模糊环境下线上自有品牌零售商与顾客价值共创演化博弈研究

互联网零售业的快速发展和沃尔玛等线下零售商自有品牌战略实践的成功,传统零售商开始发展线上自有品牌,与顾客进行价值共创对增强自有品牌核心竞争力具有独特优势.以线上自有品牌零售商和顾客价值共创为研究主体,针对现实环境中的不确定性和模糊性,在模糊环境中建立双方演化博弈模型,分析线上自有品牌与顾客价值共创的影响因素.研究表明:提升双方价值共创积极性可促进双方向发起和参与价值共创策略演化;增强对双方资源转换能力、提升企业与顾客互动质量、提升双方额外收益可以促进价值共创行为的发生.     

双渠道模式下制造商线上定制策略研究

本文针对制造商在传统零售渠道和线上网络渠道同时销售标准产品的情况下,是否应该开放线上定制策略的相关问题进行分析。首先通过圆形市场模型完成市场划分;其次,在制造商不开放线上定制策略和开放线上定制策略两种情况下分别构建制造商和零售商利润最大化模型,得到了两种情况下的市场均衡结果。通过分析和比较两种情况下制造商和零售商的最优决策结果发现,当标准产品的边际生产成本较大且开放线上定制策略的成本较小时,制造商应该开放线上定制策略;制造商开放线上定制策略后,会使标准产品的批发价格和零售价格增加,并削弱零售商的利润;定制产品的生产成本越高,制造商开放定制产品的动机越小;消费者对标准产品的适应成本越高,制造商开放定制产品的动机越大。     

基于拼团模式的网络团购定价策略

随着移动互联网的发展,拼团模式受到越来越多零售商和消费者的追捧.以传统商业团购模型为基础,引入团购尺寸、发起者精力成本、需求扩散效应和拼团成功率,建立了零售商同时采取线上拼团和线下传统渠道策略的两阶段利润优化模型.运用Stackelberg博弈模型求解零售商和团购网站之间的利润分配问题,得出了零售商和团购网站的最优定价策略.通过算例分析了各因素对零售商和团购网站最优决策及利润的影响,对比分析了传统商业团购与拼团模式,据此给出了相关各方决策建议.     

基于零售商主导型供应链优化的营销产品设计

零售商的供应链管理及运作改善是企业管理领域的一个热点问题.针对中国连锁零售企业的实际情况和存在的问题,建立了一种零售商主导型供应链管理优化模型,设计了一种可以有效提升零售商品销售的营销产品—“销售助手”.模型分析与产品实践表明:商品营销是当前连锁零售商的发展瓶颈,设计一种高性价比的营销产品及策略是改善零供关系等问题的关键,最后讨论了“销售助手”成功应用的一些管理启示.     

基于链与链竞争的零售商线上线下同价O2O销售策略研究

本文从链与链竞争的角度分析了零售商采用线上线下同价的O2O销售策略对所在供应链成员及竞争供应链成员运营和利润的影响。依据两种竞争模式建立链与链竞争的Stackelberg博弈模型,并得到了博弈均衡解。研究结果表明,当单位赶路成本相对电子渠道感知系数大于一定阈值时,理性的零售商将采用线上线下同价的O2O销售策略来增加自身利润。更重要的发现是,此时零售商所在供应链和竞争供应链上的制造商利润也会随之增加,而且当单位赶路成本相对电子渠道感知系数继续增大到另一阈值时,两条链上的所有成员均将受益。但线上线下同价的O2O销售策略会抬高售价,降低消费者剩余。     

供应商两种捆绑销售策略的供应链分析

捆绑销售是供应链中占主导地位的供应商常用的产品销售手段,对供应链有利有弊.现有研究仅仅关注零售商的捆绑销售行为,文章创新性地研究了供应商的捆绑销售策略:纯捆绑销售、混合捆绑销售.研究发现:供应商的捆绑销售行为对供应链有重要影响,其影响效果与捆绑策略有密切关系.相比于单独销售策略,纯捆绑销售对整个供应链是不利的,使供应商零售商利润均下降;混合捆绑销售策略下零售商销售量会明显增加,供应商零售商利润均上升,是一种"双赢"的策略.     

不同主导权下线上零售商定价与O2O渠道策略研究

随着消费水平的提高和消费观念的转变,越来越多的线上零售商引入线下体验渠道,将线下体验与线上零售相结合,以改善消费者购物体验、降低产品退货率.文章针对由一个制造商和一个线上零售商组成的供应链,考虑线上零售商向消费者提供退款保证服务,并引入线下体验渠道为消费者提供线下的产品体验,建立了单渠道策略和020渠道策略下的供应链权力结构博弈模型,研究了退款保证、不同主导权以及体验渠道的引入对供应链均衡和消费者剩余的影响.研究结果表明,退款保证会导致制造商、零售商以及供应链系统利润的损失,消费者也有可能需要为此支付一定的溢价;体验渠道的引入能够有效提升供应双方和供应链系统的利润以及消费者剩余;供应双方不同主导权并不会对供应链系统利润和消费者剩余产生影响,仅导致利润在供应链系统内部的重新分配.     

供应链互补产品广告投入和捆绑销售联合决策研究

以一个制造商和一个零售商的供应链为研究对象,制造商生产两种互补产品,零售商可选择分开或捆绑两种销售策略。考虑互补品的负交叉弹性和广告外部性的特点,构建基于溢出效应的需求模型,运用博弈论的方法,求解零售商采取分开和捆绑两种销售策略时的均衡结果。通过比较不同销售策略下的均衡结果及利润关系,探讨在分散式和集中式两种情况下,零售商的最优广告投入和捆绑销售的联合决策问题。最后,通过数值算例,讨论产品互补程度和广告成本系数对决策结果的影响。研究结果表明,无论是在分散式还是集中式决策下,当产品互补程度较高或广告成本系数低时,分开销售是占优策略而广告费用较高;当产品互补程度较低且广告成本系数高时,捆绑销售是占优策略且广告费用较低。     

基于远期合约的电力市场博弈分析

通过建立零售商与发电厂商之间的远期合约博弈模型,分析在发电和售电分开的电力市场模式下,零售商与发电厂商之间的远期合约在抑制发电厂商寡头垄断方面的作用.研究表明:在零售竞争的市场中,零售商采用激励策略主动与发电厂商签订远期合约,从而实现零售商自身利润最优化的目标,并在一定程度上减少了发电厂商的垄断利润,同时零售商的这种主动策略行为还能促进社会福利最大化的实现.这些分析为今后我国电力市场改革和电力金融衍生产品的创新提供了理论参考.     

考虑零售商销售努力的制造商入侵策略研究

渠道入侵正逐渐成为企业开拓市场,实现多渠道销售的重要策略。在考虑零售商销售努力的前提下,研究了制造商渠道入侵策略。构建了四种Stackelberg博弈模型:不入侵和无销售努力、入侵和无销售努力、不入侵和有销售努力、入侵和有销售努力。研究结果表明,线上直销渠道与线下零售渠道之间的不对称替代水平越高,越不利于制造商入侵;在制造商入侵的情况下,零售商销售努力促使制造商降低批发价格;渠道入侵成本较大且零售商销售努力投资效率高的前提下,销售努力可以有效缓解制造商入侵带来的负面影响;渠道入侵降低了零售商销售努力的动机。     

The value of virtual pooling in dual sales channel supply chains

Recently the most significant growth in online retailing has been attributed to traditional offline retailers extending their brands online. Unfortunately, there is little research addressing the value of better information in retail/e-tail organizations. To fill this gap, this paper examines how investing in the continuous monitoring of online demands and inventory positions can provide economic benefit for companies that handle both in-store and online sales. Specifically, we develop and evaluate two dynamic assignment policies that incorporate real time information to specify which of a firm’s e-fulfillment locations will handle each of its Internet sales. Computational results indicate that investing in dynamic assignment capability can reduce system cost (holding, backorder, and transportation) by as much as 8.2% over the optimal static policy. The percentage of sales occurring online plays a critical role in determining the magnitude of the benefit.     

基于线上评论的生鲜产品供应链定价策略

随着网络购物的普及,线上评论对消费者的购买决策发挥着越来越重要的作用,零售商和制造商可以利用这些评论调整、优化生产流程。本文基于消费者效用理论,构建了由一个零售商和一个制造商组成的生鲜产品供应链定价决策模型,研究了三种决策模式下生鲜产品零售价、利润和保鲜努力水平的差异。研究发现:集中决策下生鲜产品的最优零售价最低、利润最高;随着运输时间增加,保鲜努力水平和新鲜度均呈现下降趋势;当成本分担系数较高时,在成本分担和收益共享的分散决策模式下,保鲜努力最优水平高于集中决策模式下保鲜努力最优水平。     

不同渠道偏好和运营成本下双渠道闭环供应链定价决策研究

本文以消费者对传统零售渠道和网络直销渠道的不同偏好和不同渠道运营成本为基础,研究零售商销售新产品并回收废旧产品、制造商开辟网络直销渠道的双渠道闭环供应链中成员的定价决策问题。建立三种不同市场权力结构下的定价博弈模型,用逆向归纳法得到模型的最优解,并用解析分析和数值分析得到消费者的渠道偏好程度和渠道运营成本对定价决策和利润的影响。研究表明:最优直销价格随网络直销渠道偏好程度的增加而上升,最优零售价格随网络直销渠道偏好程度的增加而下降;网络直销渠道运营成本增加对零售商有利但不利于制造商;传统渠道运营成本的增加对所有成员都不利。     

Inventory competition in a dual-channel supply chain with delivery lead time consideration

Aimed at the inventory competition of perishable products in a dual-channel supply chain with consideration of the delivery lead time in the online direct channel, we extend the Newsvendor model considering stock-out-based consumer switching behavior to include the delivery lead time. We examine the retailer's optimal order quantity decision in the retail channel and the manufacturer's optimal inventory level decision in the online direct channel, explore the manufacturer's optimal delivery lead time decision in the online direct channel, discuss the impact of the product price and consumer switching behavior on the optimal decisions of supply chain members, and compare the optimal decisions between decentralized and centralized scenarios. The results show that, compared with the centralized scenario, at least one of the supply chain members will overstock in the decentralized scenario and that consumers in the online direct channel enjoy a shorter delivery lead time and hence better service in the decentralized scenario. Finally, we present numerical examples to analyze the impact of relevant parameters on the supply chain members’ profits and the supply chain efficiency.     

Retail service for mixed retail and E-tail channels

Together with regular retail channel, a firm can distribute products directly through Internet (referred to as an “e-tail” distribution channel). The competitive edge of the retail channel lies in more value-added services, some of which are unavailable through the e-tail channel. We consider a model mixed with retailing and e-tailing distribution channels where the service level and price decision are made, respectively, ex ante and ex post demand realizations. From the firm’s perspective of managing the two channels, we acquire the optimal decisions and characterize the effects of the demand uncertainty on the firm’s optimal retail service and expected profit. Applying stochastic comparison method, we show the firm’s retail service and profit both increase in the demand mean, and the firm profits from the increase of the convex order of the demand by decreasing his service level. Further, if the coefficient of the demand increases, we characterize that the firm benefits from it. Finally, several numerical studies are presented to gain insights.     

基于预售的生鲜供应链销售模式选择与定价研究

研究预售下由供应商与零售商构成的生鲜供应链的销售模式选择与定价策略,其中包括分散与集中两种销售模式,撇脂与渗透两种定价策略。结果表明,在网络消费者对实体渠道偏好较低时,分散与集中模式均会选择撇脂定价,反之选择渗透定价。撇脂定价下,集中模式中零售商可以通过调节两个渠道的价格占有更大的市场,获取高于分散模式下的利润。而分散模式中,由于两个零售商会存在竞争,因此为了获得竞争优势该模式下的定价会存在低价销售的情形。比较销售模式可知,在网络消费者占比少或占比多但对实体渠道偏好越小时,供应商在分散模式下能获得更高的利润,反之,集中模式对供应商更有利。但是,对零售商而言,分散模式更有利于实体渠道,而集中模式更有利于网络渠道。     

Managing a dual-channel supply chain under price and delivery-time dependent stochastic demand

Several leading manufacturers recently combined the traditional retail channel with a direct online channel to reach a wider range of customers. We examine such a dual-channel supply chain under price and delivery-time dependent stochastic customer demand. We consider five decision variables, the price and order quantity for both the retail and the online channels and the delivery time for the online channel. Uncertainty frequently arises in both retail and online channels and so additional inventory management is required to control shortage or overstock and that has an effect on the optimal order quantity, price, and lead time. We developed mathematical models with the profit maximization motive. We analyze both centralized and decentralized systems for unknown distribution function of the random variables through a distribution-free approach and also for known distribution function. We examine the effect of delivery lead time and customers’ channel preference on the optimal operation. For supply chain coordination a hybrid all-unit quantity discount along a franchise fee contract is used. Moreover, we use the generalized asymmetric Nash bargaining for surplus profit distribution. A numerical example illustrates the findings of the model and the managerial insights are summarized for centralized, decentralized, and coordinated scenarios.     

网络平台零售商自主销售对平台定价策略的影响

网络平台零售商为了应对愈发激烈的市场竞争,获取更高的利润,选择进入零售市场自主销售。本文在制造商和网络平台零售商构成的渠道结构下,研究网络平台零售商进入市场自主销售对渠道成员的利润、销量以及定价策略的影响。结果显示,网络平台零售商自主销售会带来积极的溢出效应。当竞争系数足够大时,(1)渠道成员的利润均会得到提升,且市场竞争越激烈渠道成员的利润提升越显著;(2)网络平台零售商会提高平台费,渠道成员也会制定更高的零售价格。更为重要的是,网络平台零售商自主销售模式下,渠道的总体利润得到提升,存在帕累托改进。     

Impact of artificial intelligence adoption on online returns policies

The shift to e-commerce has led to an astonishing increase in online sales for retailers. However, the number of returns made on online purchases is also increasing and have a profound impact on retailers’ operations and profit. Hence, retailers need to balance between minimizing and allowing product returns. This study examines an offline showroom versus an artificial intelligence (AI) online virtual-reality webroom and how the settings affect customers’ purchase and retailers’ return decisions. A case study is used to illustrate the AI application. Our results show that adopting artificial intelligence helps sellers to make better returns policies, maximize reselling returns, and reduce the risks of leftovers and shortages. Our findings unlock the potential of artificial intelligence applications in retail operations and should interest practitioners and researchers in online retailing, especially those concerned with online returns policies and the consumer personalized service experience.