Asymmetric synthesis and structure-activity studies of the fungal metabolites colletorin A,colletochlorin A and their halogenates analogues

The first asymmetric total synthesis of both enantiomers of the natural products colletorin A and colletochlorin A is presented. The proposed methodology is based on the coupling reaction between highly substituted aromatic Gilman cuprates and optically active allyl bromides, in turn obtained by Sharpless asymmetric dihydroxylation. The latter ensured a high degree of regio- and stereocontrol in the enantioselective step of the synthesis. The same synthetic strategy has been also applied for the preparation of differently halogenated synthetic analogues of colletochlorin A in high enantiomeric purity. The enantioselective synthesis of colletorin A and colletochlorin A allows to reliably assign their absolute configuration. Preliminary assessment of their herbicidal and insecticidal properties evidence the possibility to modulate the bioactivity of these compounds, highlighting its dependence on both the absolute stereochemistry and the halogen nature.     

Formation of C1/C2-bromo-/chloro-hydrocarbons by haloperoxidase reactions

Summary We report here the first results of a study of the enzymatic formation of halogenated C₁/C₂-hydrocarbons from natural, biochemically relevant molecules using enzymes such as chloroperoxidase (CPO) or horseradish peroxidase (HRP). As halogen sources KBr, NaCl or a sea salt solution were utilized. The haloform reaction was used as a subsequent reaction to yield the halogenated methanes and ethanes from the halogenated substrate molecules. The products of the incubations were analyzed by HRGC/ECD. With these in vitro reactions we attempted to investigate possible biochemical pathways for the formation of some volatile halogenated organic compounds which are assumed to be of biogenic origin. Most of the incubations with KBr formed bromoform as the main product together with dibromo-chloro-methane and 1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethane as by-products. Incubations with NaCl result in chloroform as the main product in analogy to the formation of bromoform. The reaction with sea salt yields no major product but a spectrum of halogenated C₁/C₂-hydrocarbons. Incubations of a water extract of algae meal without any further source of Cl^–/Br^–-ions yield CHCl₃ as the main product and other mixed halogenated methanes as side products. Blank reactions were carried out without enzyme, H₂O₂ or substrate to show that the products of the incubations are formed enzymatically and to exclude the possibility of normal hypohalogenic reactions of the halide, H₂O₂ and the substrate.     

Computationally rational design of metal-involving halogen bonds with π-covalency: Structures and bonding analysis

Traditional π-covalent interactions have been proved in the non-metal halogen bond adducts formed by chloride and halogenated triphenylamine-based radical cations. In this study, we have rationally designed two metal-involving halogen bond adducts with π-covalency property, such as [L1-Pd···I-PTZ]⁺ (i.e., 1) and [L2-Pd···I-PTZ]⁺ (i.e., 2), in which the square-planar palladium complexes serve as halogen bond acceptor and 3,7-diiodo-10H-phenothiazine radical cation (i.e., [I-PTZ]^•+) acts as halogen bond donor. Noncovalent interaction analysis and quantum theory of atoms in molecules analysis revealed that there are notable halogen bond interactions along the Pd···I direction without genuine chemical bond formed in both designed adducts. Energy decomposition analysis together with natural orbital for chemical valence calculations were performed to gain insight into their bonding nature, which demonstrated the presence of remarkable π-covalent interactions and σ-covalent interactions in both 1 and 2. We therefore proposed a new strategy for building the metal-involving halogen bonds with π-covalency property, which will help the further development of new types of halogen bonds.     

含卤素取代基四硫富瓦烯的合成与研究进展

简要概括了含卤素取代基四硫富瓦烯(TTF)衍生物的主要合成方法, 即TTF及其衍生物的直接卤化法以及卤代1,3-二硫杂环戊烯-2-(硫)酮在亚磷酸三烷基酯参与下的偶合反应. 介绍了含卤素TTF衍生物的电化学、结晶和成膜性能, 及其作为重要的合成中间体在构筑给体-受体二元体、低聚TTF体系、含TTF单元的环蕃、含TTF单元的聚合物以及各种官能化TTF衍生物中的应用. 提出了含卤素TTF衍生物的研究发展趋势.     

Selective Halogenation Using an Aniline Catalyst

Electrophilic halogenation is used to produce a wide variety of halogenated compounds. Previously reported methods have been developed mainly using a reagent‐based approach. Unfortunately, a suitable “catalytic” process for halogen transfer reactions has yet to be achieved. In this study, arylamines have been found to generate an N‐halo arylamine intermediate, which acts as a highly reactive but selective catalytic electrophilic halogen source. A wide variety of heteroaromatic and aromatic compounds are halogenated using commercially available N‐halosuccinimides, for example, NCS, NBS, and NIS, with good to excellent yields and with very high selectivity. In the case of unactivated double bonds, allylic chlorides are obtained under chlorination conditions, whereas bromocyclization occurs for polyolefin. The reactivity of the catalyst can be tuned by varying the electronic properties of the arene moiety of catalyst.     

Halogen-Induced Controllable Cyclizations as Diverse Heterocycle Synthetic Strategy

In organic synthesis, due to their high electrophilicity and leaving group properties, halogens play pivotal roles in the activation and structural derivations of organic compounds. Recently, cyclizations induced by halogen groups that allow the production of diverse targets and the structural reorganization of organic molecules have attracted significant attention from synthetic chemists. Electrophilic halogen atoms activate unsaturated and saturated hydrocarbon moieties by generating halonium intermediates, followed by the attack of carbon-containing, nitrogen-containing, oxygen-containing, and sulfur-containing nucleophiles to give highly functionalized carbocycles and heterocycles. New transformations of halogenated organic molecules that can control the formation and stereoselectivity of the products, according to the difference in the size and number of halogen atoms, have recently been discovered. These unique cyclizations may possibly be used as efficient synthetic strategies with future advances. In this review, innovative reactions controlled by halogen groups are discussed as a new concept in the field of organic synthesis.     

Development and Elucidation of a Pd‐Based Cyclization–Oxygenation Sequence for Natural Product Synthesis

Pd‐catalyzed sequences involving oxidative addition, cyclization, and termination through intermolecular nucleophile capture have tremendous utility. Indeed, they can generate a plethora of different polycyclic structures possessing a diverse range of functionality. However, one area of deficiency for Pd⁰/Pd^II variants is the ability to conclude them with oxygen‐based species. Inspired by the recent discovery of one such reaction in the course of a total synthesis program, we delineate herein that it has significant strength, both in terms of substrate scope as well as the terminating oxygen nucleophile. As a result, the reaction proved critical in achieving total syntheses of two oxygenated natural products, one of which was prone to over‐oxidation. Finally, a mechanistic proposal that accounts for its success is provided.     

用于放射性卤代药物合成的高速无载体固相标记法

本文研究了一种适合于卤素标记化合物的高分子氧化剂的合成及其性能, 研究了适合于某些卤代放射性药物合成的高速、无载体产物的固相标记法和固相反应。 用于肿瘤探针的药物带电诺丹明和肾功能显像剂胆固醇在固定化后, 将这两种药物进行固相法碘标记并对产物进行了鉴定, 得到了放射化学纯度大于95%, 放射性回收率高于96%的标记化合物, 实现了5分钟内完成放射性标记药物无需分离就可得到极高放化纯产物的高速标记法。本文还对其它能生成有机汞化合物的固相标记法进行了讨论。     

Rapid Generation of Molecular Complexity by Chemical Synthesis: Highly Efficient Total Synthesis of Hexacyclic Alkaloid (−)‐Chaetominine and Its Biosynthetic Implications

The efficiency becomes a key issue in today's natural product total synthesis. While biomimetic synthesis is one of the most elegant strategies to achieve synthetic efficiency and thus to approach the ideal synthesis, most biogenetic pathways are unknown or unconfirmed. In this account, we demonstrate, through the shortest and also the most efficient asymmetric total syntheses of the hexacyclic alkaloid (?)‐chaetominine to date, that on the basis of biogenetic thinking, one can develop quite efficient bio‐inspired total synthesis, which in turn serves to suggest and chemically validate plausible biosynthetic routes for the natural product. The synthetic strategy thus developed is also inspiring for the development of other synthetic methods and efficient total synthesis of other natural products.     

Divergent Synthesis of Aeruginosins Based on a C(sp3)H Activation Strategy

A general and scalable access to the aeruginosin family of marine natural products, exhibiting potent inhibitory activity against serine proteases, is reported. This was enabled by the strategic use of two recently implemented Pd‐catalyzed C(sp³)?H activation reactions. The first method allowed us to obtain the common 2‐carboxy‐6‐hydroxyoctahydroindole (Choi) core of the target molecules on a large scale, whereas the second method provided a rapid and divergent access to various hydroxyphenyllactic (Hpla) subunits, including halogenated ones. This unique strategy, together with an optimization of the fragment coupling sequence allowed the synthesis of four aeruginosins, that is, 98A–C and 298A from the chiral pool. Among them, aeruginosin 298A was synthesized on an unprecedentedly large scale. In addition, halogenated aeruginosins 98A and 98C were synthesized for the first time, thanks to a fine‐tuning of the final hydrogenation step.     

Aromatic polyamides. XI. Effect of the halogen substitution on the thermal and flammability behavior of poly(1,4-phenylene terephthalamide)

This article concerns the synthesis and characterization of poly(1,4-phenylene terephthalamide) and halogenated derivatives thereof. It was found that the halogen substitution affected significantly the thermal characteristic and flame resistance of that polyamide. In a nonoxygen atmosphere two-step decomposition process for the halogenated, while only one-step for unsubstituted polyamides were observed. The results supported the previous suggestion, that in the case of the halogenated polyamides the char yield enhancement and the flame resistance improvement are associated with halogen release and ring-forming reactions during their pyrolysis.     

The use of Br/Cl to promote regioselective gold-catalyzed rearrangement of propargylic carboxylates: an efficient synthesis of (1Z, 3E)-1-bromo/chloro-2-carboxy-1,3-dienes

A gold-catalyzed synthesis of 1-bromo/chloro-2-carboxy-1,3-dienes is developed using propargylic carboxylates containing halogenated alkynes as substrates. The reaction is highly diastereoselective, and the halogen atom at the alkyne terminus selectively promotes a 1,2-acyloxy migration. The diene products participate in the Diels-Alder and cross-coupling reactions.     

A Convenient Synthesis of Mono- and Polyhalogenated Benzocyclanones

Benzocyclanones were mono- or dihalogenated on the aromatic ring with elemental halogen or N-halosuccinimide without solvent in an aluminum chloride slurry in good yield. This process is the most direct method for the synthesis of 5- or 7-halo, or 5,7-dihalotetralones and can be extended to indan-1-ones and benzocycloheptan-1-ones as well as to trihalogenated and to mixed halogenated products.     

Macrocyclization by ring-closing metathesis in the total synthesis of natural products: reaction conditions and limitations

The construction of macrocycles by ring-closing metathesis (RCM) is often used as the key step in the synthesis of natural products containing large rings. This reaction is attractive because of its high functional group compatibility and the possibility for further transformations. The finding of suitable reaction conditions is critical for the success of the synthesis. In this Minireview we summarize the efforts of many research groups to develop efficient RCM reactions on their way towards the total synthesis of natural macrocyclic products. Their findings should help in future synthesis to reduce the time-consuming phase of the optimization of the reaction conditions.     

Copper‐Promoted Annulation of Terminal Alkynes with 2‐Aminopyridines to Assemble 2‐Halogenated Imidazo[1,2‐a]pyridines

Copper‐promoted annulation reactions of terminal alkynes with 2‐aminopyridines have been developed for the synthesis of 2‐halogenated imidazo[1,2‐a]pyridines using copper halide as the halogen source. A variety of substrates survived under the reaction conditions and gave the desired products in good yields. This reaction features advantages such as easily available starting materials, broad substrate scope, and mild reaction conditions.     

Flow “Fine” Synthesis: High Yielding and Selective Organic Synthesis by Flow Methods

The concept of flow “fine” synthesis, that is, high yielding and selective organic synthesis by flow methods, is described. Some examples of flow “fine” synthesis of natural products and APIs are discussed. Flow methods have several advantages over batch methods in terms of environmental compatibility, efficiency, and safety. However, synthesis by flow methods is more difficult than synthesis by batch methods. Indeed, it has been considered that synthesis by flow methods can be applicable for the production of simple gasses but that it is difficult to apply to the synthesis of complex molecules such as natural products and APIs. Therefore, organic synthesis of such complex molecules has been conducted by batch methods. On the other hand, syntheses and reactions that attain high yields and high selectivities by flow methods are increasingly reported. Flow methods are leading candidates for the next generation of manufacturing methods that can mitigate environmental concerns toward sustainable society.     

A Historical Review of the Total Synthesis of Natural Products Developed in Portugal

Total synthesis of natural products is an important discipline of organic chemistry that has enabled the development of new synthetic methods and strategies for the preparation and study of the structure and reactivity of complex naturally occurring products. In this review we summarize the synthetic strategies developed in Portugal by several research groups for the synthesis of bioactive natural products including alkaloids, cyclitols, fatty alcohols, phenylpropanoic acids, γ-butyrolactones, xanthones and nucleosides.     

Halogen Bonding or Hydrogen Bonding between 2,2,6,6-Tetramethyl-piperidine-noxyl Radical and Trihalomethanes CHX3 (X=Cl,Br, I)

The halogen and hydrogen bonding complexes between 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine-noxyl and trihalomethanes (CHX₃, X=Cl, Br, I) are simulated by computational quantum chem-istry. The molecular electrostatic potentials, geometrical parameters and interaction energy of halogen and hydrogen bonding complexes combined with natural bond orbital analysis are obtained. The results indicate that both halogen and hydrogen bonding interactions obey the order Cl相似文献   

烯烃的交叉复分解反应(CM)及其合成应用

概述了近年来烯烃交叉复分解反应的研究进展及其在有机中间体制备、碳水化合物的合成、高分子化学以及工业生产上的应用.