A detailed chemical kinetic model for high temperature ethanol oxidation

A detailed chemical kinetic model for ethanol oxidation has been developed and validated against a variety of experimental data sets. Laminar flame speed data (obtained from a constant volume bomb and counterflow twin‐flame), ignition delay data behind a reflected shock wave, and ethanol oxidation product profiles from a jet‐stirred and turbulent flow reactor were used in this computational study. Good agreement was found in modeling of the data sets obtained from the five different experimental systems. The computational results show that high temperature ethanol oxidation exhibits strong sensitivity to the fall‐off kinetics of ethanol decomposition, branching ratio selection for C₂H₅OH + OH ↔ Products, and reactions involving the hydroperoxyl (HO₂) radical. The multichanneled ethanol decomposition process is analyzed by RRKM/Master Equation theory, and the results are compared with those obtained from earlier studies. The ten‐parameter Troe form is used to define the C₂H₅OH(+M) ↔ CH₃ + CH₂OH(+M) rate expression as k^∞ = 5.94E23 T^−1.68 exp(−45880 K/T) (s⁻¹) k^o = 2.88E85 T^−18.9 exp(−55317 K/T) (cm³/mol/sec) F_cent = 0.5 exp(−T/200 K) + 0.5 exp(−T/890 K) + exp(−4600 K/T) and the C₂H₅OH(+M) ↔ C₂H₄ + H₂O(+M) rate expression as k^∞ = 2.79E13 T^0.09 exp(−33284 K/T) (s⁻¹) k^o = 2.57E83 T^−18.85 exp(−43509 K/T) (cm³/mol/sec) F _cent = 0.3 exp(−T/350 K) + 0.7 exp(−T/800 K) + exp(−3800 K/T) with an applied energy transfer per collision value of <ΔE_down> = 500 cm⁻¹. An empirical branching ratio estimation procedure is presented which determines the temperature dependent branching ratios of the three distinct sites of hydrogen abstraction from ethanol. The calculated branching ratios for C₂H₅OH + OH, C₂H₅OH + O, C₂H₅OH + H, and C₂H₅OH + CH₃ are compared to experimental data. © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Int J Chem Kinet 31: 183–220, 1999     

A comprehensive mechanism for methanol oxidation

A comprehensive detailed chemical kinetic mechanism for methanol oxidation has been developed and validated against multiple experimental data sets. The data are from static-reactor, flow-reactor, shock-tube, and laminar-flame experiments, and cover conditions of temperature from 633–2050 K, pressure from 0.26–20 atm, and equivalence ratio from 0.05–2.6. Methanol oxidation is found to be highly sensitive to the kinetics of the hydroperoxyl radical through a chain-branching reaction sequence involving hydrogen peroxide at low temperatures, and a chain-terminating path at high temperatures. The sensitivity persists at unusually high temperatures due to the fast reaction of CH₂OH+O₂=CH₂O+HO₂ compared to CH₂OH+M=CH₂O+H+M. The branching ratio of CH₃OH+OH=CH₂OH/CH₃O+H₂O was found to be a more important parameter under the higher temperature conditions, due to the rate-controlling nature of the branching reaction of the H-atom formed through CH₃O thermal decomposition. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Int J Chem Kinet 30: 805–830, 1998     

Development and testing of a comprehensive chemical mechanism for the oxidation of methane

A comprehensive chemical mechanism to describe the oxidation of methane has been developed, consisting of 351 irreversible reactions of 37 species. The mechanism also accounts for the oxidation kinetics of hydrogen, carbon monoxide, ethane, and ethene in flames and homogeneous ignition systems in a wide concentration range. It has been tested against a variety of experimental measurements of laminar flame velocities, laminar flame species profiles, and ignition delay times. The highest sensitivity reactions of the mechanism are discussed in detail and compared with the same reactions in the GRI, Chevalier, and Konnov mechanisms. Similarities and differences of the four mechanisms are discussed. The mechanism is available on the Internet as a fully documented CHEMKIN data file at the address http://www.chem.leeds.ac.uk/Combustion/Combustion.html . © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Int J Chem Kinet 33: 513–538, 2001     

A comprehensive modeling study of hydrogen oxidation

A detailed kinetic mechanism has been developed to simulate the combustion of H₂/O₂ mixtures, over a wide range of temperatures, pressures, and equivalence ratios. Over the series of experiments numerically investigated, the temperature ranged from 298 to 2700 K, the pressure from 0.05 to 87 atm, and the equivalence ratios from 0.2 to 6. Ignition delay times, flame speeds, and species composition data provide for a stringent test of the chemical kinetic mechanism, all of which are simulated in the current study with varying success. A sensitivity analysis was carried out to determine which reactions were dominating the H₂/O₂ system at particular conditions of pressure, temperature, and fuel/oxygen/diluent ratios. Overall, good agreement was observed between the model and the wide range of experiments simulated. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Chem Kinet 36: 603–622, 2004     

A route to cyclic peptides and glycopeptides by native chemical ligation using in situ derived thioesters

The synthesis of cyclic peptides and glycopeptides by native chemical ligation using in situ derived thioesters is described.     

Dynamic instabilities of model electrochemical system with electrocatalytic oxidation and preceding chemical reaction

The method of impedance spectroscopy was used to study the regularities of behavior of a model electrochemical system with an electrocatalytic reaction on a planar electrode which is preceded by a homogeneous chemical reaction. It is shown that in the case of low rates of the homogeneous chemical reaction, two types of bifurcations may exist in the system at the chosen attraction constant value; namely, the Hopf bifurcation leading to spontaneous oscillations and saddle-node bifurcation resulting in bistability of the system. The Hopf bifurcation disappears from the system at medium and high rates of the homogeneous chemical reaction, while the saddle-node bifurcation is retained.     

A kinetic model for limonene oxidation

The kinetic regularities of the autooxidation of R(+)−limonene (LH) were experimentally studied at various temperatures. A kinetic model including the main elementary reactions and the corresponding rate constants was developed. The degenerate chain branching during limonene oxidation proceeds via bimolecular reactions and involves hydroperoxide LOOH + LH → L· + LO· + H₂O and LOOH + LOOH → LO· + LO₂ · + H₂O. Published in Russian in Izvestiya Akademii Nauk. Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 1, pp. 80–86, January, 2008.     

Selective oxidation of biomass derived 5-hydroxymethylfurfural to 2,5-diformylfuran using sodium nitrite

A mild and simple process for the effective oxidation of 5-hydroxymethylfurfural(HMF) into 2,5-diformylfuran(DFF) has been developed using Na NO_2 as the oxidant. Some important reaction parameters were investigated to optimize the oxidation of HMF into DFF. It was found that the reaction solvent was very crucial for this reaction. Trifluoroacetic acid was the best solvent for the oxidation of HMF into DFF by Na NO_2.Under the optimal reaction condition, almost quantitative HMF conversion and high DFF yield of 90.4% were obtained after 1 h at room temperature.     

Electroenzymatic oxidation of polyaromatic hydrocarbons using chemical redox mediators in organic media

The bioelectrochemical oxidation of two polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAH): anthracene (ANT) and pyrene (PYR), using horseradish peroxidase (HRP) resulting in the synthesis of photoactive polyaromatic quinones in organic media was studied. The electrochemical generation of hydrogen peroxide was compared with its direct addition in concentrations of up to 0.0012 mol L⁻¹. In addition, three different chemical redox mediators were evaluated: ABTS, thionin and ortho-aminophenol. In a reaction medium containing 30% acetone and ABTS as mediator with a molar ratio mediator/PAH of 1:10, HRP attained the highest level of oxidation of PAH (1 × 10⁻³ mol L⁻¹): ANT (94%) and PYR (91%), producing 9,10-anthraquinone and mainly 1,2 and 4,5-pyrenequinones, respectively.     

A study of vitamin A radical cation generated by chemical and radiolytic oxidation

Electron transfer reaction between vitamin A (1) and tris(p-bromophenyl)aminium hexachloroautimonate (2) in dichloromethane (DCM) has been investigated by means of UV-VIS absorption and ESR spectroscopy. The title radical cation formed in the reaction was characterized by a new absorption band around 600 nm and a singlet unresolved ESR spectrum with g factor of 2.0038-2.0039 and line width of 20 G. Further studies indicated that ESR pattern and parameters of the radical cation generated by 7-irradiation of 1 in CFCl3 matrix at 77 K are consistent with that resulted in the chemical oxidation in DCM at ambient temperature.     

A compact model for the ion implanted channel LDMOS transistor

This paper presents a compact model for the lateral double-diffused MOS transistor in which ion implantation is employed in the channel region. We show that the conventional LDMOS device models which do not include specifics of the implanted channel region cannot accurately predict behavior of such structure. We then propose a new physics based model which employs surface potential in the device. The model gives a robust formulation for both the channel and the drift regions and can accurately describe the performance of the ion implanted channel LDMOS structure.     

Asymmetric oxidation of silyl enol ethers using chiral dioxiranes derived from α-fluoro cyclohexanones

Asymmetric oxidation of silyl enolethers derived from tetralone, 2-methyl-tetralone, propiophenone and deoxybenzoin using chiral dioxiranes generated in situ from oxone and new chiral α-fluorinated cyclohexanones or fructose-derived ketone have been studied. It was observed that tetrasubstituted silyl enolethers are poor substrates, that substitution at C8 of the fluoro-ketones has a significant effect on the enantioselectivities obtained and that the fructose-derived-ketone provides higher enantioselectivities. The absolute configuration of the major hydroxy ketones obtained can be rationalized using a spiro model proposed for epoxidation of olefins.     

A detailed chemical kinetic model for the supercritical water oxidation of methylamine: The importance of imine formation

A detailed chemical kinetic model has been developed for supercritical water oxidation (SCWO) of methylamine, CH₃NH₂, providing insight into the intermediates and final products formed in this process as well as the dominant reaction pathways. The model was adapted from previous mechanisms, with a revision of the peroxyl radical chemistry to include imine formation, which has recently been identified as the dominant gas-phase pathway in amine oxidation. The developed model can reproduce previous experimental data on methylamine consumption and major product formation to reasonable accuracy, although with deficiencies in describing the induction time. Our simulations indicate that oxidation of the ^•CH₂NH₂ radical to methanimine, CH₂NH, is the major channel in methylamine SCWO, with subsequent hydrolysis of CH₂NH providing the experimentally observed reaction products ammonia and formaldehyde. Integral-averaged reaction rates were used to identify major reaction pathways, and a first-order sensitivity analysis indicated that the concentration of CH₃NH₂ is most sensitive to OH radical kinetics. Overall, this work clarifies the importance of imine chemistry in the oxidation of nitrogen-containing compounds and indicates that they are necessary to model these compounds in SCWO processes.     

Pore size distribution of micelle-templated silicas studied by thermoporosimetry using water and n-heptane

Thermoporosimetry, i.e., DSC measurements of melting point depression of water and heptane confined in mesopores, has been used for determination the pore size distribution of several mesoporous silicas synthesized with the use of micelle templates. Porosity of these materials was additionally characterized by low-temperature nitrogen adsorption and quasi-equilibrated thermodesorption of nonane. The pore size distributions obtained using the water thermoporosimetry were similar to those determined using the other methods, but the pore size values found for the narrow pore materials were underestimated by ca 1?nm. Too large pore sizes obtained for the wide pore silica from heptane thermoporosimetry were attributed to nonlinear dependence of the melting point depression on the reciprocal of the pore size.     

A new oxidation system using nitrite oxidants

The oxidative reactions using alkyl nitrites (RONO) as oxidant have been developed by Ube Industries, Ltd. The substrates such as CO and/or unsaturated-and/or carbonyl-compounds are oxidized by RONO over the palladium catalyst with no contact of molecular oxygen. Dialkyl carbonates, dialkyl oxalates and other useful chemicals are synthesized efficiently under moderate conditions by this alkyl nitrite technology.     

Diffusion-controlled oxidation of polymers: A mathematical model

Mathematical modelling of the oxidation of a polymer, based on Fick's Law for diffusion of oxygen with reaction, with suitable boundary conditions produced an equation which combines the diffusion-free kinetics of the surface layers of the oxidising sample with the diffusion-controlled kinetics which predominate at greater depth. Comparison of the final, simplified, equation with literature results for oxidation rates versus film thickness showed excellent agreement with experiment. Attempts to fit to the experimental results an equation which assumes diffusion control from the film surface failed, indicating that the splitting of the film into two domains for the purpose of kinetic investigation was correct.     

A spreading model for the oxidation of polypropylene

A model for the heterogeneous oxidation of polypropylene (PP) is proposed in which it is considered that there is a small initial fraction, p_o, of oxidizing centres which have a high local rate of oxidation. Within these zones there is a free radical chain reaction producing secondary oxidation products, volatiles and chemiluminescence (CL) from peroxy radical termination reactions. These zones progressively spread (rate coefficient b/s⁻¹) and the free radical reactions die away within the volume of the original zones, producing a measurable concentration of oxidation products (rate coefficient α/s⁻¹). Analysis of the CL-time curve as representing the instantaneous infectious , fraction, p_i, in the spreading model enables the parameters p_o, b and α to be determined and profiles of the remaining fraction (p_r) and dead or oxidized fraction (p_d) constructed. Analysis of CL curves from 120°C to 150°C gives an activation energy for spreading in PP particles of 96kJ/mol. Both single particles and groups of particles of different types of PP have been examined and evidence is presented of rapid surface spreading of oxidation from particle to particle.     

A novel life management model consists of chemical aging model and electrical-thermal aging model for power transformers using a new activation energy calculation method

Power transformers aging is investigated by a chemical aging model and an electrical-thermal aging model. In the chemical aging model, oil and cellulose chemical status are considered, but transformer load is not considered, while in the electrical-thermal model, only the effects of load and hotspot temperature are considered. The primary purpose of this paper is to combine both aging models to achieve a transformer life management model that considers the effect of all chemical parameters and the transformer load current simultaneously. Combining one chemical and one electrical-thermal aging model to reach a life management model for the transformer means that the remaining life of the transformer is first estimated using the chemical aging model by the provided equations for pre-exponential factor and activation energy in this paper. For this estimation, after conducting scientific studies, including experimental studies and computation on measurement results, an empirical mathematical equation will be presented to calculate the activation energy. Then using the presented equation, the remaining life will be estimated more accurately. Then, in the next step, this estimated life will be used in the electrical-thermal aging model and finally, a hotspot temperature will be calculated for the transformer. Finally, using the proposed hotspot temperature value and presented equations in this paper, a load current will be determined, which is recommended that the transformer load should not exceed that value. Finally, the proposed equation for activation energy calculation and the presented life management model validation will be verified using some transformers measurement results.

Graphical abstract