险溢价。如采用互换利差定价法为人民币利率互换定价的话,可以以回购利率作为基准,在此基础上考虑信用风险来进行。     

A Multivariate Regime-Switching Mean Reverting Process and Its Application to the Valuation of Credit Risk

In this article, we study the counterparty risk on a credit default swap (CDS) and the valuation of a first-to-default basket swap on three underlyings under a common shock model with regime-switching intensities. We assume that the defaults of all the names are driven by some shock events, whose arrivals are governed by a multivariate regime-switching shot noise process. Based on some expressions for the joint Laplace transform of the regime-switching shot noise processes, we give explicit formulas for the spread of the CDS contract with and without counterparty risk and the spread of the first-to-default basket swap on the three underlyings.     

双指数跳扩散模型信用违约互换短期价格研究

假设参考实体没违约时信用违约互换保护买方连续支付互换价格,导出了信用违约互换价格的表达式;对标的资产价值服从双指数跳扩散模型,得到了条件违约风险率和信用违约互换的短期价格极限.这些结果比纯扩散模型假设更符合实际.     

关于双曲衰减的违约相关模型及CDS定价

引进一个双曲类型的衰减函数来表示一方违约对另一方违约强度的影响．若交易双方为竞争对手(合作公司),当一方的违约时,另一方的违约强度将减小(增大)．随着时间的推移,这种影响将逐渐减小,直至为零．在这个模型下,通过测度变换,可以得到两公司违约时间的联合分布及各自的边际分布,从而可以对违约互换进行定价．     

Enhancing credit default swap valuation with meshfree methods

In this paper, we apply the meshfree radial basis function (RBF) interpolation to numerically approximate zero-coupon bond prices and survival probabilities in order to price credit default swap (CDS) contracts. We assume that the interest rate follows a Cox-Ingersoll-Ross process while the default intensity is described by the Exponential-Vasicek model. Several numerical experiments are conducted to evaluate the approximations by the RBF interpolation for one- and two-factor models. The results are compared with those estimated by the finite difference method (FDM). We find that the RBF interpolation achieves more accurate and computationally efficient results than the FDM. Our results also suggest that the correlation between factors does not have a significant impact on CDS spreads.     

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本文讨论了信用衍生产品之一的总收益互换的定价问题. 其中涉及到利率风险和违约风险, 本文利用HJM利率模型来刻画利率风险, 并利用强度模型和混合模型对违约风险进行建模. 分别考虑了违约时间与利率无关时总收益互换合约的定价问题, 以及违约时间与利率相关时总收益互换合约的定价问题, 给出了相应的定价模型, 并用蒙特卡罗模拟方法得到定价问题的数值解.     

A contagion model with Markov regime-switching intensities

We consider a two-dimensional reduced form contagion model with regime-switching interacting default intensities. The model assumes the intensities of the default times are driven by macro-economy described by a homogeneous Markov chain as well as the other default. By using the idea of ＇change of measure＇ and some closed-form formulas for the Laplace transforms of the integrated intensity processes, we derive the two-dimensional conditional and unconditional joint distributions of the default times. Based on these results, we give the explicit formulas for the fair spreads of the first-to-default and second-to-default credit default swaps （CDSs） on two underlyings.     

约化模型中含有对手风险的信用违约互换定价

在约化模型中研究了含有对手风险的信用违约互换的定价问题.通过构建信用违约互换买方、卖方和参考资产之间的衰减传染结构,借助于测度变换的方法分别导出了含有单边和双边对手风险的信用违约的定价表达式.     

Bayesian corporate bond pricing and credit default swap premium models for deriving default probabilities and recovery rates

This paper develops a Bayesian method by jointly formulating a corporate bond (CB) pricing model and credit default swap (CDS) premium pricing models to estimate the term structure of default probabilities and the recovery rate. These parameters are formulated by incorporating firm characteristics such as industry, credit rating and Balance Sheet/Profit and Loss information. A cross-sectional model valuing all given CB prices and CDS premiums is considered. The quantities derived are regarded as what market participants infer in forming CB prices and CDS premiums. We also develop a statistical significance test procedure without any distributional assumptions for the specified model. An empirical analysis is conducted using Japanese CB and CDS market data.     

Modelling the evolution of credit spreads using the Cox process within the HJM framework: A CDS option pricing model

In this paper a simulation approach for defaultable yield curves is developed within the Heath et al. (1992) framework. The default event is modelled using the Cox process where the stochastic intensity represents the credit spread. The forward credit spread volatility function is affected by the entire credit spread term structure. The paper provides the defaultable bond and credit default swap option price in a probability setting equipped with a subfiltration structure. The Euler–Maruyama stochastic integral approximation and the Monte Carlo method are applied to develop a numerical scheme for pricing. Finally, the antithetic variable technique is used to reduce the variance of credit default swap option prices.     

Interest rate swap pricing with default risk under variance gamma process

Under the assumption that the dynamic assets price follows the variance gamma process, we establish a new bilateral pricing model of interest rate swap by integrating the reduced form model for swap pricing and the structural model for default risk measurement. Our pricing model preserves the simplicity of the reduced form model and also considers the dynamic evolution of the counterparty assets price by incorporating with the structural model for default risk measurement. We divide the swap pricing framework into two parts, simplifying the pricing model relatively. Simulation results show that, for a one year interest rate swap, a bond spread of one hundred basis points implies a swap credit spread about 0.1054 basis point.     

基于最优负债系数的上市银行违约概率测算模型与实证

当上市银行的长期负债系数γ的取值不同时,应用KMV模型测算出的银行违约概率大相径庭。根据债券的实际信用利差可以推算出上市银行的违约概率PDi,CS,根据长期负债系数γ可以运用KMV模型确定上市银行的理论违约概率PDi,KMV。本文通过理论违约率与实际违约率的总体差异∑ni=1|PDi,KMV-PDi,cs|最小的思路建立规划模型,确定了KMV模型的最优长期负债γ系数;通过最优长期负债系数γ建立了未发债上市银行的违约率测算模型、并实证测算了我国14家全部上市银行的违约概率。本文的创新与特色一是采用KMV模型计算的银行违约概率PDi,KMV与实际信用利差确定的银行违约概率PDi,CS总体差异∑ni=1|PDi,KMV-PDi,cs|最小的思路建立规划模型,确定了KMV模型中的最优长期负债γ系数;使γ系数的确定符合资本市场利差的实际状况,解决了现有研究中在0和1之间当采用不同的长期负债系数γ、其违约概率的计算结果截然不同的问题。二是实证研究表明,当长期负债系数γ=0.7654时,应用KMV模型测算出的我国上市银行违约概率与我国债券市场所接受的上市银行违约概率最为接近。三是实证研究表明国有上市银行违约概率最低,区域性的上市银行违约概率较高,其他上市银行的违约概率居中。     

利用传染模型对含有对手风险的信用证券定价(英文)

本文利用传染模型研究了可违约债券和含有对手风险的信用违约互换的定价。我们在约化模型中引入具有违约相关性的传染模型,该模型假设违约过程的强度依赖于由随机微分方程驱动的随机利率过程和交易对手的违约过程.本文模型可视为Jarrow和Yu(2001)及Hao和Ye(2011)中模型的推广.进一步地,我们利用随机指数的性质导出了可违约债券和含有对手风险的信用违约互换的定价公式并进行了数值分析.