Spectrophotometric and derivative spectrophotometric determination of nickel with hydroxynaphthol blue

The reaction of nickel(II) cation with hydroxynaphthol blue (HNB) in aqueous media at pH 5.2–6.0 results in a red complex that is stable for at least 2h. Beer's Law is obeyed up to 3.2 g/ml of nickel(II) with an apparent molar absorptivity of 1.38 × 10⁴l/mol/cm at 563 nm. This paper proposes procedures for nickel determination by ordinary and first-derivative spectrophotometry. The results demonstrate that the linear dynamic range is 0.08–3.20 g/ml with a limit of detection of 23 ng/ml for ordinary spectrophotometry, compared with 21–800 ng/ml and 6 ng/ml, respectively, for first-derivative spectrophotometry. Calcium(II), magnesium(II), barium(II), strontium(II), cadmium(II), lead(II), manganese(II), bismuth(III) and molybdenum(VI) ions do not interfere for at least 1001 mass ratios. The main interferents are cobalt(II), titanium(IV), aluminium(III), mercury(II) and copper(II). The interferences of titanium(IV), aluminium(III), zirconium(IV) and iron(III) can be masked by fluoride and mercury(II) and copper(II) with thiosulfate or thiourea. The derivative method is applied to nickel determination in standard brasses and the results demonstrate that there is no significant difference between the results and certified values at the 95% confidence level.     

Spectrophotometric determination of 6-aminopenicillanic acid using bromophenol blue and bromothymol blue

Two simple, selective and sensitive spectrophotometric methods are described for the determination of 6-aminopenicillanic acid (6-APA). The methods are based on the reaction of 6-APA with either bromophenol blue (BPB) or bromothymol blue (BTB), to give orange-red and green species, respectively. The coloured products are quantified spectrophotometrically at 625 and 616 nm for BPB and BTB, respectively. The optimization of the different experimental conditions is described. No interferences from different -lactams and common degradation products were observed in the determination of 6-APA using BTB, while flucloxacillin, dicloxacillin, adrenaline, vitamin C, urea and common degradation products in any percentage interfere on using BPB only. The BTB method was better than the BPB method, because of its wider range of determination (0.4–20 g ml^–1 vs. 0.4–7.2 g ml^–1 on using BPB), higher molar absorptivity and Sandell sensitivity (3.27 × 10³l mol^–1 cm^–1 and 0.099 g cm^–2 vs. 2.82 × 10³lmol^–1 cm^–1 and 0.115 g cm^–2), greater stability (3 and 10 days on using BTB and BPB, respectively) and better selectivity. The results were compared with those given by the Official United States Pharmacopeial XXI method.     

克拉霉素与百里酚蓝荷移配合物的光度分析研究

利用克拉霉素与百里酚蓝在乙醇介质发生荷移反应,建立了荷移分光光度法测定克拉霉素含量的方法.结果表明,荷移反应生成1∶1型配合物,最大吸收波长为442 nm,表观摩尔吸光系数为ε=1.66×104L·mol-1·cm-1,克拉霉素测定线性范围为8.278～57.59 mg/L.     

Spectrophotometric determination of gold by reaction with molybdate and nile blue in the presence of PVA

A spectrophotometric method for the determination of gold has been developed, based on the reaction of gold(III) with molybdate and nile blue (NB) to form an ion-association complex in the presence of poly(vinyl alcohol). The molar absorptivity at 595 nm is 2.71 × 10⁵ l mol^–1 cm^–1. Beer's law is obeyed over the range 0–16 g of gold per 25 ml. The relative standard deviation evaluated from seven independent determinations of 0.4 g/ml of gold is 2.6%. The limit of detection is 0.011 g/ml. The molar ratio of Au to NB in the complex is established to be 1 2. Over 30 foreign ions were tested for interference; Pt(IV), Sb(III), W(VI) and SiO ₃ ^2– interfered and had to be separated from gold on polyurethane foam. The method can be applied to the spectrophotometric determination of trace amounts of gold in powdered carbon and some ores.     

Fluorimetric determination of trace amounts of aluminium and gallium with salicylaldehyde-1-phthalazinohydrazone

Fluorimetric determinations of aluminium and gallium, based on the formation of fluorescence complexes between Al(III) or Ga(III) and salicylaldehyde-1-phthalazinohydrazone, SAPhH, are proposed. The Al(III)-SAPhH complex exhibits fluorescence with maximum emission at 475 nm when excited at 414 nm; the Ga(III)-SAPhH chelate has emission and excitation maxima at 480 and 410 nm, respectively. For both determinations the range of application is 10–100 ng/ml. Aluminium has been determined in waters, and gallium in aluminium and nickel alloys.     

Extraction-spectrophotometric determination of amprolium hydrochloride using bromocresol green, bromophenol blue and bromothymol blue

A new procedure for the determination of amprolium hydrochloride by reaction with bromocresol green (BCG), bromophenol blue (BPB) and bromothymol blue (BTB) has been developed. The method consists of extracting the yellow ion-pair formed into chloroform from aqueous medium. The ion-pairs have absorption maxima at 420, 410 and 415 nm with molar absorptivities of 3.64 × 10⁴, 3.12 × 10⁴ and 2.31 × 10⁴1 mol^–1 cm^–1 for BCG, BPB and BTB, respectively. The method obeys Beer's law over the concentration ranges 0.6–12.0, 0.12–8.8 and 1.2–11.3 ag/ml amprolium hydrochloride for BCG, BPB and BTB, respectively. The method is simple, precise (relative standard deviation 0.665–2.210%), accurate (recovery 97.8–100.8%) and easily applied for pharmaceutical quality assurance for amprolium hydrochloride in raw materials and in formulated veterinary soluble powder.     

亚甲基蓝光度法测苯唑西林

在pH8.6～9.8的条件下,亚甲基蓝与苯唑西林反应生成蓝色离子缔合物。体系的最大吸收波长位于606nm,线性范围为0～4.0mg/L,表观摩尔吸光系数为2.60×104L·mol-1.cm-1,探讨了适宜的反应条件、方法的精密度及可靠性。方法已用于药物中阿莫西林的测定。     

Spectrophotometric and titrimetric determination of catecholamines

Ammonium metavanadate is used to determine adrenaline, noradrenaline, isopropylnoradrenaline and methyldopa by titrimetric and photometric procedures. Oxidation of these catecholamines produces aminochrome derivatives which can be measured spectrophotometrically at 485 nm. Beer's law is obeyed over the ranges 0.09-0.90 mg for adrenaline, 0.07-0.65 mg for noradrenaline, 0.07-0.75 mg for isopropylnoradrenaline and 0.10-0.95 mg for methyldopa.     

Spectrophotometric determination of vanadium(IV) in the presence of vanadium(V) using Br-PADAP

In the present paper, a simple and sensitive method is proposed for vanadium(IV) determination in the presence of vanadium(V). This is based on the oxidation of vanadium(IV) present in the sample to vanadium(V) by addition of iron(III) cation, followed by a complexation reaction of iron(II) with the spectrophotometric reagent 2-(5-bromo-2-pyridylazo)-5-diethylaminophenol (Br-PADAP). The iron(II) reacts with Br-PADAP immediately, forming a stable complex with a large molar absorptivity. The vanadium(IV) determination is possible, with a calibration sensitivity of 0.549 g ml^–1, for an analytical curve of 18.8 ng ml^–1 to 2.40 g ml^–1, molar absorptivity of 2.80 × 10⁴ 1 mole^–1 cm^–1 and a detection limit of 5.5 ng ml^–1. Selectivity was increased with the use of EDTA as a masking agent. The proposed method was applied for the vanadium(IV) determination in the presence of several amounts of vanadium(V). The results revealed that 200 g of vanadium(V) do not interfere with determination of 5.00 g of vanadium(IV). The precision and the accuracy obtained were satisfactory (R. S. D.<2%).     

酸性铬兰K分光光度法测定血红蛋白

在pH 3.2的Clark-Lub’s缓冲溶液中,酸性铬兰K与血红蛋白发生反应,使体系吸光度增大,在375 nm处的吸光度增加值与血红蛋白的加入量成正比,据此建立了测定血红蛋白的分光光度法。探讨了测定血红蛋白的最佳条件和干扰情况,方法的线性范围0～112μg/mL,表观摩尔吸光系数ε375为4.7×105L.mol-.1cm-1,方法已用于动物血液和人尿液中血红蛋白含量的测定。     

Stopped-flow injection simultaneous determination of phosphate and silicate using molybdenum blue

Kinetic information for the phosphate–molybdate–ascorbic acid reaction can be obtained by making use of a very simple manually operated stopped-flow injection (FI) system. Various parameters (concentrations of reagents, flow rate, mixing coils, and volume of flow cell) were investigated for determination of phosphate. A stopped-FI system should be arranged for low degree of mixing (of reactants) and low dispersion so that good signals of rate changes will be observed. Simultaneous determination of phosphate and silicate by the stopped-FI technique is proposed, using a laboratory-made semi-automatic stopped-FI Analyzer with LED-based photometer. It is based on kinetic separation of phosphate and silicate using molybdenum blue. The proposed procedure has been demonstrated for the application to water samples. The results obtained agree with that of a standard method.     

Spectrophotometric and derivative spectrophotometric determination of palladium(II) using pyridopyridazine dithione in the presence of non-ionic surfactant

Pyridopyridazine dithione (PPD) was synthesized as a new sensitive and selective reagent for spectrophotometric and derivative spectrophotometric determination of palladium(II). In aqueous and micellar medium, PPD forms 1:4 complexes having molar absorptivities of 4.68 × 10⁴ and 5.74 × 10⁴lmol^–1 cm^–1 at 570 and 615 nm, respectively. Beer's law was obeyed up to 2.2 and 2.5 g ml^–1 with detection limits of 0.2 and 0.1g ml^–1. The relative standard deviations for 1.23g ml^–1 were 2.6 and 1.3%, in the absence and presence of Triton X-100. In fourth-derivative mode, the regression equation, linear range, detection limit and RSD for 0.075 g ml^–1 wereD ₄ = 4.3C + 1.5 × 10^–3, 0.013 – 0.23 g ml^–1, 3.7 ng ml–1 and 0.78%, respectively. The ionization constants of the reagent and stability constants of the complexes were evaluated. The method is free from interference by most common metal ions and anions. The method was applied for determination of palladium in activated charcoal.     

Spectrophotometric determination of iron in aluminium metal and some non-ferrous alloys

A new, sensitive and selective spectrophotometric method is suggested for the determination of traces of iron(III) based on complex formation with hematoxylin in presence of cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB). Addition of CTAB shifted the absorption maximum of the iron-hematoxylin complex from 630 to 640 nm and increased its molar absorptivity from 9.88 × 10⁴ to 1.16 × 10⁵ 1·mol^–1·cm^–1. The method adhered to Beer's law up to 0.4 and 0.2 g/ml of iron in presence and absence of CTAB, respectively. The corresponding values of Sandell's sensitivity were 0.5 and 0.6 ng·cm^–2. The effect of reagent and surfactant concentrations, pH and standing time were investigated. EDTA, tartrate and sodium fluoride were used as masking agents for most of the interfering ions. The method was successfully used for the determination of iron in aluminium metal and some non-ferrous alloys.     

Utilization of tetrazolium blue for the colorimetric assay of tannins in tea

A simple, rapid and accurate colorimetric method is proposed for the determination of tannins, based on the reduction of tetrazolium blue in alkaline medium by tannins at 90 ± 2 °C for 15 min, leading to the formation of a highly coloured formazan derivative. Absorbance measurements were made at 527 nm and the calibration graph was linear for 0.2-9.0 g/ml of tannic acid. For more accurate analysis, the Ringbom optimum concentration range was found to be 0.5–8.2 g/ml. The relative standard deviation for the determination in a tea sample containing 7.55% tannins was 1.65%. Most of the ingredients commonly found in tea samples do not interfere with the determination. Several tea samples were analysed using the proposed method.     

Complexometric determination of copper(II) in ores,alloys and complexes using 2-mercaptoethanol as indirect masking reagent

A complexo-titrimetric method for the determination of copper(II) in the presence of other metal ions is described, based on the selective masking ability of 2-mercaptoethanol towards copper(II). Copper and other ions in a given sample solution are initially complexed with an excess of EDTA and the surplus EDTA is titrated with zinc sulfate solution at pH 5.0–6.0 (hexamine), using xylenol orange as indicator. A known excess of 2-mercaptoethanol solution (10%) is then added, the mixture is shaken well and the released EDTA from the Cu-EDTA complex is titrated against standard zinc sulfate solution. The interferences of various ions are studied and the method is applied to the determination of copper in its ores, alloys and complexes. Reproducible and accurate results are obtained for 2.5–40 mg of Cu with relative errors 0.4% and standard deviations 0.04 mg.     

Liquid-liquid extraction and spectrophotometric determination of cadmium with 1,10-phenanthroline and thymol blue

A simple and highly sensitive extraction spectrophotometric method was developed for the determination of traces of cadmium. The method is based on the preconcentrative extraction of ternary-ion-association complex of cadmium—1,10-phenanthroline-thymol blue into chloroform and subsequent determination by spectrophotometry. The ternary ion associate is stable for 20 h and cadmium content as low as 0.1 g in 90 ml of sample can be determined. The method is precise and has been applied to the determination of cadmium in sea water, solder and high purity zinc and indium materials.     

磷钨钼钒杂多蓝光度法测定钼的探索

本文研究了磷钨钼钒四元杂多酸及其还原产物杂多蓝的形成条件、光度性质、组成和在测定高速钢中高钼的应用。试验表明,磷钨钼钒杂多蓝光度法测定钼具有新颖性、高选择性、较高准确性和简便性,适于高速钢中>1％Mo的测定。     

苯胺蓝增色光度法测定食盐中的碘

在H2SO4介质中,KIO3与苯胺蓝反应增色程度与IO3-量在一定范围内呈线性关系,从而建立了增色光度法测定碘的新方法.实验结果表明,该体系最大吸收波长为603 nm,IO3-在0.91～4.55 μg/L范围内符合比耳定律,表观摩尔吸光系数为5.00×105 L·mol-1·cm-1.本法可直接测定食盐中的碘.     

依文思蓝光度法测定阿昔洛韦及其分析应用

在pH 5.74 HAc-NaAc缓冲介质中, 阿昔洛韦(ACV)与依文思蓝(EB)反应形成离子缔合物, 溶液颜色发生明显改变, 最大褪色波长为638 nm. 在此波长处, 阿昔洛韦的浓度与褪色程度呈良好线性关系, 从而建立测定阿昔洛韦的光度法. 在最大褪色波长处, 阿昔洛韦的浓度在0～2.01×10-5 mol/L范围内遵守比尔定律, 表观摩尔吸光系数1.71×104 L·mol-1·cm-1, 检出限为7.47×10-7 mol/L. 方法具有较高的灵敏度和良好的选择性, 可用于实际药品、血浆及尿液中阿昔洛韦的测定.     

Indirect Complexometric Determination of Aluminium using a Solid-Membrane Cupric Ion-Selective Electrode

Abstract

Indirect complexometric determination of 0.4–4 mg of A1 in 0.2 M solutions of NaNO₃, NH₄NO₃ and 0.01 M Mg(NO₃)₂ or 0,01 M Ca(NO₃)₂ was studied. The solid membrane cupric-ion selective electrode was used for end-point detection in back‐titration of DCTA (added in excess) with a cupric standard solution.