Structural,dielectric and magnetic properties of cobalt based spinel ferrites

CoYb_xFe_2-xO₄ (x = 0.00, 0.025, 0.05, 0.075, 0.10) spinel ferrites were synthesized by co-precipitation technique. Structural, dielectric and magnetic properties were measured. X-ray diffraction analysis showed that all the prepared spinel ferrites possessed cubic spinel structure. Dielectric constant, AC conductivity and dielectric loss decreased with the addition of rare earth ions. The impedance analysis explained the role of grains and grain boundaries with in prepared samples. Cole-Cole plots helped to measure the values of grains and grain boundary's resistance. The magnetic properties proved the soft nature of these ferrites. Saturation magnetization and remanence decreased while coercivity was enhanced with the addition of ytterbium concentration. All these parameters suggested that these prepared samples might be suitable for high frequency applications.     

Structural and magnetic properties of holmium substituted cobalt ferrites synthesized by chemical co-precipitation method

CoHo_xFe_2−xO₄ ferrites (x=0.00–0.1) were prepared by the co-precipitation technique and the effect of holmium substitution on the magnetic properties was investigated. X-ray diffraction reveals that the substituted samples show a second phase of HoFeO₃ along with the spinel phase. The magnetic properties such as the saturation magnetization (M_s), coercivity (H_c) and remanence (M_r) are obtained from the hysteresis loops. It is observed that the M_s decreases while H_c increases with Ho³⁺ substitution. The decrease of saturation magnetization is attributed to the weakening of exchange interactions. The coercivity increases with increase of the Ho³⁺ concentration, which is attributed to the presence of an ultra-thin layer at the grain boundaries that impedes the domain wall motion. Low field AC susceptibility was also measured over the temperature range 300–600 K at the frequency of 200 Hz. It decreases with the increase of temperature following the Curie–Weiss law up to the Curie temperature. Above the Curie temperature it shows paramagnetic behavior. The increase in coercivity suggests that the material can be used for applications in perpendicular recording media.     

Structural and magnetic properties of cadmium substituted Ni-Al ferrites

Nickel Cadmium Aluminum Ferrites with the general formula Ni_1−xCd_xAl_0.6Fe_1.4O₄ where x=0, 0.25, 0.50 and 0.75 were prepared through standard double sintering reaction method. The crystallography, surface morphology and magnetic properties were studied by X-ray diffractometer (XRD), Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) and Vibrating Sample Magnetometer (VSM), respectively. The expected single phase spinel structure was confirmed by XRD analysis. Lattice parameter and X-ray density were increased monotonically by increasing Cd concentration due to the larger ionic radii of the cadmium ion. Surface topography of the samples consists of fine cubical shape microstructures. The average grain size increased with increase in cadmium concentration. The saturation magnetization was found to be increased with increase in cadmium content up to x=0.50 and then decreased with further increasing cadmium concentration for x=0.75.     

The role of Mg substitution on the microstructure and magnetic properties of Ba Co Zn W-type hexagonal ferrites

A series of W-type hexagonal ferrites with the composition BaCoZn_1−xMg_xFe₁₆O₂₇ (0?x?0.6) were prepared by the conventional ceramic method to study their structural and magnetic properties as a function of temperature and composition. The characterization using X-ray diffraction indicated that a hexagonal W-type single-phase structure and the effect of composition on the unit cell parameters, density and porosity was studied. The variation of the magnetic susceptibility (χ_M) with temperature for all the investigated samples in the temperature range (300–800 K) shows three regions of behavior that was explained on the basis of the distribution of Zn²⁺ and Mg²⁺ ions in the lattice and leads to the anomalous behavior of the effective magnetic moment μ_eff. The Curie temperature indicated that the critical concentration is at x=0.5. Paramagnetic nature of the samples above the Curie temperature is observed. The Curie Weiss constant θ calculated from the plot of 1/χ_M vs. T (K) is in agreement with the expected value. The effective magnetic moment μ_eff decreases with increasing the intensity of magnetic field. The possible mechanisms contributing to these properties are discussed in the text.     

Preparation and magnetic properties of barium ferrites substituted with manganese, cobalt, and tin

Barium ferrites substituted by Mn-Sn, Co-Sn, and Mn-Co-Sn with general formulae BaFe_12−2xMn_xSn_xO₁₉ (x=0.2-1.0), BaFe_12−2xCo_xSn_xO₁₉ (x=0.2-0.8), and BaFe_12−2xCo_x/2Mn_x/2Sn_xO₁₉ (x=0.1-0.6), respectively, have been prepared by a previously reported co-precipitation method. The efficiency of the method was refined by lowering the reaction temperature and shortening the required reaction time, due to which crystallinity improved and the value of saturated magnetization increased as well. Low coercivity temperature coefficients, which are adjustable by doping, were achieved by Mn-Sn and Mn-Co-Sn doping. Synthesis efficiency and the effect of doping are discussed taking into account accumulated data concerning the synthesis and crystal structure of ferrites.     

Impact of zinc substitution on the structural and magnetic properties of chemically derived nanosized manganese zinc mixed ferrites

Mn_1−xZn_xFe₂O₄ nanoparticles (x=0-1) were synthesized by wet chemical co-precipitation techniques. X-ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy were effectively utilized to investigate the different structural parameters. The elemental analysis was conducted using energy-dispersive spectrum and inductively coupled plasma analysis. The magnetic properties such as magnetization and coercivity were measured using vibrating sample magnetometer. The observed magnetization values of the nanoparticles were found to be lower compared to the bulk counterpart. The magnetization showed a gradual decrease with zinc substitution except for a small increase from x=0.2 to 0.3. The Curie temperature was found to be enhanced in the case of ferrites in the nanoregime. The variation in lattice constant, reduced magnetization values, variation of magnetization with zinc substitution, the presence of a net magnetic moment for the zinc ferrite and the enhancement in Curie temperature in Mn_1−xZn_xFe₂O₄ all provide evidence to the existence of a metastable cation distribution together with possible surface effects at the nanoregime.     

Composition and magnetic studies of ultrafine Al-substituted Sr hexaferrite particles prepared by citrate sol-gel method

Ultrafine aluminum-substituted strontium hexaferrite particles have been prepared via citrate sol-gel route. Gels were synthesized with molar ratios [Al³⁺]:[Fe³⁺] of 0.4:11.6, 1:11, 1.5:10.5 and 2:10 and the ferrite particles were obtained by annealing the gels at 950 °C for 2 and 24 h. Electron energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) verified the presence of Al in the substituted samples. X-ray diffraction (XRD) confirmed the formation of the M-type hexaferrite phase in the samples with some indication of α-Fe₂O₃. Scanning electron microscope showed that the hexaferrite powder consists hexagonal crystals with average diameter D_av (80-186 nm) that decreases with increasing Al content and increases with increasing annealing time. Magnetic properties were determined using a pulsed-field magnetometer and a vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM). The saturation magnetization at room temperature and the Curie temperature were found to decrease while the coercivity increases with increasing the Al content. The highest coercivity of 10.1 kOe was achieved for the sample with the molar ratio [Al³⁺]:[Fe³⁺]=2:10 annealed for 24 h. The influences of the particle size, composition and impurity on the magnetic properties were discussed.     

Magnetic properties of Sm–Co–B-based nanocomposite magnets

The magnetic properties of nanocomposite melt-spun magnets with composition Sm_16−xCo_68+xB₁₆ (x=0–10, 2 at% interval) and Sm₈Co_92−yB_y (y=10–18, 2 at% interval) have been studied systematically. Several ribbons were fabricated with a wheel speed of 50 m/s, followed by annealing in the temperature range of 700–800°C for 2.5–40 min. XRD results and magnetization versus temperature curves showed that almost all of the samples were composed of the tetragonal Sm₂Co₁₄B and rhombohedral SmCo₁₂B₆ phases which are not magnetically hard at room temperature. However, a relatively high coercivity in the range of 3.5–5.5 kOe has been obtained in these samples. The highest coercivity of 5.5 kOe and a very promising β value of −0.28%/°C were obtained in Sm₈Co₇₄B₁₈ ribbons annealed at 750°C for 5 min. The high coercivities are attributed to the small grain size of the 2 : 14 : 1 phase, in which the large surface areas enhance its effective anisotropy, and make it uniaxial type.     

Structural analysis, magnetic and electrical properties of samarium substituted lithium-nickel mixed ferrites

A series of Sm-doped Li-Ni ferrites with formula of (Li_0.5Fe_0.5)_0.4Ni_0.6Sm_yFe_2−yO₄, where 0.0≤y≤0.1 were prepared by double sintering ceramic technique. The structure was characterized by X-ray diffraction, which has confirmed the formation of single-phase spinel structure. The samarium concentration dependence of lattice parameters obeys Vegard's law. The octahedral site radii increased with Sm content while the tetrahedral site radii decreased. Deviation from the ideal crystal structure (Δ) is found to decrease with Sm substitution, and the hopping length on the octahedral site is found to increase with Sm content. Hall measurement confirmed p-type conductivity behavior for Sm-doped ferrite and the main charge transport mechanism is hopping of halls between Ni²⁺ and Ni³⁺. Sintering at 1300 °C resulted in low resistivity ferrite, which was found to increase with Sm content. Resistivity is governed by both charge carrier mobility and carrier concentration. It decreases with frequency, and this behavior with frequency is discussed according to Koop's theorem. The dielectric constant is found to decrease more rapidly at low frequencies than at higher frequencies while the dielectric constant increases with Sm content. The decrease in ε″ with frequency agrees with Deby's type relaxation process. Maximum in ε″ is observed when the hopping frequency is equal to the external electric field frequency. The variation in tan δ with frequency shows a similar nature to that of ε″ with frequency. The magnetization under applied magnetic field for the samples exhibits a clear hysteretic behavior. The scanning electron microscope (SEM) studies showed that the domain walls may tend to be trapped (pinned) by non-magnetic inclusions, precipitates and voids. The saturation magnetization (M_S) increases with the sintering temperature, while the coercivity (H_Ci) is found to decrease.     

Microstructure and magnetic properties of Sn-substituted MnZn ferrites

Sn-substituted MnZn ferrites were prepared by conventional oxide ceramic process. The influences of Sn substitution on microstructure and magnetic properties of MnZn ferrites were investigated. The results indicated that with increase of Sn substitute concentration, the diffraction peaks shifted slightly towards the lower angles and the lattice parameter (a) increased. And at room temperature, the bulk density (d_m), initial permeability (μ_i), saturation magnetic induction (B_s) and electrical resistivity (ρ) of Sn-substituted MnZn ferrites all increased initially and then decreased with the further increase of Sn substitute concentration, while the power losses decreased first and then increased subsequently. Meanwhile, the temperature of secondary maximum peak of μ_i-T curve and the minimum losses moved to lower temperature while the Sn substitute concentration increased. When the content of Sn substitution was 0.3 mol%, at room temperature, the initial permeability, saturation magnetic induction, density and electrical resistivity reached their maxima, while the hysteresis loss (P_h), eddy current loss (P_e) and total losses (P_cv) achieved their minima. The P_h∼T and μ_i-T curves varied contrarily, and due to the contribution of extra eddy current loss (P_e,exc) that was proportional to P_h, the P_e-T curve did not agree with its classical expression. Finally, MnZn ferrite substituted with 0.3 mol% SnO₂ shows the highest initial permeability (3894) and lowest losses (303 kW/m³) at room temperature.     

稀土元素La掺杂BaFe12O19微结构和磁性能的研究术

用固相法制备了镧掺杂M型钡铁氧体（Ba1--xLaxFel2O19,x=0．0-0．6）,针对不同取代量与不同温度的烧结,研究取代量和温度对钡铁氧体微结构和磁性能的影响．在烧结温度为1100-1175℃,当X=0．0-0．6时,样品主要有单一的六角M型钡铁氧体相构成．SEM表明,La离子的加入不会影响钡铁氧体微观形貌．在磁性能方面,随着La离子的增加,钡铁氧体的饱和磁化强度先增加后减小,矫顽力逐渐增加．在同一取代量下,钡铁氧体的饱和磁化强度随烧结温度升高呈现上升趋势,矫顽力随着烧结温度的升高而降低．饱和磁化强度在x=0．2,烧结温度1175℃时达到最大值62．8emu／g,矫顽力在x=0．6,烧结温度1125℃时达到最大值3911．5Oe．     

Effect of domain transformation on the magnetic properties of CuxNi1−xFe2O4 ferrites

We report the effect of crossover from multi- to single-domain particles on the magnetic properties of Cu_xNi_1−xFe₂O₄ (x=0 and 0.5) oxides due to grain size reduction to nanometer scale. The Mössbauer spectra for milled nanosized powder show a combination of ordered and super-paramagnetic behavior. The coercive field (H_C) is found to increase with reduction in grain size (G) according to the equation H_C=a_m+b_m/G for multi-domain particles. For single-domain particles H_C decreases with G according to H_C=a_s−b_s/G².     

Elastic,impedance spectroscopic and dielectric properties of TiO2 doped nanocrystalline NiCuZn spinel ferrites

ABSTRACT

Nanocrystalline Ni_0.4Cu_0.3Zn_0.3Fe₂O₄ ferrites doped with TiO₂ (0–10?wt %) were prepared by the sol-gel method. Elastic properties of synthesized samples were studied with the help of ultrasonic pulse transmission method. The elastic constants initially increase with an increase in TiO₂ up to 1?wt % and then decline. LCR-Q meter was used to study the dielectric properties within 50?Hz to 5?MHz range of the frequency. The dielectric constant (?′) and dielectric loss tangents were decreased continuously with increased frequency for all the selected samples at room temperature revealing normal dielectric behavior of ferrites. Also, the AC conductivity was increased with an increase in the frequency for all the selected samples. Cole-Cole plots were obtained for all investigated samples and showed single semicircle which indicates that the electrical conduction process appears only due to grain boundaries.     

Structural and some magnetic properties of manganese-substituted lithium ferrites

The structural and magnetic properties of Mn-substituted lithium ferrites having the general formula Li_0.5−0.5xMn_xFe_2.5−0.5xO₄ (where x=0.0–1.0) prepared by the standard ceramic technique have been studied. Single phase cubic structure is confirmed by X-ray diffractometer. This result demonstrates that the samples are homogeneous, and the sharp peaks reveal that the samples are in crystalline form. The lattice parameter ‘a’ and average grain diameter ‘D’ increase with increasing Mn²⁺ ion substitution. The saturation magnetization and the experimental magnetic moment are found to increase with manganese up to x=0.5 and then tends to decrease for x>0.5. The increase in magnetic moment with manganese is attributed to Neel's two sublattice model according to which the magnetic moment is the vector sum of lattice magnetic moment. The decrease in magnetization for x>0.5 obeys the Yafet–Kittel (Y–K) model. The increase in Y–K angles for x≥0.5 indicates the increased favor for triangle spin arrangements on B-sites. This suggests the existence of canted spin structure in the ferrite system with higher content of Mn. Hystersis loops were measured. The initial permeability μ_i was measured as a function of temperature.     

尖晶石铁氧体TixNi1-xFe2O4中阳离子分布和Ti离子磁矩的实验研究

采用固相反应法制备了系列样品Ti_xNi_1-xFe₂O₄ (x=0.0, 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4). 室温下的X射线衍射谱表明样品全部为(A)[B]₂O₄型单相立方尖晶石结构, 属于空间群Fd3m. 样品的晶格常数随Ti掺杂量的增加而增大. 样品在10 K温度下的比饱和磁化强度σ_S随着Ti掺杂量x的增加逐渐减小. 研究发现, 当Ti掺杂量x≥ 0.2时, 磁化强度σ随温度T的变化曲线出现两个转变温度T_L和T_N. 当温度低于T_N时, 磁化强度明显减小; 当温度达到T_N时, dσ/dT具有最大值. σ-T曲线的这些特征表明, 由于Ti掺杂在样品中出现了附加的反铁磁结构. 这说明样品中的Ti离子不是无磁性的+4价离子, 而是以+2和+3价态存在, 其离子磁矩的方向与Fe和Ni离子的磁矩方向相反. 利用本课题组提出的量子力学方势垒模型拟合样品在10 K温度下的磁矩, 得到了Ti, Fe和Ni三种阳离子在(A)位和[B]位的分布情况, 并发现在所有掺杂样品中, 80%的Ti离子以+2价态占据尖晶石结构的[B]位.     

Synthesis and magnetic properties of Li-Mn-Zn spinel oxides

LiMn_2−XZn_XO₄ (X<0.5) compounds were prepared by sol-gel method. The specimens with a large substitution degree (X>0.2) led to symmetry reduction from Fdm to P2₁3 in the spinel oxide, while those with a small substitution degree (X<0.1) had Fdm cubic symmetry. The Zn²⁺-substitution led to the enhancement of the low-temperature magnetic susceptibility and a shift in the Weiss constant from negative to positive, indicating that the dominant exchange interaction changed from antiferromagnetic to ferromagnetic. For the compounds with X=0.5, the spontaneous magnetization was 4.48μ_B and the Curie temperature was approximately 21 K. The experimentally obtained magnetization value was close to the value calculated under the assumption that the spins of the Mn⁴⁺ ions were aligned in ferromagnetic form. In addition, the magnetic properties of Li-Mn-Zn spinel oxides were briefly discussed, and compared with those of Li-Mn-M (M=Ni, Mg) spinel oxides.     

Microwave-absorbing properties of NiCoZn spinel ferrites

In this paper, the microwave-absorbing properties of (Ni_1−x−yCo_xZn_y)Fe₂O₄ spinel ferrites have been investigated within the frequency range of 0.5–14 GHz. There are two kinds of resonance peaks observed in the permeability spectra: domain-wall resonances at lower frequency and spin-rotation resonances at higher frequency. The reflection loss (RL) calculations show that the prepared NiCoZn spinel ferrites are good electromagnetic (EM) wave absorbers in microwave range. In terms of the absorbing frequency band (AFB) and the matching thickness (t_m), (Ni_0.407Co_0.207Zn_0.386)Fe₂O₄ shows the best performances: t_m=3.15 mm and the AFB is 8.64–11.2 GHz. Decreasing the weight ratio of NiCoZn ferrites in ferrites/wax composites, the matching thickness decreases and the AFB shifts to higher frequencies. Compared with the absorbers with single-layer ferrites, the absorbers with double-layers ferrites have better absorbing performances, such as a thinner matching thickness and a wider EM wave AFB.     

Investigation of magnetic properties of Al substituted nickel ferrite nanopowders, synthesized by the sol-gel method

NiFe_2−xAl_xO₄ nanopowders, where x is from 0 to 1.5 with a step of 0.5, have been synthesized by the sol-gel method and the effect of non-magnetic aluminum content on their structural and magnetic properties were investigated. The X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns revealed that the synthesized nanopowders are single phase with a spinel structure. Mean crystallite sizes of the samples were calculated by Scherrer's formula and were in the range 20-31 nm. The morphology of the nanopowders was investigated by TEM and the mean particle sizes of the samples were in the range 55-80 nm. Magnetic hysteresis loops were recorded at room temperature in a maximum applied field of 3000 Oe. The results show that by increasing the aluminum content, the magnetizations of the nanopowders are decreased. This reduction is caused by non-magnetic Al³⁺ ions, which by their substitutions the super exchange interactions between different sites will be reduced. It is also seen that the magnetizations of the nanopowders are lower than those related to their bulk counterparts. This reduction was found to be as a consequence of surface spin disorder. M-T curves of the samples were obtained using a Faraday balance and by which the Curie temperatures of the powders were determined. The results that are obtained show that the Curie temperatures of the nanopowders are higher than those of their bulk counterparts.