声波作用下铜球传热特性实验*

针对频率为500 Hz～3000 Hz和声压级为110 d B～133 d B的声场作用对铜球在空气中自然冷却的传热特性的影响,通过热电偶测温的方法,分析铜球温度梯度的分布与声场声压级、频率以及铜球直径的关系。结果表面,当频率f一定时,随着声压级的增加,铜球的传热效果得到明显增强,对于直径为5 mm的铜球,在133 d B声场中传热系数最大增加了25%。当声压级一定时,在频率范围中存在某一频率,此时铜球的传热系数最大,此特殊频率随着声压级的增大而增大。当铜球的直径为5 mm时,可以在低频段观测到声流效应的影响,而当铜球的直径为10 mm、15mm时,很难在低频段辨别出声流效应的影响。所得结论为声波应用于电站锅炉中,强化煤颗粒燃烧提供了依据。     

Polyimide/hollow silica sphere hybrid films with low dielectric constant

Abstract

Polyimide (PI)/hollow silica (HS) sphere hybrid films with low dielectric constant values (low-k) were synthesized via thermal imidization process using pyromellitic dianhydride (PMDA)/4,4′-oxydianiline (ODA) as the polymer matrix and HS spheres as inorganic particles with the closed air voids. The monodispersed HS spheres were synthesized via a one-step process, which means that the formation of silica shells and dissolution of the core particles (polystyrene particles) occurs in the same medium. The HS particles have uniform size of ca. 1.5 μm in diameter and ca. 100 nm in shell thickness. PI/HS sphere hybrid films synthesized using mixture of polyamic acid (PAA) and HS spheres prepared via one-pot process, which means that the production of PAA and HS spheres mixture occurs with the polymerization of PMDA and ODA in the same bottle. HS spheres of two different kinds (pristine HS spheres (PHS spheres) and amine-modified HS spheres (AHS spheres)) were used for the preparation of the hybrid films. With the varying contents of AHS spheres in the range of 1–10 wt%, the dielectric constants of the PI/AHS sphere hybrid films were reduced from 3.1 of pure PI to 1.81 by incorporating 5 wt% AHS. The dielectric constants of the PI/PHS sphere hybrid films were reduced to 1.86 by incorporating 5 wt% PHS. Organic–inorganic hybrid porous polyimides may be expected as prime candidates for polymeric insulators due to their high thermal stability, good mechanical properties, solvent resistance, and low-k.     

Electrostatic charging of a conducting sphere using another conducting sphere at constant voltage

This study uses results of classical electrostatics to predict the resulting voltage of a conducting sphere that is charged by a second sphere maintained at a constant voltage. The voltage of the charged sphere is calculated as a function of the charging voltage and the size ratio of the two spheres. Theoretical predictions are verified experimentally using conducting spheres of various sizes and a Faraday ice pail apparatus. The results may seem somewhat counterintuitive. For example, a charging sphere held at 100 V will charge another sphere of equal size only to 69.3 V by contact.     

体结构GaAs光导开关实验研究

 为解决光导开关耐受场强的提高问题,研制了2种体结构光导开关,并进行了实验研究。两种开关均由半绝缘GaAs材料制成,一种尺寸为10.0 mm×10.0 mm×0.6 mm,电极位于10.0 mm×10.0 mm面上相对位置,电极直径6 mm;另一种尺寸为15.0 mm×15.0 mm×3.0 mm,8 mm直径电极位于15.0 mm×15.0 mm面上相对位置。测试了第1种开关在不同半高宽脉冲加载电压下的击穿电压,结果表明其最大耐受电压达7.6 kV,击穿电场127 kV/cm。对第2种结构测试了开关在直流加载条件下的暗态伏安特性并进行了触发实验,结果表明在15 kV工作电压下,其放电最大电流超过3.5 kA。     

单机数字立体双通道放映镜头的光学设计

介绍了一种新型单机数字立体电影双通道放映系统,利用ZEMAX光学设计软件与人工构造相结合的方法,成功设计了一款单机数字立体电影双通道放映镜头。镜头采用特殊的离轴、三轴结构和折射式光路,由前组和后组两分结构体组成,前组包括6组7片球面透镜,后组由两个完全相同的、对称的3组4片球面透镜结构组成。镜头参数为：总长243.87 mm,最大口径93 mm,焦距20.23 mm,全视场角36°,相对孔径1/2.01;后组两副光轴的间距为8.2 mm,工作距为37.8 mm。镜头具有体积小、成本低、结构简单、成像质量好等特点。     

Time-domain observation of optical pulse propagation in whispering-gallery modes of glass spheres

We report picosecond time-resolved measurements of optical pulse propagation in dielectric spheres (8, 10, and 26 mm in diameter) for which the pulse duration ( approximately 2 ps) was short compared with the equatorial round-trip time within the sphere. A size-independent buildup of the leakage intensity in terms of the number of round trips was observed for each of the spheres, as were damped low-frequency oscillations superimposed upon the pulse ringdown envelope. These features of the data are interpreted as resulting from perturbative coupling of eigenmodes of the sphere and trajectory precession near the observation region.     

铝球弹丸超高速斜撞击薄铝板特性研究

 利用2017铝合金球形弹丸超高速斜撞击2A12铝合金薄板,模拟空间碎片对航天器防护屏的超高速撞击作用。分析了铝合金薄板超高速斜撞击穿孔特性与弹丸滑弹返溅特性,建立了铝合金球形弹丸超高速斜撞击铝合金薄板的穿孔经验公式。弹丸撞击速度分别为2.58、3.56和4.31 km/s,撞击角度为10°~80°。实验结果表明：铝合金薄板超高速斜撞击椭圆穿孔尺寸与撞击速度和撞击角度有关,直径为3.97 mm的铝合金球形弹丸超高速斜撞击厚度为1 mm的铝合金薄板时,发生滑弹返溅的临界撞击角在30°~40°之间。最大滑弹返溅角随着撞击角的增大而逐渐减小,此时滑弹返溅碎片云的影响范围缩小,但破坏能力增强。弹丸撞击速度对铝合金薄板超高速斜撞击穿孔的椭圆度影响较小。     

利用光镊计算工具箱实现光镊系统的参量评价

光镊所捕获的微球尺度常常落在中间尺度上,导致相关参量难于计算.OTT1光镊工具箱是一种基于广义Lorenz-Mie理论的T-matrix方法,它的发展使得对光镊系统的详细计算和评价成为可能.本文对光镊的轴向捕获特性曲线、线性性和刚度,以及杜克系列微球的互换性做了计算和评价.结果表明:光镊所用物镜的数值孔径越接近水的折射率捕获效果越好;0.8~1.2 μm的聚苯乙烯微球组成的光镊刚度较大;直径在2 μm以下的聚苯乙烯微球组成的光镊线性度较好;0.8~2 μm的Duke系列聚苯乙烯微球的互换性较好,便于纳米光镊的修正与实验;要避免米共振微球的直径要在2.5 μm以下.     

Corona discharges in sub-millimeter electrode gaps

Atmospheric pressure wire-to-plane positive corona discharges have been explored experimentally in electrode gaps from 0.3 mm to 5 mm. Reductions in the gap distance and wire diameter resulted in a significant increase in discharge currents and lowered onset potentials, and the current–voltage characteristics followed the typical Townsend’s relationship. The experimentally observed onset potentials were higher than Peek’s prediction although they still showed the same logarithmic behavior with gap distance. Additionally, a theoretical relationship for the current–voltage discharge in a wire-to-plane configuration was derived to obtain the dependence on the geometric parameters, and it compared well with the experimental results.     

Underwater implosion of glass spheres

Underwater implosion experiments were conducted with thin-wall glass spheres to determine the influence that structural failure has on the pressure pulse. Four experiments were conducted with glass spheres having an outside diameter of 7.62 cm, thickness of 0.762 mm, and an estimated buckling pressure of 7.57 MPa. The experiments were performed in a pressure vessel at a hydrostatic pressure of 6.996 MPa. The average peak pressure of the implosion pressure pulse was 26.1 MPa, measured at a radial distance of 10.16 cm from the sphere center. A computational fluid structure interaction model was developed to assess how the failure rate of the glass structure influences the pressure time history. The model employed a specified glass failure sequence that is uniform in time and space. It was found that for the conditions of the test, a glass failure rate of 275 m/s provided a reasonable representation of the test data. The test data and the model results show that the failure time history of the structure has a significant influence on an implosion pressure pulse. Computational prediction of an implosion pressure pulse needs to include the failure time history of the structure; otherwise it will overpredict the pressure time history.     

空心微球结构Au/Ag合金泡沫块体的制备

将平均晶粒尺寸为4.6 nm的金粒子通过静电作用粘附于聚苯乙烯（PS）微球表面用于化学镀,化学镀金后PS表面的金沉积层几乎达到完全包覆,厚度70~90 nm;在Au/PS表面进行化学镀银,沉积的银颗粒堆积紧密,颗粒大小较先前沉积的金颗粒大,镀覆层厚度增厚至200~400 nm;模板去除后,获得了完全自支撑的Au40Ag60空心微球结构的圆柱状泡沫材料。制备的金银合金泡沫由直径约10 m的空心球壳组成,圆柱体直径约5 mm,密度约1.2 g/cm3。     

约束条件下胶球间排空力的研究

用MonteCarlo方法对处于两平行硬板约束下三个浓度的大小胶球系统进行了模拟,通过对大胶球表面小胶球密度的统计,由密度积分公式获得了大胶球所受的排空力.研究结果显示,因为平行硬板的存在或当改变两平行硬板的距离时,同浓度下,排空力在硬板距离小的时候最明显;三个浓度中,浓度高的,排空力受硬板距离影响最大;有硬板约束比无该约束的时候,排空力效果更显著.     

Digital imaging studies of submicron colloidal spheres confined into a single layer between two smooth glass plates: Two dimensional melting

Digital imaging is used to study the particle positions and trajectories of a layer of highly charged 0.3 μm diameter polystyrene spheres in water suspension, rigidly confined into two-dimensions between two smooth glass plates. As the in-plane sphere density is varied, we find a two-stage melting transition in which we observe separate divergences in the orientational and translational order at different densities, separated by roughly 4%. The topological defect statistics are complex, but qualitatively consistent with the predictions of Halperin and Nelson.     

Structure parameters and structure sensitive properties of Sn0.739Pb0.261 melt

Structure, interdiffusion, and dynamic viscosity of eutectic Sn-Pb melt have been experimentally investigated in a wide temperature range. On the basis of the obtained data on the position and form of the first maximum of the structure factor in the framework of the hard sphere model, values of sphere packing index and sphere diameter have been determined for the melt at 470 and 570 K. Correlations resulting from the model of hard spheres served to calculate coefficients of dynamic viscosity and interdiffusion of liquid alloy. Besides, temperature dependence of dynamic viscosity has been calculated with the use of thermodynamic approximation of Kozlov — Romanov — Petrov. Calculated values of the properties have been compared with experimental data.     

Nanoporous carbon spheres and their application in dispersing silver nanoparticles

Monodisperse nanoporous carbon spheres (NCS) were synthesized in large quantities via a facile hydrothermal synthesis. It is found that the NCS have rough surfaces with a large quantity of uniformly distributed protruding and concaving zones. Large quantities of nanopores of about 0.3 nm in diameter are distributed uniformly on the whole sphere surfaces. The effects of reaction parameters on the surface roughness, sphere diameter and pore size of NCS were investigated. Taking the NCS as substrates, silver nanoparticles (NPs) were deposited onto their surfaces using a one-step ultrasonic electrodeposition procedure. The deposited silver NP has a uniform distribution, a high particle density and a narrow size range of 12-16 nm in diameter. This study demonstrates an efficient approach to fabricate noble-metal/carbon nanocomposites.     

Influence of glass coating thickness and metallic core diameter on GMI effect of glass-coated Co68Fe4.5Si13.5B14 amorphous microwires

Influences of the size factors (glass coating thickness and metallic core diameter) of microwires on GMI effects of the glass-coated Co₆₈Fe_4.5Si_13.5B₁₄ amorphous microwires were investigated. The results indicated that the GMI effect of the microwires with the same glass coating thickness or the same metallic core diameter was initially increased to a peak and then decreased with an increase in the diameter or the thickness. The glass coating thickness and the metallic core diameter corresponding to the maximum GMI varied with metallic core diameter and glass thickness, respectively. The GMI effect of the microwires with the same geometric size varied remarkably under different cooling rates. Such effect was ascribed to the microstructural changes of the metallic core wire under different cooling rates. The influence of the glass coating thickness on the GMI effect of the microwire was attributed to the synthetical actions of crystallization enthalpy (degree of disorder) and the internal stress.     

Application of the Straining Capture Mechanism in gaps to the measurement of particle concentration and size distribution

This paper attempts to answer the question of whether a measurement of the relative flow rate of a suspension of spheres, flowing under constant pressure drop through gaps of precisely determined geometry, may be utilised to measure the concentration and size distribution of the particles. A positive answer is possible only if several restrictions are imposed on the character of the flow, a maximum ratio of sphere diameter to gap height and a maximum number of captured particles. This answer is based on a model of the filtration process taking place in the gap and the consequent relationship between the flow characteristics of the gap and the number and diameter of the captured particles.     

An Experimental Investigation of Forced Convection Heat Transfer from a Coiled Heat Exchanger Embedded in a Packed Bed

Forced convection heat transfer from a helically coiled heat exchanger embedded in a packed bed of spherical glass particles was investigated experimentally. With dry air at ambient pressure and temperature as a flowing fluid, the effect of particle size, helically coiled heat exchanger diameter, and position was studied for a wide range of Reynolds numbers. It was found that the particle diameter, the helically coiled heat exchanger diameter and position, and the air velocity are of great influence on the convective heat transfer between the helically coiled heat exchanger and air. Results indicated that the heat transfer coefficient increased with increasing the air velocity, increasing helically coiled heat exchanger diameter, and decreasing the particle size. The highest heat transfer coefficients were obtained with the packed-bed particle size of 16 mm and heat exchanger coil diameter of 9.525 mm (1/4 inch) at a Reynolds number range of 1,536 to 4,134 for all used coil positions in the conducted tests. A dimensionless correlation was proposed for Nusselt number as a function of Reynolds number, particle size, coil size, and coil position.     

Experimental study of the effects of pulsed Doppler sample volume size and position on the Doppler spectrum

With a pulsed Doppler system, the recorded Doppler spectrum is expected to vary depending upon the sample volume size relative to the diameter of the vessel, the position of the sample volume in the vessel and the velocity profile. In the in vitro experiments described in this paper, the velocity profile was kept constant by using steady parabolic flow in a flow model. As the Doppler sample volume size and position were changed, the maximum variations of quantitative measurements from the Doppler spectrum were determined. The maximum, mean and mode frequencies and spectral broadening index (SBI) were affected by the position of the sample volume but to a lesser degree by its length (1.5-5.0 mm) relative to the 9.5 mm beam path length across the tube. When the centre of the Doppler sample volume was moved within the central 25% of the tube, the maximum variations were as follows: maximum frequency 3-5%, mean frequency 8-9%, mode frequency 8-9% and SBI 16-18%, where the range indicates the effect of increasing the sample volume size. Based on these results obtained under steady flow conditions in vitro, it is concluded that quantification of pulsed Doppler spectra may be feasible if the sample volume is positioned within the central 25% of the vessel.