三维重建的格雷码-相移光编码技术研究

提出一种基于格雷码-相移的组合光编码技术, 以格雷码技术自身的误差不累加性优点保证了光编解码的稳健性, 针对格雷码对视场解析的有限性缺陷, 提出将格雷码部分作为编码的整数部分, 综合使用相移编码作为小数部分, 实现了视场空间的无级细分, 提高了编码的分辨率, 对编码技术中常见的两种错误, 使用提出的编码校正算法有效的减少了编码错误及重建误差的产生。试验结果表明这种光信号编码方法在三维测量中的有很高的稳健性。     

基于二进制条纹加相位编码条纹离焦投影的三维测量方法

复杂表面的精密三维测量在工业无损检测中非常重要。二进制条纹离焦投影方法在快速三维测量中有重要的应用前景,但该方法难以实现复杂表面高精度三维测量。为此,提出了基于二进制条纹加相位编码条纹离焦投影的三维测量方法。由于离焦投影滤除了高次谐波和高频噪声,可以克服投影仪的非线性伽马效应,与传统投影正弦条纹方法相比,提高了其测量精度。针对离焦投影时,随着相位编码条纹频率增大,条纹级次判决困难,出现周期错位,导致相位解包裹出错,提出了相移编码方法来解决以上问题。采用相移编码方法校正周期错位,使条纹级次判决准确,进一步提高其测量精度。实验结果表明,其测量精度可以达到0.044 mm,验证了本方法的有效性和实用性。     

基于互补型光栅编码的相位展开

为了解决在运用相移技术和二元光栅编码结构光进行相位展丌时存在的误码问题,提出了一种新的互补型二元光栅编码.通过多投一幅格雷码图案,并利用格雷码相邻码字之间Hamming距离为1的特点,没计出互补的两种编解码方式.利用两种编码出现误码位置的不同,并结合相移技术解决了去包裹过程中的误码问题.论述了互补型二元光栅编码的设计方法及特点,并详细分析了基于互补型二元光栅编码的相位展开过程.计算机模拟和三维重建实验清楚地表明,提出的互补型光栅编码能很好地解决了误码问题且具有很高的可靠性.     

结构光测量中获取高精度相位的新方法

随着制造技术的快速发展．三维光学测量技术也得到迅速的发展,利用双目CCD(电耦合插件)摄像机记录的光栅投影测量技术是一种新型的光学测量方法。在该方法的测量过程中,通过测量相位值取得测量空间。为了获得连续的高精度测量相位值．提出一种结合了格雷(Gray)编码并能够优化相位精度的相移方法,该方法通过投影相位传递函数来优化测量相位值。为了消除光栅投影图像中非正弦、周期变化和其他干扰因素的影响,给出投影光栅一种新的光强函数,利用这个光强函数能够进一步提高投影光栅测量相位精度。最终,通过插值测量相位精度能达到亚像素级．     

用于三维测量的快速相位解包裹算法

减少条纹投影轮廓术的条纹图数量一直是本领域的研究热点。传统的时间相位解包裹算法,一般需要额外的条纹信息来确定条纹级次,导致条纹图数量过多。提出一种用于三维测量的快速相位解包裹算法,只需要N步标准相移正弦条纹图,就可以完成绝对相位的计算。首先,利用标准相移算法计算包裹相位和消除背景的掩膜;然后,直接利用包裹相位和掩膜,根据连通域标记算法计算条纹级次,进而求得绝对相位。该方法最少只需3幅条纹图,就可以完成三维测量,数据处理速度快。计算机仿真和实验结果验证了该方法的有效性和鲁棒性。     

一种实现单步相移无透镜傅里叶同轴数字全息的倒频谱技术

在数字全息技术中无透镜傅里叶同轴数字全息具有高分辨,再现速度快等优点,因此有着广泛的应用前景,但它也存在再现像与直透光场及其共轭像重叠,较难分离的缺点。针对这一问题,在分析了无透镜傅里叶同轴数字全息图记录和再现原理的基础上,提出了单步相移倒频谱技术,并在理论上分析了该技术对分离出清晰再现像的可能性和该技术适用的关键条件。通过仿真实验进行了验证,结果表明:单步相移倒频谱技术能够较好地解决无透镜傅里叶同轴数字全息技术中再现像与直透光场及其共轭像重合这一困难,得到清晰的再现像;同时给出了实际实验中单步相移倒频谱技术能够适用的条件参数,这为后面的进一步实验提供了参考依据。     

菲索干涉仪中精确移相的实现

为了实现移相式菲索干涉仪对光学元件面形的高精度测量,建立了干涉仪同步采集移相系统,并对精确移相方法进行了研究。介绍了移相系统的构成和工作原理,计算了测量过程中移相器的速度。针对PZT移相器在移相过程中会引入离焦误差,并存在加速段和减速段的问题,详细设计了移相器的行进过程。最后,对移相器的性能进行了标定。在改造后的干涉仪上开展了重复性验证实验,结果表明：干涉仪可以获得λ/11 340的RMS测量重复性。对改造后干涉仪与Zygo公司生产的Verifire XP/D干涉仪的测量精度做了比对实验,结果显示：相同元件下两者测量结果的面形RMS之差约为0.9 nm,表明提出的移相系统及移相方法在重复性和准确度方面都能满足纳米级面形测量的要求,为研制高精度移相干涉仪奠定了基础。     

Error compensation in two-step triangular-pattern phase-shifting profilometry

This paper presents an analysis of error compensation using a newly modified two-step triangular-pattern phase-shifting measurement method, developed to reduce periodic measurement errors due to gamma nonlinearity and defocus of the projector and camera. Experimental analysis revealed that a trade-off is necessary in choosing a higher minimum projector input intensity to use the more linear region of input-to-output intensity mapping, and a lower minimum input intensity for greater dynamic range of input intensity. The modified two-step triangular-pattern phase-shifting method performs two-step triangular-pattern phase-shifting twice, the second time with an initial phase offset of one-eighth of the pitch, and generates the three-dimensional object height distribution by averaging the two obtained object-height distributions. The modified two-step triangular-pattern phase-shifting method consistently had higher measurement accuracy than the unmodified method. Errors were reduced by 23.4% at the midrange of depth using an input intensity value of 40, which yielded the highest measurement accuracy and up to 64% and 54% at small and large depths, respectively.     

一种新的快速解相位方法

提出了一种快速可靠的4步相移编码-解相位算法。通过对中心条纹的光强进行摄动,将编码信息加入到基本相移光栅中,使4幅基本相移图不但包含了相位场主值信息,还包含了解相位所需的编码信息。建立了摄动度函数描述相移图的摄动信息进而得到编码信息,解出完整的相位值。对摄动度函数的误差和噪声进行分析,提出方向滤波方法来消除噪声,极大地减少了编码信息的误判情况。仿真和实验证实了本算法的可行性。与传统相移法相比,解相位的速度和可靠性得到明显的提高。     

相移相位测量的全息再现算法及测量误差分析

用全息原理和方法研究相移相位测量,得到了N步整周期相移再现物光波复振幅同步叠加函数(N步相移函数),同时提出一种新的相移相位测量误差分析和最大误差估计方法。N步相移干涉图是以理想平行光为参考光的无衍射同轴全息图,将其与对应的相移参考光相乘后求和得到N步相移函数;在理想情况下,这是一种复振幅分离、测量和物光波复振幅函数同步叠加方法,存在误差时计算出的相位是最小二乘方法的最佳期望结果。利用N步相移函数得到的N 1步相移函数,说明非理想N步相移函数是理想N步相移函数与误差函数之和,可以把相位型误差转化为与振幅和强度相对误差同等的误差来对待,降低了相位测量中误差估计的难度,给出了N步相移算法最大误差的估计方法和公式。     

On-line phase measuring profilometry based on phase matching

On-line phase measuring profilometry based on phase matching is proposed. While just one fixed sinusoidal fringe is projected on a measured object moving with the pipeline, deformed patterns modulated by the object moving at the same distance moment are captured synchronously by the CCD camera. The phase information of the object in those captured deformed patterns can be predicted using FTP method to assist the pixel matching so as to realize the point-to-point correspondence of the object in the captured deformed patterns. Meanwhile, the equivalent phase-shifting deformed patterns can be extracted. So the three dimensional shape of the object can be reconstructed successfully with an equal phase-shifting algorithm. Numerical simulation and experiments show feasibility and validity of the proposed method.     

A fast and accurate gamma correction based on Fourier spectrum analysis for digital fringe projection profilometry

In digital fringe projection profilometry, the gamma effect of the used electronic devices seriously affects the accuracy of three-dimensional (3D) topography measurements. Previous gamma correction methods do not take full advantage of the Fourier spectrum of the captured spatial-carrier phase-shifting fringe patterns. Hence, dozens of phase-shifting fringe patterns are required to carry out gamma pre-calibration. In this paper, a fast and accurate gamma correction technique based on a Fourier spectrum analysis is proposed. Only two spatial-carrier fringe patterns with different pre-encoded gamma values are needed and the number of fringe patterns required for gamma pre-calibration is significantly reduced without loss of accuracy. The proposed method is validated by experiments.     

通过相移条纹图差分测定相移量的方法

提出一种通过两幅相移条纹图相减来确定它们之间相移量的方法,进行了理论分析和实验验证。两幅相移条纹图相减并归一化后,得到的相移差分函数是振幅只与相移量有关的正弦函数,可以通过确定该函数最大极值的方法得到振幅,进而计算出相移量。介绍了极值直接查找法和平均法两种实现最大极值测量的方法。由于不使用傅里叶变换,减少了运算时间,既可以用于高空间频率条纹,也可以用于稀疏平行条纹,以及任意花样的条纹。在衬比度因子确定后,用这种方法就能够直接在空域内确定两幅条纹图之间的相移量,通过大量采样点进行统计计算,使结果达到很高的精度。将所得到的结果与用傅里叶变换方法得到的结果进行了比较,表明两种方法得到的结果具有完全相同的精度。     

Phase diversity for calibrating noncommon path aberrations of adaptive optics system under nonideal measurement environment

When the defocus cannot be measured and the wavefront solution set is restricted by a multi-channel, some practical problems exist in the calibration of the noncommon path aberrations of the adaptive optics system. To solve these problems, an evaluation function of phase diversity algorithm is constructed in this paper. We use the method that the estimated aberration and the modulated deformable mirror iterate each other to make up the nonideal measurement environment. Then the ill-pose problem of the solution by phase diversity, produced as relaxing constraints of the diversity defocus on the wavefront solution set, is solved. We have adopted the proposed method to measure the noncommon path aberrations of the adaptive optics system on a 1.23 m telescope. Experimental results demonstrate that wavefront solution is more accurate and the whole imaging quality is improved effectively by using the deformable mirror to compensate the aberration measured.     

Absolute phase recovery in structured light illumination systems: Sinusoidal vs. intensity discrete patterns

Structured light illumination is a well-established technology for noncontact 3D surface measurements. A common challenge in those systems is to obtain the absolute surface information using few measurement frames. This work discusses techniques based on the projection of multiple sinusoidal fringe patterns with different fringe period, as well as the projection of intensity discrete Gray Code and grey-level coded patterns. The use of sinusoidal multi-frequency techniques has been since years an on-going area of research, where various algorithms have been developed based on beats, look-up tables, or number-theoretical approaches. This work shows that a related technique, the so-called algebraic reconstruction technique that is borrowed from the area of multi-wavelength interferometry can be used for this purpose. This approach provides a robust analytical solution to the phase-unwrapping problem. However, this work argues that despite these advances, the acquisition of additional phase maps obtained with different fringe periods requires too many measurement frames, and hence is inefficient. Motivated by that, this work proposes a new grey level coding scheme that uses only few measurement frames, overcomes typical defocus errors, and has an error detecting feature. The latter feature makes the need of separate error detecting algorithms obsolete. This so-called closed-loop space filling curve can be implemented with an arbitrary number of N grey-levels enabling to code up to (2N) code-words. The performance of this so-called closed-loop space filling curve is demonstrated using experimental data.     

Phase-shifting whole-field speckle photography technique for the measurement of in-plane deformations in real time

A new real-time phase-shifting readout system is developed for quantitative evaluation of full-field correlation fringes obtained by means of Fourier filtering in speckle photography. The proposed method, which uses photorefractive crystals as the recording medium, is capable of mapping the whole-field displacement data from the recorded phase-shifted fringe patterns. Experimental results are presented on a diffuse surface subjected to rotation in its own plane.     

格雷码与六步相移编码融合的三维结构光学测量方法

编码结构光技术是一种获取复杂目标三维结构的典型测量技术,其将编码后的结构光图案投射到待测物体表面进行调制、采集,并通过解码计算三维面形数据,可见编码方法是结构光三维测量技术的核心问题。然而,通用的格雷码编码方法和六步相移编码方法都存在一定缺陷,为此,以获取物体的高精度三维点云数据为目标,提出了一种融合格雷码与六步相移的结构光技术。首先,将格雷码结构光设计为7幅黑白相间的条纹周期图像,并通过投射角度解码操作将图像划分为多个区域;然后,设计六步相移结构光为6幅具有相位差的余弦周期图像,通过相位解包裹操作将每个子区域细分到单个像素单元;最后,融合以上两种编码结构光解码值,计算图像内每个空间点的绝对相位信息。仿真实验与实际测试实验显示,与传统六幅莫尔条纹结构光技术相比,融合结构光技术计算量较小,同时也克服了单独使用格雷码或相移技术所存在的问题,能够以较高精度获取物体目标的三维结构细节,为基于结构光的双目三维扫描系统提供一定理论依据。     

基于格雷码的分区间相位展开方法

格雷码因具有良好的鲁棒性和抗噪性,被广泛应用到结构光投影三维成像方法中。在三维测量过程中,由于设备以及其他环境噪声的影响,格雷码方法解码条纹级次边沿和截断相位边沿通常无法处于理想的对齐状况,使得展开的相位出现跳变现象。为了更好地避免级次跳变误差,使得边沿跳变区域的容错宽度更大,提出基于格雷码的分区间相位展开方法。在互补格雷码基础上增加一幅格雷码图像,利用所有格雷码解得附加码字,通过对附加码字进行不同位移量的条纹级次映射,得到2个辅助条纹级次。利用所有条纹级次,对截断相位进行分区间相位展开,在边沿跳变区域错误大于半个周期时,仍能获取到无跳变现象的展开相位。实验结果表明,当边沿错误区域宽度小于3/4个条纹周期宽度时,可以有效避免级次跳变产生的误差。     

Single fringe projection profilometry based on sinusoidal intensity normalization and subpixel fitting

A novel fringe projection profilometry using a single sinusoidal fringe pattern projected is proposed. Computer-generated sinusoidal fringe and uniform intensity patterns are firstly projected on a testing object by a liquid crystal display projector. The variable reflection intensity of a fringe pattern is then roughly normalized by division operation applied to the grabbed fringe and uniform intensity patterns projected. Fringe intensity is further normalized by employing an interpolation algorithm. The deformed sinusoidal pattern encoding object shape is converted to a wrapped phase map without using phase-shifting or Fourier transform. Computer simulation and experimental performance are evaluated to demonstrate the validity of the proposed method. The experimental results compared with those of the four-step phase-shifting and fast Fourier transform methods are also presented.     

去散焦模糊的折反射全向成像系统设计

随着高分辨率传感器和大光圈的采用,光圈和反射面曲率造成的折反射全向成像散焦模糊问题越发突出。提出了一种有效去除散焦模糊的折反射全向成像系统设计。理论分析折反射成像散焦模糊的原因,建立全向图点扩展函数与实景空间物点及成像系统虚像位置的关系;在一次曝光成像时间内匀速旋转镜头对焦环,通过累积曝光使全向图散焦模糊核具有期望的空间不变性;利用反卷积算法对散焦模糊全向图进行复原,得到全局清晰的全向图像。该方法较好地解决了折反射全向成像散焦模糊问题,对提高折反射全向成像质量,促进其在相关领域的广泛应用具有重要意义。