Steady motion of a rigid disk of finite thickness on a horizontal plane

The article discusses the steady motion of a rigid disk of finite thickness rolling on its edge on a horizontal plane under the influence of gravity. The governing equations are presented and two cases allowing for a steady-state solution are considered: rolling on consistently rough ground and rolling on perfectly smooth ground. The conditions of steady motion are derived for both kinds of ground and it is shown that the possible steady motion of a disk is either on a straight line or in a circle. Oscillations about steady state are discussed and conditions for stable motion established. The bifurcations of steady motions on a smooth surface are also considered.     

Control of separation phenomena in a high-speed flow by means of the surface electric discharge

The results of an experimental and theoretical investigation of the interaction between a surface electric discharge and a supersonic air flow in a constant cross-section channel are given. The features of the generation of the surface discharge in the flow are described. A model of the interaction is proposed. The regime of gasdynamic screening of a mechanical obstacle on the channel wall is investigated. Data on the change in the main flow parameters as a result of the generation of a surface discharge are given. The experimental results are compared with the results of calculations based on a simplified model of the interaction.     

Numerical simulation of motion and deformation of ring bubble along body surface

Numerical simulation for fluid flow over an attached rigid body with a deformable ring bubble is analyzed based on the velocity potential theory together with the boundary element method （BEM）. The analysis is focused on the axisymmetric case. The bubble surface is treated as a well defined air-liquid interface and is tracked by a mixed Eulerian-Lagrangian method. The points of intersection between the bubble and body are treated, specially in the numerical procedure. The auxiliary function method is adopted to calculate the pressure on the body surface and in the flow field. The convergence study is undertaken to assess the developed numerical method and the computation code. Some case studies are undertaken in which the interactions between the bubble/body and the incoming flow field are simulated. The effects of various physical parameters on the interactions are investigated.     

Boundary Element Analysis of Raft Foundations on Piles

The boundary element method is used in the formulation of models for the analysis of raft foundations on piles. Two models are considered: a Kirchhoff plate on a layered elastic half-space and a Kirchhoff plate on a Winkler soil. The plates are modelled using conforming boundary elements and the piles by using linear finite elements. Mindlin's solution is used as influence function within the half-space while Boussinesq's solution, a precursor although a particular case of Mindlin's solution, is used to derive the deflections of the soil surface. The models are used in the analysis of some raft foundations on piles and the results and relative merits are discussed.     

On the effects of non-linear elements in the reliability-based optimal design of stochastic dynamical systems

The aim of the present paper is to study the effects of non-linear devices on the reliability-based optimal design of structural systems subject to stochastic excitation. One-dimensional hysteretic devices are used for modelling the non-linear system behavior while non-stationary filtered white noise processes are utilized to represent the stochastic excitation. The reliability-based optimization problem is formulated as the minimization of the expected cost of the structure for a specified failure probability. Failure is assumed to occur when any one of the output states of interest exceeds in magnitude some specified threshold level within a given time duration. Failure probabilities are approximated locally in terms of the design variables during the optimization process in a parallel computing environment. The approximations are based on a local interpolation scheme and on an efficient simulation technique. Specifically, a subset simulation scheme is adopted and integrated into the proposed optimization process. The local approximations are then used to define a series of explicit approximate optimization problems. A sensitivity analysis is performed at the final design in order to evaluate its robustness with respect to design and system parameters. Numerical examples are presented in order to illustrate the effects of hysteretic devices on the design of two structural systems subject to earthquake excitation. The obtained results indicate that the non-linear devices have a significant effect on the reliability and global performance of the structural systems.     

Numerical modeling of the free rise of an air bubble

The results of a numerical investigation of the dynamics of a single air bubble rising in water are presented. The bubbles, 1, 2.5, 3, 5, 8, and 10 mm in diameter, are considered. An analysis is based on the numerical solution of the complete three-dimensional system of Navier–Stokes equations for a two-phase medium using an implicit approach with the automatic tracking of the gas-water interface by means of separating the volume fractions. Emphasis is placed on an examination of the local physical characteristics of the motion. The calculated mean rise velocities are compared with experimental data. The rising bubble trajectories are shown to be periodic, zigzag or helical in shape, which is due to the variation in their form and the generation of a characteristic turbulent wake behind them. The bubble rise velocities are correlated with the forces acting on the bubbles.     

Drying performance and surface forces of a pair of impinging radial jets

The drying performance and the forces generated by a pair of radial jets impinging on a plane surface are studied experimentally and compared with a pair of in-line (axial) jets. The reattachment rings of the radial jets are visualized by liquid-crystal-thermography. The results of the drying experiments are presented in terms of Sherwoodnumbers. The results of the surface force measurements are presented in terms of force coefficients. The effects of flow exit angle, exit velocity, horizontal nozzle spacing and vertical nozzle to surface distance on mass transfer and net surface force are discussed. Results show that drying performance of a pair of radial jets with an exit angle towards the surface of 10° is 18% higher than that of a pair of in-line jets. The surface force of impinging radial jets depends on the exit angle. A global pressure force on the surface is typical for jets directed towards the surface, while a global lifting force is found when the jet is initially directed away from the surface. Radial jets have a high potential in drying applications for force sensitive products and when high drying rates and/or small suction forces are of interest.     

Effects of the curvature radius of a cylindrical shell on the stress intensity factors of surface cracks

The effects of the curvature radius of a cylindrical shell on stress intensity factors are investigated in circumferential (inner and outer) semielliptical surface cracks in a cylindrical shell. What is new in this paper is to have given: (1) The stress intensity factors for surface cracks in a cylindircal shell are determined by photoelastic technique. (2) By a special method photoelastic slices are handled for obtaining a clear caustic curve, and the stress intensity factors for surface cracks in a cylindrical shell are determined by the caustic method. (3) An approximate equation of curvature correction factor F_c is proposed. (4) Effects of the curvature radius R of a cylindrical shell on the stress intensity factors of surface cracks are obtained. The results of this paper are in fair agreement with already existing analytical results. The approximate equation of curvature correction factor F_c can be widely used for engineering purposes.     

长杆弹对混凝土的侵爆效应

对适用于长杆弹在混凝土介质中侵彻和爆炸全过程的三维数值模拟方法和技术进行了研究。描述了进行相应数值模拟的有关方法和关键技术。确定了靶体C30混凝土材料所使用的本构模型及其相应的参数。对卵形头长杆弹在C30混凝土中侵彻到一定深度再爆炸的全物理过程进行了三维数值模拟,分别给出了C30混凝土靶体在侵彻和爆炸作用下的破坏效应图像。将侵彻计算图像与实验结果进行了比较,两者定性符合。     

Controlling the near vortex wake of a swept half-wing by means of mini-flaps

The effect of mini-flaps on the flow pattern in the near vortex wake behind a model swept half-wing is investigated. The distributions of the time-average flow velocity were measured in a subsonic wind tunnel, in a section normal to the freestream velocity vector located at a distance of 3.8 wing half-spans from its trailing edge. When mini-flaps are mounted on both upper and lower wing surfaces, two vortices (tip and auxiliary) of the same sign are observable in the above-mentioned flow section; they are separated by an extended region of vorticity of the opposite sign. The model angle-of-attack effect on the intensities of the tip and auxiliary vortices is estimated.     

Analysis of thermo-mechanical behaviour of a crack using XFEM for Leak-before-Break assessments

The stresses near a crack which has a fluid escaping through it are presented in this paper. The pressure and heat flux, due to the fluid acting on the crack walls, are imposed as boundary conditions in a new finite element tool which has been developed specifically for Leak-before-Break. This special tool uses the extended finite element method to include information about the problem on a sub element level. It is shown to be as accurate as standard finite element models which use very refined meshes, but having the added benefit of being much quicker to implement, and vastly reducing postprocessing. This means that leak rates can be investigated more efficiently. The model is thermo-elastic, and plasticity is accounted for by a correction to the crack opening displacement based on the R6 method. Both crack opening area and peak stresses are shown to decrease when the walls of the crack are hotter than the background plate temperature. The consequences of this for Leak-before-Break assessments are discussed in the paper.     

Investigation of the mechanisms of the onset of instability in weakly conduction media in electric fields

The initial stable state (of rest or laminar flow) of a weakly-conducting viscous multicomponent fluid in a plane channel, whose walls are electrodes with electrochemical properties varied in the process of investigation, are considered. The conventional electrohydrodynamic models of a medium with one or two charged particle components, whose concentrations are low compared with that of the neutral particles of the carrying fluid, are used. The time-dependent two-dimensional problem of the formation of the medium structure in the inter-electrode space after the voltage from the electrodes has been turned on is numerically solved. The obtained distributions of the Coulomb forces acting on the medium make it possible to develop several possible scenarios of the disturbance development, similar with those known in fluid dynamics. The realization of any of these scenarios considerably depends on the conditions at the electrode surfaces.     

Mechanics of physisorption on elastomer surface

Mechanical aspects of physisorption on elastomeric substrates are studied via a continuum model in combination with the Lennard-Jones potential. In light of the incompressibility of elastomers, it is shown that the presence of a zero-dimensional adsorbate gives rise to a distributed force on the surface of the substrate. The induced surface deformation is determined, and the adsorption force and energy which depend on the substrate stiffness are derived. The results are then used to examine mutual interaction between two like adsorbates with small spacing, showing complicated attraction and repulsion arising from elastic deformation of the substrate. The dipole and quadruple moments of an adsorbate are also calculated, and the multipole approximation is adopted to quantify the interaction when the two adsorbates are separated remotely.     

Analytical computation of aerodynamic characteristics of bodies of revolution under locality law conditions

An analytical method of computing the aerodynamic forces acting on a convex body of revolution whose motion satisfies locality law conditions. i.e., the force pulse acting on a surface element depends only on the flow mode and the local angle between the velocity and the normal to the surface, is elucidated. The solution is represented in a form where the influence of the parameters characterizing the shape of the streamlined body, the angle of attack, and the flow mode are explicitly extracted. Universal expressions are obtained for a number of coefficients, which are valid for any body of revolution. The aerodynamic characteristics of a four-parameter family of bodies of revolution in the hypersonic-flow mode are computed in a gas with a different degree of rarefaction.     

本征正交分解技术在屋盖风压场重建与预测中的应用

给出利用本征正交分解(POD)对屋盖风压场进行重建和预测的研究结果.对一个双坡屋盖用同步多点压力扫描系统进行了风洞试验,根据POD技术采用前若干阶本征模态重建屋盖风压场.采用两种方案预测未布置测压点位置的风压时间序列.第一种方案中利用插值技术获得没有测压点位置的本征模态值.第二种方案对参考屋盖和需预测的新屋盖分别进行试验,结合由参考屋盖试验萃取的本征模态和由新屋盖试验的风压数据计算的主坐标,预测出新屋盖未知区域的风压时间序列.文中对风压场重建和预测的效果作了分析,而且比较了根据测量的风压数据和预测的风压数据所计算的屋盖风致响应.     

Numerical modeling of mesoscale atmospheric impurity transport processes in the environs of the city of Kirov

A new quasi-two-dimensional model of impurity propagation from a man-made source is devised on the basis of a three-dimensional model of hydrothermodynamics of mesoscale processes in the lower atmosphere with account for the thermal nonuniformity of the underlying surface in the environs of a large industrial city. The boundary conditions and the model coefficients are determined using the parametrization method. The results of numerical calculations are presented. The calculations are performed using parallelized algorithms on a cluster supercomputer of the Vyatka State University. They show that, due to the action of an inhomogeneous horizontal temperature gradient in the lower atmosphere, vortex flows can be formed above populated areas. The disturbed wind flow has a considerable effect on the impurity propagation pattern in the neighborhood of the sources.     

Nonstationary ideal incompressible fluid flows: Conditions of existence and uniqueness of solutions

The problem of formulating minimal conditions on input data that can guarantee the existence and uniqueness of solutions of the boundary value problems describing non-one-dimensional ideal incompressible fluid flow is considered using as an example the initial boundary value problem in a space-time cylinder constructed on a bounded flow domain with the nonpenetration condition on its boundary (which corresponds to fluid flow in a closed vessel). The existence problems are considered only for plane flows, and the uniqueness issues for three-dimensional flows as well. The required conditions are obtained in the form of conditions specifying that the vorticity belongs to definite functional Orlicz spaces. The results are compared with well-known results. Examples are given of admissible types of singularities for which the obtained results are valid, which is a physical interpretation of these results. __________ Translated from Prikladnaya Mekhanika i Tekhnicheskaya Fizika, Vol. 49, No. 4, pp. 130–145, July–August, 2008.     

Free Vibrations of Cylindrical Shells with Non-Axisymmetric Mass Distribution on Elastic Bed

The free vibrations of circular cylindrical shells partiallyloaded by a distributed mass and rested on an elastic bed are studied in this paper. Both the mass-load and the elastic bed are assumed to be applied on limited arcs and with arbitrary distributions in circumferential direction,while they are considered to be uniformly distributed in longitudinaldirection on the entire shell length. Therefore, the problem is notaxisymmetric. The solution is obtained by using the development of theflexural mode shapes in a Fourier series, whose coefficients are determinedby rendering the Rayleigh quotient stationary, so a Galerkin equation isobtained. The proposed method is independent of the boundary conditionsat the shell ends. The results are satisfactorily compared to FEM results.Finally, the influence of the mass-load and of the bed stiffness on thenatural frequencies and mode shapes of a simply supported shell is shownand discussed.     

Parameter estimation of fixed-distance joints

Summary This paper presents some results on the parameter estimation of a fixed-distance joint. Such joints are of interest in various fields of applied mechanics such as mechanisms, vehicle and human body dynamics. The corresponding geometrical parameters are positions of the points of connected bodies, which are kept at constant distance during the movement. The problem is solved using kinematical information on a certain number of points belonging to the connected bodies. The conditioning problem, and, consequently, the accuracy of the results, depends on the relative movement of the bodies and also on possible a priori information. The case of planar motion is investigated in more detail; a numerical example is provided and discussed. Received 14 January 1998; accepted for publication 12 March 1999