Application of delayed neutron counting at CIAE

Journal of Radioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry - Delayed neutron counting (DNC) was applied in quantitative determination of 235U/238U, quantitative determination of 235U and 239Pu in...     

A brief introduction to NAA facilities of China Advance Research Reactor at CIAE

China Advance Research Reactor (CARR) at China Institute of Atomic Energy (CIAE), with a non-perturbed maximum thermal neutron flux of 1 × 10¹⁵ cm⁻² s⁻¹ at the center of active area, is one of the most powerful research reactors in the world. Three neutron channels have been allocated for conventional neutron activation analysis (NAA), thermal neutron prompt gamma activation analysis (PGAA) and cold neutron PGAA, respectively. Two irradiation tube systems are installed in the conventional NAA channel. One of them is for short irradiation with the rabbit size of diameter (Φ)19 × 40 mm, the other one is for long irradiation with the rabbit size of Φ39 × 70 mm. The medium temperature is about 45 °C and the thermal neutron flux is about 3 × 10¹⁴ cm⁻² s⁻¹ at sample positions. The flux gradient is expected to be very small according to the designed neutron flux distribution. Pneumatic systems are used for samples transfer. The speed of rabbits is designed to be about 20 m/s, and it takes 3 s to travel from irradiation position to detector. Three sets of gamma counting systems and one delayed neutron counting system are being equipped for routine analysis. They are designed for running continuously and automatically. And all the functions can be operated at laboratory or office through remote controlled computer. Software has been made domestically for spectrum peak search, concentration calculation with relative method and k₀ method with interference corrections and some other functions for the convenience of users.     

Research and development activities on polymer for the 21st century in korea

The polymer industries have been expanded steadily from the beginning of 1970's. Accordingly, the production capacity of commodity plastics reached 5.37 million tons in 1993, which ranked fourth in the world. The market for the engineering plastics is not fully matured yet, but the recent annual increasing rate was higher than 20% for demand and 40% for production. A state of the art for research and development activities on polymer for 21st century in Korea will be briefly reviewed in terms of technology evolution, polymers for electronic industry, for environment, and for energy saving.     

The development of a fully automated solid-phase radioimmunoassay for digoxin

A radioimmunoassay for using antibody coated tubes and a unique radiotracer is described. The assay was designed specifically for use with the fully automated instrument Micromedic Systems «Concept 4 Automatic Radioassay». Antisera to digoxigenin-3-succinyl-BSA were raised in rabbits, purified by ammonium sulfate precipitation, and coated onto polypropylene tubes. An iodinated histamine derivative of digoxigenin which is insensitive to serum variability is utilized. The standard curve is linear for digoxin concentrations between 0.4 and 6.4 ng/ml and is parallel for two different sample sizes. Recovery of added digoxin was quantitative. Sample values obtained by this method correlate well with values obtained by other methods. The assay can either be performed manually or fully automated on Concept 4. The advantages provided by total automation are discussed.     

An attempt at quality control based on the recovery test in radioimmunoassay

Quality control sera for radioimmunoassay (RIA) are supplied commercially, as lyophilized sera will become more common due to the ease of their usage, good reproducibility and the constant supply. This paper demonstrates the improvement in accuracy and precision of analyses proved over the year by the tracking of recovered and recommend proper analysis simplified enough for routine application. The recovery test for quality control is described and can be used to control intra-day variation with R values and to control long-term intra and inter-day variation and suits the purpose that is not supported by commercial control sera well.     

Research and development on activation analysis at the Thailand Institute of Nuclear Technology

Research and development in activation analysis at the Thailand Institute of Nuclear Technology has been carried out over 40 years. The main activation source is from the TRIGA type research reactor TRR1/M1. Average in-core flux is around 10¹³ n·cm⁻²·s⁻¹. Experience on the analysis of various kind of samples range from environmental field especially air particulate, ores, rocks and soil for natural resources exploration as well as industrial applications. Elemental composition in silk thread, silk cocoon and silk products from the royal silk project are one of the research work done incorporation with the Queen Sirikit Institute of Sericulture. Food items are also another topic of interest to our research team.     

Membrane research and development activities in Korea

In this paper, the general status of membrane research and development activities in Korea is described. Korean membrane markets are also reviewed. Some results of basic researches are summarized and government - sponsored research projects are introduced briefly.     

Review on recent development of quinoline for anticancer activities

Quinoline is an efficient scaffold for anticancer drug development as its derivatives have shown potent results through several mechanisms like growth regulators through “apoptosis, disruption of cell migration, inhibition of angiogenesis, modulation of nuclear receptor responsiveness and cell cycle arrest, etc.,” The potential of quinoline derivatives has been proved in several cancer cell lines like breast cancer, colon cancer, lung cancer, colorectal cancer, renal cancer, etc. This review article aims to provide information about the synthesis, potential of the anticancer property, cytotoxicity, and level of clinical treatments, which could lay out the research to develop more effective quinoline-derived anticancer drugs.     

色谱研究动态

经过近110年的发展,色谱已经成为应用最为广泛的仪器分析技术。色谱研究人员和技术人员也是当今最容易就业的一类分析化学专业人才。虽然色谱理论的发展还不是十分令人满意,但色谱技术已经相当成熟,即使上世纪80年代兴起的毛细管电泳(CE)研究热潮也已趋于平稳发展。那么,色谱研究人员还能干些什么呢?笔者通过观察和文献调研,在这里提出一些看法,供读者思考和批评。 色谱研究相对成熟的标志之一是在高水平杂志上发表的相关研究论文数目逐渐减少,比如在J. Am. Chem. Soc.(以下简称JACS)上,2009年以来发表的色谱相关论文有20余篇,但均不是直接研究色谱的,而是利用色谱作为表征技术来研究蛋白质、多肽、纳米材料、聚合物材料的。在Angew. Chem. Int. Ed.(以下简称Angew)上发表的论文也大体是这样。这说明有关色谱的基础研究目前很难产生影响整个化学学科发展的成果,虽然在Anal. Chem.这样的二级学科刊物上仍然有很多色谱研究论文发表。相比而言,在很多专业性和应用性的期刊上则有大量的色谱应用论文发表,证明色谱正在解决更多的应用问题。 那么,色谱研究人员现在在干什么呢?笔者认为可以大致分为三种情况:一部分原来的色谱研究人员转而研究微-纳流控技术或芯片实验室(还应该属于色谱范畴),这是一个非常有前途的研究领域。特别是原来从事CE研究的人员,很容易转而研究微通道(芯片)电泳。另一部分则是针对当前的热点科学问题,研究色谱技术的特殊应用。比如在蛋白质组学、多肽组学、代谢组学、糖组学、脂质组学、材料科学、生命科学和环境科学等研究领域,色谱(包括CE)是必不可少的分离分析方法。不少色谱研究人员做了一些出色的工作,为相关领域的发展提供了重要的分析新技术和新方法。最近发表的工作有利用色谱作为表征技术来研究纳米材料(JACS, DOI: 10.1021/ja909133f; JACS, 2009, 131: 17093-17095, DOI: 10.1021/ja902293w)及其与其他物质的相互作用(JACS, 2009, 131: 17194-17205, DOI: 10.1021/ja9083623)、聚合物材料(JACS, 2009, 131: 13631-13633, DOI: 10.1021/ja905924u)、反应机理(JACS, 2009, 131: 16573-16579, DOI: 10.1021/ja904197q; JACS, 2009, 131: 11492-11497, DOI: 10.1021/ja9028928)、蛋白质和多肽的纯化(JACS, 2009, 131: 11306-11307, DOI: 10.1021/ja9048338; Angew, 2010, 49: 895-898, DOI: 10.1002/anie.200904413),以及复杂原油样品的分析(Angew, 2010, 49: 895-898, DOI: 10.1002/anie.200904413),等等。第三部分色谱研究人员仍然在探索创新的分离介质和方法。比如整体柱的制备与修饰、新型色谱器件和检测方法的研究。 下面介绍几篇最近发表的关于整体柱的制备与修饰、新型色谱器件和检测方法研究的论文供读者参考。 (1)整体柱功能化的新方法。整体柱的功能化目前主要采用功能化单体共聚合和/或聚合后功能化两种策略。比如硼酸盐亲和色谱(BAC)多用于含顺式二醇基团的糖或糖蛋白等生物分子的分离富集,但采用上述两种策略所得到的含硼聚合物整体柱都必须在碱性条件下工作,这可能导致生物样品的降解。为此,南京大学刘震教授研究组提出了一种新的整体柱功能化方法(Angew, 2009, 48: 6704-6707, DOI: 10.1992/anie200902469)。他们首先采用邻氨基苯基硼酸与1,6-六亚甲基二胺反应生成稳定的含B-N键的配合物,然后与环氧树脂实现开环共聚合,形成表面含有相邻氨基和苯基硼酸基团的聚合物整体柱。在中性(或碱性)条件下,相邻两基团不发生配合作用,而硼酸基团可以与待分析样品中含顺式二醇基团的物质发生配合作用。因此这类整体柱可在中性pH条件下富集(保留)含顺式二醇基团的糖或糖蛋白质,流动相变为酸性时便可将保留的物质洗脱下来。在糖蛋白组学和糖组学研究中,这类聚合物整体柱可能发挥非常重要的作用。 (2)新型高效液相色谱(HPLC)泵。迄今为止,HPLC高压泵基本都是活塞式往复泵,虽然有人研究过超声波、磁流体力学、电渗流、电动力学和电化学泵,但都不足以产生毛细管HPLC所需的压力。Pawliszyn (Anal. Chem., 1995, 67: 212-219)、Miller (Anal. Chem.,1988, 60: 1965-1968)和Hjerten (Anal. Chem., 1998, 70: 366-372)等教授的研究组曾报道过液体热膨胀泵,显示了诱人的应用前景。最近,复旦大学张祥民教授研究组在热膨胀泵研究方面取得了很好的结果(Anal. Chem., 2010, 82: 842-947, DOI: 10.1021/ac901855t)。他们首先从理论上推导了热膨胀泵的液体膨胀系数、温度、压力等因素与流速之间的关系,然后加工构建了以不锈钢膨胀室(内充水)、陶瓷管外缠绕电加热丝和热电偶构成的热膨胀泵;采用4个单元热膨胀泵和2个阀构成了梯度系统,流速范围为0.05～5.00 L/min。最后通过性能评价和氨基酸样品的梯度分析证明:该系统可用于毛细管HPLC的等度和二元梯度洗脱分析,显著降低了仪器和运行成本。 (3)气相色谱(GC)通用定量检测系统。寻找一种不用标准样品和校正过程就能实现准确定量分析的色谱检测器一直是色谱研究人员的追求,在这方面,柱后同位素稀释和电感耦合等离子体质谱(ICPMS)作为GC和HPLC的检测器已有成功的应用。但是碳在等离子体中的离子化效率很低,加上高的碳背景信号,导致了分析灵敏度不高,大大制约了该技术的应用。更重要的是ICPMS检测得不到化合物的结构信息。最近,西班牙University of Oviedo的Alonso教授研究组报道了一种GC通用的柱后碳同位素稀释定量检测系统(Angew, 2009, 48: 2561-2564, DOI: 10.1002/anie200805545),该系统不需要标准样品,也不需要校正过程,就能实现GC分离的有机化合物的准确定量分析。其原理是在GC柱后加一个燃烧反应器,将有机化合物转化为CO2,并连续加入13CO2,再用电子轰击离子化质谱（EI-MS）进行检测。这样就可实现与化合物结构无关的离子化(无论用什么离子源),进而通过同位素比实现准确定量。当不用燃烧室时,就可以获得化合物的MS结构信息。 (4)微流控反相HPLC芯片与四极杆-飞行时间质谱(Q-TOF MS)联用分析磷酸化多肽。LC-MS/MS是目前蛋白质组学分析的主要技术,如何实现高丰度蛋白质的在线去除和低丰度蛋白质的在线富集是一个研究热点。荷兰Utrecht University的Heck教授研究组最近报道了他们在磷酸化多肽富集、分离和鉴定方面的研究进展(Anal. Chem., 2010, 82: 824-832, DOI: 10.1021/ac901764g)。他们采用反相-TiO2-反相HPLC芯片与Q-TOF MS联用,成功实现了大量磷酸化多肽的在线富集和鉴定。该方法用于人类白血球磷酸化蛋白组学的研究,共鉴定了1012个磷酸化多肽,相应于960个不同的磷酸化位点。 (5)集成微流控装置自动分析单细胞。单细胞分析是分析化学的前沿领域。美国University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill的Ramsey教授研究组最近报道了一种整体集成微流控装置(Anal. Chem., 2010, 82: 967-973, DOI: 10.1021/ac902218y)。该装置集成了包括溶胞部分、电泳分离通道和电渗泵驱动的电喷雾喷头,它直接连接到MS上,实现了单细胞的在线分析。作者以红细胞为模型体系,检测到了单个红细胞中的血红素和α、β亚单位血红蛋白,分析通量达到了每秒12个细胞。该装置有望用于单细胞的高通量分析。     

Research activities on perovskite solar cells in China

Perovskite solar cells(PSCs) have attracted much attention because of their high efficiencies and low costs for production.Although academic research started late in China, compared to that in Europe and Korea, the majority of active PSC research is now conducted in China; furthermore, Chinese research groups currently hold the certified highest efficiency record for both an individual PSC and a PSC module. China is also the world's largest supplier of solar modules, making it a promising country in which to realize the commercialization of PSCs. Herein, we review PSC research activities undertaken in China(both academic and industrial) and discuss significant remaining challenges to overcome for early commercialization of PSCs. We propose that research activities shift away from material and device structure development toward improving PSC stability and developing methods for large-area module fabrication. In addition, we suggest that a recognized certification center is urgently needed in China to further accelerate PSC research.     

7-位取代的甾体类化合物生物活性研究进展

7-位取代的甾体类化合物是一类具有良好生物活性的化合物,在抗炎、抗肿瘤等领域发挥着重要作用.本文以7-位取代的甾体类化合物为研究对象,按照不同的留体母核进行分类,对近年来有关7-位取代的甾体类化合物的生理活性研究进行综述,并为此类化合物的发展趋势和应用作了展望,以期为抗肿瘤药物的研发提供一定的理论基础.     

Preparation and characterization of125I labeled progesterone derivatives for the development of a radioimmunoassay for progesterone

Preparation and purification of radioiodinated progesterone derivatives for the development of a radioimmunoassay of progesterone is described. We have standardized two procedures for preparing radioiodinated progesterone conjugate. In the first procedure¹²⁵I labeled histamine was conjugated to progesterone 11 hemisuccinate by the mixed anhydride method. In the secod procedure, tyrosyl methyl ester was conjugated to progesterone 11 hemisuccinate and iodination of the conjugate was carried out. Purification of the iodinated products was carried out by solvent extraction and thin layer chromatography techniques. The radiochemical purity of the tracers prepared by both methods were more than 95%. Labeled progesterone derivatives prepared were used for developing a radioimmunoassay procedure. The non-specific binding of the tracer was about 2–3%, while up to 80% binding could be obtained in the presence of excess antibody. The radioiodinated tracer could be used up to four months in the assay.     

Quality assurance in analytical laboratories engaged in research and development activities

 Research and development activities are carried out by various types of laboratories that are not the typical testing and calibration laboratories for which the ISO/IEC 17025 is the quality assurance implementation reference. In this paper, such laboratories engaged in R&D activities are classified and different approaches they can adopt with a view to implementing a quality system that are suited to their characteristics and the type of work they conduct are proposed. These approaches take account of existing standards for the certification/accreditation of laboratories and of guides on quality assurance for non-routine analytical laboratories. Received: 11 July 2002 Accepted: 29 November 2002 Presented at Analytica Conference, 23–26 April 2002, Munich, Germany Correspondence to M. Valcárcel     

The development and use of food reference materials at the Philippine Food and Nutrition Research Institute

Summary As the Philippine government's main investigator and compiler of local food composition data, the FNRI has been conducting activities on food reference materials since 1987, in accordance with guidelines of the 1983 UNUINFOODS and 1986 ASEANFOODS initiatives. Results of these activities as well as problems encountered therein are summarized. Similar activities of the Asia-Pacific Food Analysis Network (APFAN) are also reported. These activities demonstrate the attempts to harmonize analytical methods in laboratories of the Asia-Pacific region.     

吲唑衍生物及其生物活性研究进展

吲唑衍生物具有抗肿瘤、抗菌、抗炎及治疗骨质疏松等多种生物活性,因此,在药物化学领域受到广泛的关注,具有巨大研究前景及价值。本文总结归纳了近几年来与吲唑衍生物相关的文献,对单取代、双取代及多取代吲唑衍生物及其生物活性的最新研究进展进行了综述,希望能为开发高效低毒的吲唑衍生物提供一定的理论基础。     

多糖的生物活性及在医药领域的研究进展

天然产物多糖具有多种生物活性,对人体健康有益且副作用较小,具有广阔的医药应用前景,值得采用现代科学技术进行深度开发和利用.本文综述了近年来天然产物多糖的抗肿瘤、免疫调节、降血糖、抗凝血、抗氧化等生物活性以及多糖在医药领域中的应用情况.