Spectral properties of waves in superlattices with 2D and 3D inhomogeneities

We investigate the dynamic susceptibility and one-dimensional density of states in an initially sinusoidal superlattice containing simultaneously 2D phase inhomogeneities simulating correlated rough-nesses of superlattice interfaces and 3D amplitude inhomogeneities of the superlattice layer materials. The analytic expression for the averaged Green’s function of the sinusoidal superlattice with two phase inhomogeneities is derived in the Bourret approximation. It is shown that the effect of increasing asymmetry in the peak heights of dynamic susceptibility at the Brillouin zone boundary of the superlattice, which was discovered earlier [15] upon an increase in root-mean-square (rms) fluctuations, also takes place upon an increase in the correlation wavenumber of inhomogeneities. However, the peaks in this case also become closer, and the width and depth of the gap in the density of states decrease thereby. It is shown that the enhancement of rms fluctuations of 3D amplitude inhomogeneities in a superlattice containing 2D phase inhomogeneities suppresses the effect of dynamic susceptibility asymmetry and leads to a slight broadening of the gap in the density of states and a decrease in its depth. Targeted experiments aimed at detecting the effects studied here would facilitate the development of radio-spectroscopic and optical methods for identifying the presence of inhomogeneities of various dimensions in multilayer magnetic and optical structures.     

High-frequency susceptibility of a superlattice with 2D inhomogeneities

We investigate the high-frequency susceptibility (Green function) of an initially sinusoidal 1D superlattice with 2D phase inhomogeneities that model the deformations of the interfaces between the superlattice layers. For waves propagating along the superlattice axis (the geometry of a photon or magnon crystal), we have found a peculiar behavior of the imaginary part of the Green function that consists in a significant difference between the peaks corresponding to the edges of the band gap in the wave spectrum. The peak corresponding to the lower-frequency band edge remains essentially unchanged as the root-mean-square fluctuation of the 2D inhomogeneities γ₂ increases, while the peak corresponding to the higher-frequency band edge broaden and decreases sharply in height until its complete disappearance with increasing γ₂. This behavior of the peaks corresponds to a band gap closure mechanism that differs from the traditional one characteristic of 1D and 3D inhomogeneities. These effects can be explained by a peculiarity of the energy conservation laws for the incident and scattered waves for 2D inhomogeneities in a 1D superlattice.     

Effects of cross correlations between 1D and 3D inhomogeneities on the high-frequency susceptibility of superlattices

Cross correlations between components of a mixture of one-dimensional (1D) and three-dimensional (3D) inhomogeneities are described by introducing a distribution function taking into account correlations between absolute values of two random variables in the absence of correlations between the variables themselves. This distribution function is used for derivation and analysis of the superlattice correlation function containing a mixture of cross-correlated 1D and 3D inhomogeneities. The effect of such inhomogeneities on the high-frequency susceptibility at the edge of the first Brillouin zone of the superlattice is investigated. It is shown that positive cross correlations partly suppress the effect of a mixture of 1D and 3D inhomogeneities on the wave spectrum: the gap at the boundary of the Brillouin zone increases, and wave damping decreases as compared to the effect produced by a mixture of 1D and 3D inhomogeneities in the absence of cross correlations. Negative cross correlations lead to the opposite effect: the gap decreases and wave damping increases. Cross correlations also lead to the emergence of new resonance effects: a narrow dip or a narrow peak at the center of the band gap (depending on the sign of the correlation factor).     

Effect of the correlation properties of one-and three-dimensional inhomogeneities on the high-frequency magnetic susceptibility of sinusoidal superlattices

The effect of one-(1D) and three-dimensional (3D) inhomogeneities on the high-frequency magnetic susceptibility at the boundary of the first Brillouin zone of a ferromagnetic superlattice is studied. The study is performed with an earlier developed method of random spatial modulation (RSM) of the superlattice period. In this method, structural inhomogeneities are described in terms of the random-phase model, in which the phase depends on three coordinates in the general case. The frequency spacing Δν_m between two peaks in the imaginary part of the averaged Green’s function, which characterizes the gap width in the frequency spectrum at the boundary of the Brillouin zone, is calculated as a function of both the root-mean-square fluctuations γ_i and the correlation wavenumbers η_i of phase inhomogeneities (i = 1 and 3 for 1D and 3D inhomogeneities, respectively). The function Δν_m(γ₁, η₁) for 1D inhomogeneities is shown to be symmetric with respect to interchanging the variables γ ₁ ² and η₁, whereas the function Δν_m(γ₃, η₃) for 3D inhomogeneities is strongly asymmetric with respect to interchanging γ ₂ ³ and η₃. This effect is associated with the difference in form between the correlation functions of 1D and 3D inhomogeneities and can be used to determine the dimensionality of inhomogeneities from the results of spectral studies of such superlattices.     

High-frequency susceptibility of a multilayered ferromagnetic system with two-dimensional inhomogeneities

This paper reports on the results of the investigation of the high-frequency susceptibility of a layered ferromagnetic structure in which, apart from a periodic change in the magnetic anisotropy parameter from layer to layer, this parameter varies along layers according to a random law (the superlattice with two-dimensional phase inhomogeneities). The evolution of the frequency dependence of the imaginary part of the averaged Green’s function in the range of the energy gap (band gap) in the spectrum of waves propagating along the superlattice axis due to the change in the relative root-mean-square fluctuations of the phase γ2 has been studied at the boundaries of the odd Brillouin zones. It has been found that, for all odd Brillouin zones, the imaginary part of the Green’s function exhibits a universal behavior: the peak corresponding to the edge of the band gap with a lower frequency remains unchanged, and the peak corresponding to the edge of the band gap with a higher frequency is smoothed with an increase in the quantity γ₂. These effects, which were initially revealed at the boundary of the first Brillouin zone of the sinusoidal superlattice, have been explained, as before, by the specific features of the energy conservation laws for the incident and scattered waves in the lattice with two-dimensional inhomogeneities. It has been demonstrated that an increase in the Brillouin zone number leads to a decrease in the value of γ₂ at which the peak at the edge of the band gap with a higher frequency disappears.     

两端线型双量子点分子Aharonov-Bohm干涉仪电输运

设计一个两端线型双量子点分子Aharonov-Bohm (A-B)干涉仪. 采用非平衡格林函数技术, 理论研究无含时外场作用下的体系电导和引入含时外场作用下的体系平均电流. 在不考虑含时外场时, 调节点间耦合强度或磁通可以诱导电导共振峰劈裂. 控制穿过A-B干涉仪磁通的有无, 实现了共振峰电导数值在0与1之间的数字转换, 为制造量子开关提供了一个新的物理方案. 同时借助磁通和Rashba自旋轨道相互作用, 获得了自旋过滤. 当体系引入含时外场时, 平均电流曲线展示了旁带效应. 改变含时外场的振幅, 实现了体系平均电流的大小与位置的有效控制, 而调节含时外场的频率, 则可以实现平均电流峰与谷之间的可逆转换. 通过调节磁通与Rashba自旋轨道相互作用, 与自旋相关的平均电流亦得到有效控制. 研究结果为开发利用耦合多量子点链嵌入A-B 干涉仪体系电输运性质提供了新的认知. 上述结果可望对未来的量子器件设计与量子计算发挥重要的指导作用.     

Spatial correlation of an electron and hole in quasi-two-dimensional electronic system in a strong magnetic field and its relationship to the light-scattering tensor

The spatial correlation of light-generated electrons and holes in a quasi-two-dimensional electron gas in a strong magnetic field is investigated in an approximation linear in the intensity of the exciting light. The correlation is due to the interaction of the electrons and holes with longitudinal optical (LO) phonons. The theory permits calculating, on the basis of a special diagrammatic technique, two distribution functions of an electron-hole pair with respect to the distance between the electron and the hole after the emission of N phonons: first, the function determining the total number of pairs which have emitted N phonons and, second, the function related to the rank-4 light-scattering tensor in interband resonance Raman scattering of light. A special feature of the system is that the electron and hole energy levels are discrete. The calculation is performed for a square quantum well with infinitely high barriers. The distribution function and the total number of electron-hole pairs before the emission of phonons as well as the distribution function corresponding to two-phonon resonance Raman scattering are calculated. The theory predicts the appearance of several close-lying peaks in the excitation spectrum under resonance conditions. The number of peaks is related to the number of the Landau level participating in the optical transition. The distance between peaks is determined by the electron-phonon coupling constant. Far from resonance there is one peak, which is much weaker than the peaks obtained under resonance conditions. Zh. éksp. Teor. Fiz. 111, 2194–2214 (June 1997)     

半导体应变超晶格结构与界面的X射线双晶衍射研究

本文应用X射线在畸变晶体中的动力学衍射理论,分析了超晶格衍射峰强度分布的规律,计算了应变超晶格中界面变化,层厚波动对双晶摇摆曲线的影响,并初步探讨了超晶格衍射峰之间的小峰消失以及衍射峰宽化的原因,研究表明,衍射峰强度分布依赖于超晶格周期中层厚、成份及应变的综合效果,界面和层厚波动将对摇摆曲线产生一定影响,而晶格弯曲是使衍射峰宽化的主要原因。     

New polaron effect in magnetooptic phenomena in a quantum well

It is predicted that resonance coupling between two discrete electron energy levels corresponding to different size-quantization quantum numbers and different Landau quantum numbers can occur in a quantum well in a quantizing magnetic field. The resonance coupling is due to the interaction of an electron with LO phonons and results in the formation of polaron states of a new type. It is shown that for a certain value of the magnetic field, which depends on the splitting of the electron size-quantization levels, the absorption peak and the two-phonon resonance Raman scattering peak split into two components, the separation between which is determined by the electron-phonon coupling constant. The resonance coupling between size-quantization levels with the same Landau quantum numbers is also studied. The splitting of the peaks in this case is virtually independent of the magnetic field and can be observed in much weaker fields. The experimental observation of the effect will make it possible to determine the relative position of the electronic levels and the electron-phonon coupling constant. Pis’ma Zh. éksp. Teor. Fiz. 65, No. 7, 511–515 (10 April 1997)     

Dynamics of localized excitons in a superlattice grown by molecular-beam epitaxy with submonolayers of CdSe

The low-temperature photoluminescence spectrum and the recombination dynamics of localized excitons have been studied in a short-period superlattice of CdSe/ZnSe submonolayers. As distinct from structures with isolated submonolayers, which exhibit one narrow photoluminescence peak, the photoluminescence and photoluminescence excitation spectra of a superlattice have two peaks, separated by ∼50 meV. The amount of splitting, as well as the temporal characteristics of the damping of the photoluminescence, are interpreted in terms of a model of a disordered superlattice of extended islands, sited randomly in the submonolayers making up the superlattice. Fiz. Tverd. Tela (St. Petersburg) 40, 837–838 (May 1998)     

Monte Carlo simulation of magnetic and magnetocaloric properties of binary alloy Gd1−xCx

The Potts-like model is utilized to describe an alloy Gd_1−xC_x with x=0, 0.025, 0.06, 0.09, and the magnetic and magnetocaloric properties are calculated by Monte Carlo method. The effect of the local distortion of the lattice due to adulterated C atom on the exchange interaction between Gd atoms can be considered. The spontaneous magnetization, specific heat, and magnetic susceptibility are calculated. It is found that the magnetization at low temperature decreases but phase transition temperature from ferromagnetic to paramagnetic increases, as the concentration of the C atom in the system increases. Moreover, the specific heat and the susceptibility exhibit peaks at the transition temperature. For two external magnetic field h/J=0.25 and 10.0, the magnitude of the isothermal magnetic entropy change in binary alloy is more than in pure Gd system. Furthermore, the range of temperature of half peak in the curve of the magnetic entropy change becomes wide and the refrigerant capacity increases in the alloy.     

Quantum magnetotransport in a modulated two-dimensional electron gas

Quantum mechanical calculations of the magnetotransport coefficients of a modulated two-dimensional electron gas in a perpendicular magnetic field are presented using the Kubo method. The model modulation potential used is such that the effect of the steepness of the potential and its strength on the band part of the longitudinal resistivity ρ_xxand the Hall resistivity ρ_xycould be studied. In the extreme limit of a very steep potential, a two-dimensional square array of antidots is simulated. Impurity scattering is included in the self-consistent t-matrix approximation. The results show that for a strong lateral superlattice potential, ρ_xyis quenched in the low magnetic field regime and as the magnetic field increases there is a large negative Hall resistivity. The intensity of this negative peak is suppressed as the strength of the modulation potential is decreased. It is also shown that the height of the negative peak depends on the steepness of the potential. The longitudinal resistivity also has some interesting features. There are Aharonov–Bohm oscillations and a double peak structure which depends on both the strength of the modulation potential as well as its slope. The numerical results show that the position and intensity of the lower peak is not very sensitive to a change in the strength of the lattice potential or its steepness. However, the upper peak is greatly reduced when the lattice potential is diminished in strength. The double peak feature in ρ_xxand the negative peak and quenching of the Hall effect at low magnetic fields have been observed experimentally for antidots in both the quasiclassical and quantum regimes.     

Transverse susceptibilities of ferromagnetic spin wave interacting with phonon reservoir, II: Temperature dependence of line shapes

A form of the transverse magnetic susceptibility of a ferromagnetic spin system with a uniaxial anisotropy energy and an anisotropic exchange interaction, interacting with a phonon reservoir, is derived in the spin-wave approximation using the TCLE method, where the phonon reservoir interacts with not only the x and y components of each spin but also its z component. The transverse magnetic susceptibility is numerically and analytically studied for the system of one-dimensional infinite spins in the lowest spin-wave approximation, by assuming a damped oscillator model of the phonon reservoir. The temperature dependence and wave number dependence of the susceptibility are numerically investigated for the half-widths and peak-heights of the line shapes in the resonance region. It is shown that as the temperature increases, the half-widths of the line shapes increase and the peak heights decrease in the resonance region, and that as the wave number increases, the half-widths of the line shapes decrease and the peak heights increase in the resonance region. It is also shown that as the uniaxial anisotropy energy of the z direction increases or as the exchange interaction between the z components of spins increases, the half-widths of the line shapes decrease and the peak heights increase in the resonance region. It is besides shown that as the characteristic frequency of the phonon increases, the line shapes show ‘motional broadening’ at the low temperature and show ‘motional narrowing’ at the high temperature. Furthermore, the resonance frequency is shown to increase as the wave number increases or as the temperature increases. The numerical results are examined analytically.     

The influence of striction density perturbations on the excitation of plasma oscillations inside thermal inhomogeneities of plasma

In this paper, we continue our studies begun in [Izv. Vyssh. Uchebn. Zaved., Radiofiz.,41, No. 3, 270 (1998)].Calculating the coefficients and nonlinear phase shift in the equation for plasma-wave intensity introduced in the eralier paper, we have solved the problem of the influence of striction perturbations of the plasma density on the excitation of shortwave plasma oscillations by an electromagnetic wave; the above oscillations are captured in a volume of inhomogeneities, which are extended along the magnetic field and have reduced electron density that crosses the level of the upper-hybrid resonance. The dissipative processes of absorption and emission of plasma waves beyond the inhomogeneity are assumed to be weak. The variation of excitation and reflection of plasma waves from the resonance level due to deformation of the plasma- density profile is described. The band of effective generation of eigenmodes of captured oscillations as a function of the total wave-phase increment in an inhomogeneity is determined. The effect of penetration of the field of a high-power plasma wave into the non-transmittance region as a result of the striction expulsion of plasma is calculated. With allowance for the nonlinear phenomena in question, we estimated the heating of artificial inhomogeneities of thermal origin as a result of collisional absorption of the plasma oscillations excited in a volume of inhomogeneities under the action of a high-power radio wave. The materials of this paper were reported at the IIIrd International School on Space Plasma Physics. Institute of Terrestrial Magnetism, Ionosphere, and Radio Wave Propagation, Russian Academy of Sciences, Troitsk, Moscow Region, Russia. Translated from Izvestiya Vysshikh Uchebnykh Zavedenii, Radiofizika, Vol. 41, No. 10, pp. 1226–1247, October 1998.     

Mg掺杂的AlxGa1-xN/GaN超晶格紫外峰的性质

观测了不同Mg含量的Al_xGa_1-xN/GaN超晶格(SLs)样品在不同退火温度和激发强度下的光致发光(PL)光谱。结合霍尔测量,分析了其紫外发射(UVL)峰的起源及相关影响因素。实验发现:同一样品在N₂气氛中高温退火,UVL峰强随退火温度的升高,先增至饱和继而急剧下降,峰位红移;而在相同退火条件下,随着掺杂Mg的流量增加,样品空穴浓度下降,峰强减弱,峰位红移。结果表明:UVL峰是来自于易热分解的浅施主(V_NH)与浅受主(Mg_Ga)之间的跃迁,并受到深施主(Mg_GaV_N)与浅受主(Mg_Ga)自补偿效应的影响。实验上随着PL光谱激发强度的增强,UVL峰位约有260 meV的蓝移,结合超晶格极化场下的能带模型分析,认为这是极化效应导致的锯齿状能带中,V_NH与Mg_Ga之间跃迁方式的改变引起的现象。     

Imageless microscopy of surface patterns using optical waveguides

Recent experiments using a grating coupled low-index nanoporous silica supported monomode waveguide have demonstrated that living cells can cause heavy distortion of the grating coupler resonance lines, in some cases even leading to a separation into two resonance peaks. These findings stand in contrast to previously reported data, where simple peak broadening was observed during cell attachment and spreading using less sensitive waveguide designs. In order to explain these observations, we apply the local interference method to simulate the effects of inhomogeneity patterns on the surface of grating coupled planar optical waveguides and obtain the resonant peaks for the modes. It is shown that analyte inhomogeneities affect both the position and shape of the resonant peaks. Depending on the deposited cell or domain size, refractive index contrast and waveguide design, peak shift, peak deformations or peak splitting can be observed. On the basis of simulation data, characteristic parameters of the resonant peaks such as peak width at half maxima, overall width, central position and peak integral are connected for the first time to quantitative parameters of the inhomogeneity patterns; like analyte covered sensor area, surface averaged effective refractive index and domain size. Our results indicate that by careful investigations of the incoupling resonant peaks, quantitative information about sample inhomogeneities at the micrometer scale can be obtained, thus allowing for a new generation of simple, low cost, label free and imageless optical sensors, which are well suited for high throughput screening applications. PACS 42.82.Et     

GexSi1-x/Si超晶格的X射线小角衍射分析

用分子束外延生长了23周期的Ge_xSi_1-x/Si超晶格,用计算机控制的衍射仪(CuK_a辐射)测量了X射线衍射曲线,共观察到13级超晶格结构的衍射峰。超晶格的周期和Ge平均含量可以根据考虑折射修正的布喇格定律得出。用光学多层膜反射理论分析衍射曲线可以确定超晶格的结构参数,第2级衍射峰与第一级峰的强度比对应于超晶格两种材料的相对厚度变化非常灵敏,通过比较实验和计算的I₂/I₁值,可以确定Si,Ge_xSi_1-x层的厚度以及合金组份x。用光学多层膜反射理谁计算得到的衍射曲线与实验曲线趋于一致。 关键词：     

Triple-q(-->) octupolar ordering in NpO2

We report the results of resonant x-ray scattering experiments performed at the Np M(4,5) edges in NpO2. Below T(0)=25 K, the development of long-range order of Np electric quadrupoles is revealed by the growth of superlattice Bragg peaks. The polarization and azimuthal dependence of the intensity of the resonant peaks are well reproduced assuming anisotropic tensor susceptibility scattering from a triple-q(-->) longitudinal antiferroquadrupolar structure. Electric-quadrupole order in NpO2 could be driven by the ordering at T0 of magnetic octupoles of Gamma(5) symmetry, splitting the Np ground state quartet and leading to a singlet ground state with zero dipole-magnetic moment.     

Nonequilibrium paramagnetic susceptibility of gallium impurity centers in lead telluride

The temperature dependences of the resistance and magnetic susceptibility are studied in gallium-doped lead telluride, which is characterized by a delayed photoconductivity effect, under various illumination conditions. After a sample is illuminated at low temperatures, the magnetic susceptibility is diamagnetic in the region of metallic delayed conductivity (for T<=0 K). In the region of thermodynamic equilibrium (T<70 K), where conductivity is activational, the magnetic susceptibility is likewise diamagnetic and essentially equals the low-temperature value. A paramagnetic susceptibility peak is observed in the transitional region (T∼50–70 K), where the conductivity is of a nonequilibrium character but the carriers are still nondegenerate. This peak increases in magnitude with the rate of measurements in the indicated temperature range. In addition, a paramagnetic variation of the susceptibility following the Curie law is observed with uncontrollable (weak) illumination from the cryostat cap at low temperatures (T<25 K). The interpretation of the observed dependences is based on notions of variable valence of gallium in lead telluride, while the appearance of a paramagnetic susceptibility peak is attributed to the presence of shallow localized levels of gallium in a trivalent state. Zh. éksp. Teor. Fiz. 114, 1859–1867 (November 1998)     

Splitting of NMR signals in parallel fields in the easy-plane antiferromagnet FeBO3

Experimental observations are reported of the splitting of NMR lines of ⁵⁷Fe into two absorption peaks in a static magnetic field H ₀ parallel to a variable field H ₁ in the basis plane. The field dependence of the intensity and the variation in the resonance frequencies of the absorption peaks with H ₀ are studied. These results can be used to explain some features of the layered domain structure of iron borate. Fiz. Tverd. Tela (St. Petersburg) 41, 290–292 (February 1999)