单分子物理与化学的新进展

本文对新兴边缘学科-单分子物理与化学的一些研究进展进行简要综述。在对单分子科学中几类基本实验技术如扫描隧道显微术和光镊技术等作了简要介绍之后,重点评述了单分子实验技术和研究方法在物理、化学、生物和分子电子学等学科领域的应用和影响。基于扫描隧道显微术和电子结构计算,列举了最近几个关于单分子高分辨表征、单分子器件和单分子量子调控等方面的研究实例。最后对单分子物理与化学的发展前景进行了展望。     

Application of organic materials in electronics

The development of electronics devices based on organic materials presents one of the most exciting challenges in XXI science. Already products based on organic thin films are in the market place, however the initial work in development of molecular-scale electronics has been done. The purpose of this review is to provide a general information about electronics devices incorporating organic materials and organic molecules acting as simple electronics devices.     

Novel two-dimensional transition metal chalcogenides created by epitaxial growth

Two-dimensional(2D) materials have been a very important field in condensed matter physics, materials science, chemistry, and electronics. In a variety of 2D materials, transition metal chalcogenides are of particular interest due to their unique structures and rich properties. In this review, we introduce a series of 2D transition metal chalcogenides prepared by epitaxial growth. We show that not only 2D transition metal dichalcogenides can be grown, but also the transition metal chalcogenides that do not have bulk counterparts, and even patterned transition metal chalcogenides can be fabricated. We discuss the formation mechanisms of the novel structures, their interesting properties, and potential applications of these 2D transition metal chalcogenides. Finally, we give a summary and some perspectives on future studies.     

中国原子光谱技术及应用发展近况

原子光谱（atomic spectrometry,AS）技术作为分析领域一个重要的组成部分,是尖端科学快速发展的助推器。随着国家对高新技术的愈加重视,国内的分析检测技术也在飞速发展,原子光谱技术作的发展则成为了极其重要的推动力。对中国原子光谱近4年（2015年-2018年）的研究成果与应用进展做了一个综述,内容主要分为六大部分：原子发射光谱（atomic emission spectrometry, AES）包括电感耦合等离子体发射光谱（inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry, ICP-OES）,辉光放电发射光谱（glow discharge optical emission spectrometry, GD-OES）,介质阻挡放电发射光谱（dielectric barrier discharge optical emission spectrometry, DBD-OES）和激光诱导击穿光谱（laser induced breakdown spectrometry, LIBS）;原子吸收光谱（atomic absorption spectrometry, AAS）包括火焰原子化吸收光谱（flame atomic absorption spectrometry, FAAS）,石墨炉原子化吸收光谱（graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry, GFAAS）和氢化物发生原子吸收光谱（hydride generation atomic absorption spectrometry, HGAAS）;原子荧光光谱（atomic fluorescence spectrometry, AFS）;X射线荧光光谱（X-ray fluorescence spectrometry, XRF）;元素质谱（elemental mass spectrometry, EMS）包括电感耦合等离子体质谱（inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry, ICP-MS）,辉光放电质谱（glow discharge mass spectrometry, GDMS）,激光电离源质谱（laser ionization mass spectrometry, LIMS）和原子探针层析成像（atom probe tomography, APT）;原子光谱分析的联用技术。主要关注了各个技术及各种联用技术在仪器设备、检测方法、检测性能上的突破和创新,并简要介绍它们在电子、冶金、地质、环境、制药、食品、生命科学等多种领域中的应用。     

Smart structures—The relevance of fiber optics

The concept of the smart structure integrates structural engineering, sensing, control systems, and actuation to provide a mechanical assembly that is capable of responding to its environment and/or loading conditions. The realization of the smart structure requires integration of skills in a variety of scientific and engineering disciplines ranging from mechanical engineering through materials science into signal processing, data analysis, sensing, and actuation. The sensing technology must have a number of key features of which the ability to take distributed measurements of various parameters throughout the structure is paramount. Therefore, fiber optics technology promises to have a significant role to play in the evolution of the smart structures concept. This article analyzes this role in detail, presents an assessment of the current state of the art in fiber optic technology related to smart structures, and presents a scenario for future developments.     

“薄膜即是界面，界面即是薄膜”：二维有机半导体晶体的研究进展

自首次于聚乙炔发现导电现象以来,具有共轭结构的有机半导体材料赖其种类丰富多样、 制备工艺简捷低耗、以及优异的机械柔性等特点,在“后硅时代”中有望以先进光电子设备展现 其广阔前景,因而多年来备受学界和产业界的瞩目。如何进一步阐明有机半导体中结构和性能之 间的关系,探索电荷载流子微观动力学行为,构筑高性能、新功能的有机光电子器件,是当下有 机电子学领域的前沿核心问题,也是保证其持续发展的基石。近年来,二维有机半导体晶体材料 在秉持高度有序的分子排列与极低的杂质缺陷浓度等优点的同时,更是以“薄膜即是界面、界面 即是薄膜”为一帜,克服传统体材料在研究与应用中的瓶颈,为揭示材料构性关系及其中基本物 理过程提供了良好的平台,也是实现多样化的新型有机光电子器件的理想材料,有望为微纳电子 领域带来新一轮变革。本文从二维有机半导体晶体的制备工艺、电荷载流子微观动力学行为,再 到新型器件的光电功能应用等方面,综述了最新研究进展,做出总结和展望,并提出目前面临的 挑战及未来研究方向,旨在为进一步深入理论研究,结合有机材料与先进技术,推动有机电子学 的发展提供有益帮助。     

Workshop on high energy X-ray scattering at the APS

SPring-8 has been successfully increasing the use of its cutting-edge facilities by industrial researchers and continuously improving the system for supporting new users when carrying out experiments. The most important factor contributing to this success is the synchronicity of both the appointment of new staff and the implementation of new propulsion programs. As a result, nearly 300 research proposals were accepted in 2006 from industries in various fields, such as electronics, materials, life science, energy and the environment, and the beamtime assigned to industrial use was about 20% of the total user beamtime.     

基于宽光谱监控的光学薄膜自动控制技术

单波长监控很难精确控制宽波段上的光学特性.若采用宽光谱扫描可以在很宽的波长范围内监控薄膜特性,则控制既直观又准确.虽然宽光谱监控的思想很早就提出了,但这项技术的实用性一直不高.开发了一套宽光谱监控系统,使用线阵CCD配合计算机,可以实现光谱快速扫描.通过采用一些特殊的方法,系统可以达到较高的精度.配合改进的光学薄膜监控软件,可以满足基于宽光谱监控的自动控制要求.     

Memory effects in complex materials and nanoscale systems

Memory effects are ubiquitous in nature and are particularly relevant at the nanoscale where the dynamical properties of electrons and ions strongly depend on the history of the system, at least within certain time scales. We review here the memory properties of various materials and systems which appear most strikingly in their non-trivial, time-dependent resistive, capacitative and inductive characteristics. We describe these characteristics within the framework of memristors, memcapacitors and meminductors, namely memory-circuit elements with properties that depend on the history and state of the system. We examine basic issues related to such systems and critically report on both theoretical and experimental progress in understanding their functionalities. We also discuss possible applications of memory effects in various areas of science and technology ranging from digital to analog electronics, biologically inspired circuits and learning. We finally discuss future research opportunities in the field.     

CAEP闪光X射线机的发展

闪光X射线机技术在中国工程物理研究院(下称CAEP)已有三十年的发展历史在爆轰物理学和y射线辐照效应研究中发挥了重要作用。本文总结了CAEP几种类型闪光X射线机的研制概况,阐述了高压脉冲技术、场发射技术、强流束聚焦等的研究进展,并介绍几种装置的主要技术参数。闪光X射线机是研究爆轰物理过程及其它高速瞬变过程的重要工具。国防科学技术研究中,大型闪光X射线机的研制具有很大的意义。文中对开拓强流电了束新的应用领域提出了展望。     

纳米科学技术——面向二十一世纪的新科技

介绍了一门崭新的面向二十一世纪的新科技——纳米科学技术,它的发展历史、现状与展望,它在电子学、材料科学、生物学、工程学和机械学方面的应用,也讨论了与其相关的科学技术.对今后的研究方向提出若干建议. The brand—new science and technology facing the 21st century——Nanometer scalescience and technology is introduced.It s history of development、current situation and prospect arementioned.It s application on electronics、material science、biology、engineering and mechanics is dis-cussed.The related science and technology is also discussed.Some suggestions for the future study areraised.     

International patenting activity in the field of carbon nanotubes

Carbon nanotubes (CNT) are unique nanostructures with remarkable electronic and mechanical properties and could be used, for example, in nanometre-sized electronics or to strengthen polymer materials. Today, both SWNT and MWNT are being used as key components in the production of high-strength composites, and advanced sensors, electronic and optical devices, catalysts, batteries and fuel cells.Patenting activity in this sub-field of nanotechnology registered a spurt during the last 12 years––implying a breakthrough bringing about a technological paradigm shift in the field of fullerene since carbon nanotubes are fullerene-related structures. CNT is, thus, one of the key technologies likely to revolutionize information technology, materials and medicine and the present study aim to examine technological developments in this field based on international patenting activity during the period of 1991–2003.     

Aluminum-doped ZnO nanoparticles: gas-phase synthesis and dopant location

Printed electronics, as an extension to conventional electronics, has grown considerably for decades. At this moment, therefore, tracing the development of this technology up to the present will provide researchers and R&D planners with better understanding of the technology’s evolving characteristics and insights for further R&D directions. This paper carries out two bibliographic analyses to study the technology development life cycle and the technological knowledge within the area of printed electronics. First, we fit a growth curve to yearly patent registration data, thereby calculating several indicators, including the current technological maturity ratio, the number of potential future patents and the expected remaining life. Second, we identify the core and brokering technology classes within the overall technology network of printed electronics by combining patent co-classification analysis and social network analysis. As a result, we could obtain some findings from the inventional point of view; the technological development of printed electronics has entered the maturity stage, and the expected remaining life was 8.5 years as of the beginning of 2013. In addition, we identified several technology areas that have the high importance to act as both core and brokering technologies, apparatus for metal working, anti-inductive structures, and electronic circuit control systems.     

Pressure-induced stable structures and physical properties of Sr-Ge system

We have systematically investigated the structures of Sr-Ge system under pressures up to 200 GPa and found six stable stoichiometric structures, they being Sr$_{3}$Ge, Sr$_{2}$Ge, SrGe, SrGe$_{2}$, SrGe$_{3}$, and SrGe$_{4}$. We demonstrate the interesting structure evolution behaviors in Sr-Ge system with the increase of germanium content, Ge atoms arranging into isolated anions in Sr$_{3}$Ge, chains in Sr$_{2}$Ge, square units in SrGe, trigonal units and hexahedrons in SrGe$_{2}$, cages in SrGe$_{3}$, hexagons and Ge$_{8}$ rings in SrGe$_{4}$. The structural diversity produces various manifestations of electronic structures, which is of benefit to electrical transportation. Among them, these novel phases with metallic structures show superconductivity (maximum $T_{\rm c}\sim 8.94$ K for Pmmn Sr$_{3}$Ge). Notably, the n-type semiconducting Pnma SrGe$_{2}$ structure exhibits high Seebeck coefficient and excellent electrical conductivity along the $y$ direction, leading to a high $ZT$ value up to 1.55 at 500 K, which can be potential candidates as high-performance thermoelectrics. Our results will enable the development of fundamental science in condensed matter physics and potential applications in novel electronics or thermoelectric materials.     

Preface – Focus on Sustainable Electronics

Today's society uses up to 35 tons of material per capita and year for basic needs, luxury or consumer goods, hightech products, etc. Much of it is used in form of functional materials employed in highly specialized devices such as mobile phones. Cumulated sales up to 2008 correspond to 7.2 billions of mobile phones. A new generation of mobile phones comes up every half a year. More than 30 different metals are employed in this device and are essential for its functioning. The fraction of some of these metals in a mobile phone is higher than the typical content in corresponding mineral ores. The life cycle analysis of such a device technology ranging from the acquisition and supply of materials via purification, manufacturing and fabrication, via commercial uses to end‐of‐life disposition and recycling needs to be carried out carefully to ensure a commercial success of the product. Such an analysis comprises a number of quantitative criteria (e.g. reserves and resources of the materials employed, energy consumption of the production process, recyclability), but also qualitative criteria (e.g. social and socio‐cultural aspects, ecological risks, political issues). Thus a life cycle analysis must go beyond a mere techno‐economic analysis to yield resource‐efficient, socio‐economically liable and ecologically benign technologies. The first two articles of this series of six articles on “sustainable electronics” discuss how life cycle analysis needs to be conducted properly. Reller focuses on the case of strategic metals whereas Theis et al. discuss the case of nanostructures. It will become clear to the reader that the principal approach is very similar, but distinct differences occur due to specific properties of different classes of materials. The articles on photovoltaics and thermoelectrics focus on a scenario where the corresponding device modules become mass products. Simple estimates based on element reserves in case of thermoelectric devices easily reveal that materials scarcity will impose major restrictions on the deployment of the established key materials (e.g. PbTe, Bi₂Te₃ as well as Si_xGe_1–x) in mass‐produced modules. Thus, depending on the type of application, a compromise between best efficiency and materials availability needs to be made. The situation in photovoltaics is somewhat different. The analysis makes it clear that all types of mass‐produced solar modules, in particular novel thin‐film technologies, need to compete with the Si‐technology in the end. Nevertheless, there are promising alternatives for absorption materials on the horizon. The last two articles by Fortunato and Martins and by Martins et al. discuss the advances and advantages of oxide semiconductors as abundantly available materials in the context of transparent electronics and electronics on paper, respectively. Conventional Si‐based CMOS electronics cannot compete with oxide electronics in these two areas of application. The example of oxide semiconductors shows the potential of developing sustainable and ecologically benign technologies for specific applications which are compatible with or even better than conventional technologies. The idea for this series of articles was developed during the discussions at the WE‐Heraeus Summerschool “Sustainable Electronics” organized by us at the Physik‐Zentrum in Bad Honnef in August 2010. The issue of sustainable resources management is of major importance for maintaining the wealth of human society. Therefore, it should concern all of us working in materials science in academia or industry. Only few people are specialists in this novel and very interdisciplinary field of research. The six articles cover different facets of the problem. Hopefully, together they will give valuable insight into modern materials resource management and shed some light on its complexity. We would like to thank Stefan Hildebrandt for his help and support in assembling this series of articles as expert opinions. We chose the pss‐format “Expert Opinion” as best suited for our purposes as it allows us to express somewhat personal views on this novel research field of “Sustainable Electronics”, to reach a broader audience and, thus, to hopefully generate useful and intense discussions on the subject (© 2011 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)     

Advances in Functional Nanomaterials Science

Technologies employing nanomaterials, such as electronics, optoelectronics, nanobiotechnologies, quantum optics, and nanophotonics, are perceived as the key drivers of investigations on novel and functional materials and their nanostructures for various applications. It is well understood that the study of such materials and structures has been of great importance for the optimization and development of electrical and optical devices. From such devices, one does not only expect higher efficiencies, but also access to the development of completely new concepts, which are strongly demanded by modern information-processing, quantum, or medical technologies, and sensing applications. In this context, a wide range of aspects such as the physics of novel materials, as well as materials engineering, characterization, and applications are summarized here. Novel materials, which can be used, for instance, for energy harvesting or light generation, as well as for future logic devices; material engineering, which can lead to improved device functionality and performance in optoelectronics; material physics, the study of which allows insight to be gained into optical and electrical properties of nanostructured systems and quantum materials; and technologies/devices, addressing progress on the application side of sophisticated material systems and quantum structures, are highlighted using representative examples.     

Current nanoscience and nanoengineering at the Center for Nanoscale Science and Engineering

The Center for Nanoscale Science and Engineering (CeNSE) at the University of Kentucky is a multidisciplinary group of faculty, students, and staff, with a shared vision and cutting-edge research facilities to study and develop materials and devices at the nanoscale. Current research projects at CeNSE span a number of diverse nanoscience thrusts in bio-engineering and medicine (nanosensors and nanoelectrodes, nanoparticle-based drug delivery), electronics (nanolithography, molecular electronics, nanotube FETs), nanotemplates for electronics and gas sensors (functionalization of carbon nanotubes, aligned carbon nanotube structures for gate-keeping, e-beam lithography with nanoscale precision), and nano-optoelectronics (nanoscale photonics for laser communications, quantum confinement in photovoltaic devices, and nanostructured displays). This paper provides glimpses of this research and future directions.     

Magical Allotropes of Carbon: Prospects and Applications

The invention of carbon and its allotropes have transformed the electronic and optoelectronic industry due to their encouraging properties in a large spectrum of applications. The interesting characteristic of carbon is its ability to form many allotropes due to its valency. In recent decades, various allotropes and forms of carbon have been invented, including fullerenes, carbon nanotubes (CNTs), and graphene (GR). Since the inception of nanotechnology, carbon allotropes-based nanocomposites have become a leading sector of research and advancement due to their unique bonding properties. Fullerenes and CNTs-based polymer nanocomposites have attracted significant research interest due to their vast applications in every sphere of science and technology. Current research impetus reveals that carbon and its allotropes have revolutionized the industry and academia due to their fascinated properties. Recent advances in various aspects of graphene, CNTs, graphene nanoribbons, fullerenes, carbon encapsulates, and their nanocomposites with polymeric materials and their different applications are reported in this review article. Also, current status and future prospects of graphene-based polymer nanocomposites are presented in common along with proper citations extracted from the scientific literature. Moreover, this article is a unique collection of vital information about GR, CNTs, fullerenes, and graphene-based polymer nanocomposites in a single platform.     

Introduction: dissipative localized structures in extended systems

Localized structures belong to the class of dissipative structures found far from equilibrium. Contributions from the most representative groups working on a various fields of natural science such as biology, chemistry, plant ecology, mathematics, optics, and laser physics are presented. The aim of this issue is to gather specialists from these fields towards a cross-fertilization among these active areas of research and thereby to present an overview of the state of art in the formation and the characterization of dissipative localized structures. Nonlinear optics and laser physics have an important part in this issue because of potential applications in information technology. In particular, localized structures could be used as "bits" for parallel information storage and processing.     

Ion beam induced surface and interface engineering

The injection of material into a target specimen in the form of an accelerated ion beam offers a most valuable tool for altering its physical, chemical, structural, surface and interface properties in a controlled manner and tailoring new materials for basic and applied research for science and technology. The present review describes experimental, theoretical and recent aspects of ion beam modifications at various solids, thin films, and multilayered systems covering wider energy ranges including the older basic concepts which are now of interest. These results reveal that the ion–solid interaction physics provides a unique way for controlling the produced defects of the desired type at a desired location. These interests have been stimulated by the possibilities of synthesizing novel materials with potential applications in the field of thin films, surfaces and interface science. Many applications of ion induced engineering are being developed for various sciences of high technological interest for future aspects.