Stochastic Expansion for the Pricing of Call Options with Discrete Dividends

Abstract

In the context of an asset paying affine-type discrete dividends, we present closed analytical approximations for the pricing of European vanilla options in the Black–Scholes model with time-dependent parameters. They are obtained using a stochastic Taylor expansion around a shifted lognormal proxy model. The final formulae are, respectively, first-, second- and third- order approximations w.r.t. the fixed part of the dividends. Using Cameron–Martin transformations, we provide explicit representations of the correction terms as Greeks in the Black–Scholes model. The use of Malliavin calculus enables us to provide tight error estimates for our approximations. Numerical experiments show that this approach yields very accurate results, in particular compared with known approximations of Bos, Gairat and Shepeleva (2003 Bos, R., Gairat, A. and Shepeleva, D. 2003. Dealing with discrete dividends. Risk Magazine, 16: 109–112.  [Google Scholar], Dealing with discrete dividends, Risk Magazine, 16, pp. 109–112) and Veiga and Wystup (2009 Veiga, C. and Wystup, U. 2009. Closed formula for options with discrete dividends and its derivatives. Applied Mathematical Finance, 16(6): 517–531. [Taylor & Francis Online] , [Google Scholar], Closed formula for option with discrete dividends and its derivatives, Applied Mathematical Finance, 16(6), pp. 517–531), and quicker than the iterated integration procedure of Haug, Haug and Lewis (2003 Haug, E. G., Haug, J. and Lewis, A. 2003. Back to basics: a new approach to the discrete dividend problem. Wilmott Magazine, : 37–47.  [Google Scholar], Back to basics: a new approach to the discrete dividend problem, Wilmott Magazine, pp. 37–47) or than the binomial tree method of Vellekoop and Nieuwenhuis (2006 Vellekoop, M. and Nieuwenhuis, J. 2006. Effcient pricing of derivatives on assets with discrete dividends. Applied Mathematical Finance, 13(3): 265–284. [Taylor & Francis Online] , [Google Scholar], Efficient pricing of derivatives on assets with discrete dividends, Applied Mathematical Finance, 13(3), pp. 265–284).     

Efficient Pricing of Derivatives on Assets with Discrete Dividends

It is argued that due to inconsistencies in existing methods to approximate the prices of equity options on assets which pay out fixed cash dividends at future dates, a new approach to this problem may be useful. Logically consistent methods which are guaranteed to exclude arbitrage exist, but they are not very popular in practice due to their computational complexity. An algorithm is defined which is easy to understand, computationally efficient, and which guarantees to generate prices which exclude arbitrage possibilitites. It is shown that for the method to work a mild uniform convergence condition must be satisfied and this condition is indeed satisfied for standard European and American options. Numerical results testify to the accuracy and flexibility of the method.     

E~3中闭曲面上的一个积分公式及其应用

利用Minkowski公式,得到了等距浸入在E3中的闭曲面上的一个有趣积分公式,应用此公式得到了闭曲面的一个特征.     

离散分红下障碍期权的间接级数展开定价方法

人们投资股票市场的最大动力,除了从股票本身的升值中获利,还包括收益分红.提出了带有离散分红的障碍期权的一种新型的近似方法,以向上敲出看涨障碍期权为例,固定分红的次数,通过泰勒级数展开得到关于关键变量的仿射函数,给出了一个只带有一维积分的定价公式,提高了计算速度.该方法还可以用于回望期权等其它衍生品的定价,对在市场上进行期权交易有一定指导意义.     

Hedging Large Portfolios of Options in Discrete Time*

The problem studied is that of hedging a portfolio of options in discrete time where underlying security prices are driven by a combination of idiosyncratic and systematic risk factors. It is shown that despite the market incompleteness introduced by the discrete time assumption, large portfolios of options have a unique price and can be hedged without risk. The nature of the hedge portfolio in the limit of large portfolio size is substantially different from its continuous time counterpart. Instead of linearly hedging the total risk of each option separately, the correct portfolio hedge in discrete time eliminates linear as well as second and higher order exposures to the systematic risk factors only. The idiosyncratic risks need not be hedged, but disappear through diversification. Hedging portfolios of options in discrete time thus entails a trade‐off between dynamic and cross‐sectional hedging errors. Some computations are provided on the outcome of this trade‐off in a discrete‐time Black–Scholes world.     

汇率连动欧式幂型期权鞅定价及避险

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部分信息下股票付息的Black-Scholes期权定价公式和一类最优投资问题

假定金融市场中的投资者仅掌握部分信息,即投资者仅能观测到股票和债券价格,而股票的瞬时回报率和市场的噪声源不能观测.对存款利率和贷款利率不相等的情形,运用凸分析和滤波技术得到了部分信息下股票付红利的Black-Scholes期权定价公式.对部分信息下最大化终端财富的问题,获得了最优投资策略.     

期权组合最优套期保值模型及实证研究

根据实际投资中投资者可以选择不同到期日、不同敲定价格的期权组合进行套期保值的现实,本文建立了二次效用函数下期权组合最优动态套期保值模型,证明了该模型最优解存在的唯一性,并在协方差矩阵可逆和不可逆两种情形下分别给出了期权最优头寸的显式表达式。在50ETF价格先升后降、先降后升、下降和上升四种情形下,对上证50ETF期权的多种期权组合套期保值问题进行实证分析。研究结果表明:不同到期日不同敲定价格的看跌期权组合具有较好的套期保值效果。本文的研究为选择期权组合进行套期保值和解决展期期权套期保值问题提供了借鉴。     

有限离散函数的导数和性质

通过引入有限离散函数的导数概念,分别从几何直观和性质两个角度,比较了有限离散函数的导数概念和常规连续函数导数的相似性.结果表明,在局部情况下,有限离散函数导数近似等于连续情形下的导数.在运算性质上,有限离散函数导数的性质非常相似于连续情形时的导数性质.最后的例子给出了有限离散函数导数的一个应用.     

非风险中性定价意义下的欧式期权定价公式

用较简单的数学方法 ,推导出了非风险中性定价意义下的股票欧式期权定价公式 ,该公式在风险中性意义下包含了原始的 Black-Scholes公式 .     

具有常红利边界和延迟索赔的一类离散更新风险模型

考虑了具有常红利边界和延迟索赔的一类离散更新风险模型,其中间隔索赔到达时间从离散phase-type分布.定义了两种类型的索赔:主索赔和副索赔,主索赔以一定的概率引起副索赔且副索赔会以一定的概率被延迟到下一时段.通过引入辅助风险模型,推导了破产前红利折现期望满足的差分方程及其解.最后给出了当索赔额服从几何分布时的有关数值例子.     

离散时间美式期权套期及停时分析

本文主要证明了在不存在交易成本的市场假设下离散时间美式期权套期价值过程{Vt，Ft，t≥0}为鞅。并且研究了美式期权的停时，分别给出了美式期权的可停时，首停时，最优停时的方程表达式，同时讨论了与他们相关的期望特征，以及研究了美式期权定价问题。     

Black-Scholes期权定价公式推广

在Black-Scholes期权定价模型的基础上,进一步考虑标的资产受多个跳跃源影响的情况,用含有多维Poisson过程的Ito-Skorohod随机微分方程描述标的资产价格的动态运动,应用等价鞅测度变换方法导出一般形式的欧式期权定价公式,并讨论了利率,波动率不是常数情况下的拓广形式.     

Closed Geodesics in Homology Classes for Convex Co-Compact Hyperbolic Manifolds

Let be a convex co-compact, torsion-free, discrete group of isometries of real hyperbolic space H ⁿ⁺¹. We compute the asymptotics of the counting function for closed geodesics in homology classes for the quotient manifold X = \H ⁿ⁺¹, under the assumption that H ¹(X, Z) is infinite. Our results imply asymptotic equipartition of geodesics in distinct homology classes.     

离散三项分布风险模型中的贴现罚函数及其渐近解

Gerber和Shiu在1998年首次定义贴现罚函数为:m(u)=E{v~Tw(U_T-,|U_T|) I(T<∞)|U_0=u},其中w为一有界函数.通过对w和v的不同选择,可以得到一些与破产有关的变量的性质.本文用该方法对离散三项分布风险模型中的贴现罚函数问题进行了研究.主要得到了该模型中f(x,y;u)(即初始盈余为u,破产前瞬间盈余为x,破产时赤字为y这一事件的贴现概率)的明确表达式和该表达式的渐近解.还得到了导致破产发生的最后一个索赔额的分布.     

正相依风险下离散模型的最优分红

将保险公司各期净损失相互独立的假定改进为依随机序正相依.在相依风险下,利用动态规划原理和状态空间约简,刻画了最优分红策略,证明了区域策略最优,同时讨论了值函数的性质,并给出了数值算法.其中,对涉及独立假定的结论,给出了相依条件下的相应结果,对未涉及独立假定的部分结论也做了改进.研究发现,与独立情形不同,在依随机序正相依风险下,保险公司不必以概率1破产.     

有交易成本的回望期权定价研究

基于标的资产价格的几何布朗运动假设，Black—Seholes模型运用连续交易保值策略成功解决了完全市场下的欧式期权定价问题。然而，在实际的金融市场中，存在着数量可观的交易成本。本文主要研究了在不完全市场下有交易成本的回望期权的定价问题，并且利用Ito公式，得到了在该模型下期权价格所满足的微分方程。     

具有不同借贷利率的几种期权的定价及其套期保值策略

本文假定在不同借贷利率和无套利的基础上建立相应的偏微分方程及利用Feynman-Kac公式得到抵付型期权,资产或无偿买权和欧式双向期权的定价公式及其套期保值策略.     

新陈代谢离散灰色预测MDGM(1,1)模型及其应用

在离散灰色预测DGM(1,1)模型的基础上,提出了新陈代谢离散灰色预测M DGM(1,1)模型,即:对原始数据序列采用新陈代谢的方式逐次建立相应的DGM(1,1)模型,并把该模型用于江西省旅游收入的中长期预测,最后进行了精度检验.结果表明:新陈代谢离散灰色预测M DGM(1,1)模型预测精度较高,可作为中长期预测的工具.     

带导数的求积公式在一重积分Wiener空间下的平均误差

讨论了利用积分中值定理当积分区间趋于零时中间点的渐进位置作为相应的节点构造的带有导数的求积公式,在一重积分Wiener测度空间的平均逼近误差.