闭合式无线纳米孔电极的一步法制备及单颗粒检测研究

以锥形石英固体纳米孔为模板, 通过化学法制备具有金纳米结构的纳米孔尖端, 从而实现一步法简单、 快速地制备直径为30 nm的闭合式无线纳米孔电极(CWNE); 探讨了制备过程中反应物浓度对制备过程的影响, 制备成功率高达85.7%, RMS噪音低至4.2 pA. 以金纳米颗粒碰撞电极实验为电化学测量模型, 获得了单个颗粒与纳米孔电极相互作用的信号, 验证了闭合式无线纳米孔电极对微秒级电信号的皮安级电流分辨能力, 为进一步探索纳米界面上的电子传递过程提供了稳定的测量界面.     

双极纳米电极阵列实现单个铂纳米颗粒上氢气析出反应的电致化学发光成像

本文制备了嵌于多孔阳极氧化铝（AAO）膜中直径为200 nm,间距为450 nm的高密度（5.7 × 10⁸ cm^-2）的金纳米电极阵列,纳米电极分布规则,尺寸高度均一。我们将该金纳米电极阵列作为双极电极阵列,可将电极一侧的电化学法拉第信号在另一侧电极上转化成电致化学发光（ECL）信号,从而实现对单个铂纳米颗粒上氢气析出反应（HER）进行亚微米空间分辨率的电化学成像。本文介绍的方法为高空间分辨率成像电催化材料、能源材料以及细胞过程的局部电化学活性提供了一个良好的平台。     

纳米铂微粒修饰电极上甲醛电催化氧化的电位振荡和电流振荡

通过阴极还原-阳极氧化法制备了钛基纳米铂微粒修饰电极, 扫描电镜观察发现, 分布于钛基体表面的氧化钛膜三维网状孔道中的纳米铂微粒具有高度分散状态. 采用多种电化学手段在该电极上不仅观察到甲醛在恒电流条件下产生的电位振荡, 而且在循环伏安和恒电位两种条件下均观察到强烈的电流振荡, 这进一步证明高度分散的纳米铂微粒使电极的催化活性大大提高, 促进了甲醛及其毒化中间产物的电催化氧化过程, 从而有利于电极上电化学振荡的产生. 研究结果还表明, 甲醛底物浓度、硫酸介质浓度、恒电位或恒电流大小等多种因素对振荡强度、范围或类型会产生规律性的影响.     

纳米电极-膜片钳监测单个活囊泡连续释放

Carbon fiber nanoelectrode(tip diameter ca. 100nm)-patch clamp was firstly applied to realtime monitoring dopamine release from single living vesicles of single Rat pheochromocytoma (PC12) cells with highly temporal and spatial resolution. It is first demonstrated that there are continual vesicle releases of dopamine at the same site in the active release zone, which play a main role in the exocytosis.     

单纳米颗粒在超微电极上的碰撞电化学分析：微电极和纳米管电极

纳米颗粒的功能与其尺寸、电荷密度和表面化学性质等密切相关,因此研究其内在关系至关重要。近年来,基于纳米颗粒碰撞的电化学方法可以实现对单个纳米颗粒的尺寸、浓度和聚集状态快速检测,进而有效区分纳米颗粒的个体差异和探索单个颗粒活性-结构之间的关系。鉴于电极的尺寸、形状对单颗粒碰撞结果存在显著影响,本文将重点介绍不同颗粒（金属、半导体和绝缘体）与传统超微电极和纳米管电极之间的碰撞行为,并基于目前纳米电化学碰撞技术的不足,展望未来纳米电化学碰撞技术的发展方向。     

有限圆盘电极上计时电流方程式

本文报道一个形式简单、结果准确、适用于任何时间的有限圆盘电极上计时电流方程式,结果为i_t=4nFD_RT₀[θ/(1+θ)]C_R^*,f(τ)[式中 ,τ=4D_Rt/r₀²,r₀为电极半径,t为时间,0=expnF(E-E⁰)/RT]。     

超声合成纳米硫化镉及苯酚在其修饰电极上的电化学行为研究

采用一种快捷的超声化学方法成功合成了纳米级的硫化镉颗粒(CdSNCs),并进行X粉末衍射、透射电镜以及扫描电镜观察,合成物的颗粒直径平均在2 ～5 nm,形貌均一.将该材料用于制备一种电化学传感器,纳米硫化镉修饰电极对苯酚的电化学氧化有明显的催化作用,对苯酚的检测和分析有良好的响应.采用循环伏安法、微分脉冲伏安法研究苯酚在纳米硫化镉修饰电极上的电化学行为,结果显示,实验条件下苯酚在CdSNCs修饰电极上的氧化反应受扩散过程控制,为前行化学反应 (CE),催化氧化峰电流与苯酚浓度在2.0×10-7 ～2.0×10-4 mol/L范围内呈良好的线性关系,检出限达2.0×10-8 mol/L(S/N=3).     

普鲁士蓝纳米修饰电极的制备及表征

采用激光加热拉伸的方法制备铂纳米电极,并通过交流电刻蚀的方法制备纳米孔电极,在这两种电极上可通过电化学方法原位合成单颗普鲁士蓝微晶. 结果表明,普鲁士蓝微晶在纳米微孔电极上的机械附着强度增强. 这种方法可用于制备纳米修饰电极或研究功能微晶体材料的电化学性质.     

甲醛在铂纳米颗粒修饰电极上的电化学响应及其应用

用铂纳米颗粒直接修饰玻碳电极,制成了具有大表面积的纳米铂修饰电极.该电极对甲醛的电催化氧化明显优于铂盘电极,电化学响应显著.在碱性介质循环伏安分析中,氧化峰电流与甲醛浓度呈良好的线性关系,检出限为3.8×10(-5)mol/L(1.3μg/L),且多次测量中甲醛氧化峰电流相对标准偏差为1.9%.该修饰电极可用于腐竹提取...     

圆环电极上计时电流理论及其验证

本文推导得到了圆环电极上计时电流方程式。该式形式简单、计算方便、适用于任何电极半径和时间。用微金环电极在K4Fe(CN)6-KCl体系中对该理论进行验证,实验结果与理论十分符合。     

单体动态电化学

由于个体的差异性和异质性作用,整体平均测量掩盖了个体的本征性质和电化学性能之间的关联.单体碰撞电化学作为一种强大而方便的电化学方法,已被用于研究超微电极上自由扩散的单个个体随机碰撞过程中的电化学行为.然而,个体的动态行为与其电化学反应过程息息相关.因此,对于单体动态电化学行为的研究可实时获取单体在电极界面上的动态电化学...     

Electrochemical Determination of Nanoparticle Size: Combined Theoretical and Experimental Study for Matrixless Silver Nanoparticles

A chronoamperometric procedure for the preparation of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) in aqueous systems with no extra added stabilizing agents is presented. The uniqueness of the prepared nanoparticle systems was explored by theoretical considerations. The proposed theoretical model predicts the structural parameters of the obtained nanoparticle system. The parameters required for the calculations (the zeta potential, conductivity, and effective diffusion coefficient of ionic silver) are available from independently performed measurements. Chronoamperometry at a microelectrode was employed for the evaluation of the effective diffusion coefficient of ionic silver present in the AgNP solution. The values of AgNP radii predicted by the theoretical model for the selected samples were compared to those obtained by Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) and Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS) methods. Because of the high polydispersity of the prepared nanoparticle samples, DLS results were overestimated in comparison to both: the TEM results and some theoretical predictions. By correcting the theoretical predictions by the Debye length, the calculated nanoparticle sizes become comparable (within their expanded uncertainties) to those measured in TEM images, especially for the nanosystems at early stages of their formation via the electrosynthesis process.     

Synthesis of Silver and Gold Nanoparticles by a Novel Electrochemical Method

Spherical silver and gold nanoparticles with narrow size distributions were conveniently synthesized in aqueous solution by a novel electrochemical method. The technological keys to the electrochemical synthesis of monodispersed metallic nanoparticles lie in the choice of an ideal stabilizer for the metallic nanoclusters and the use of a rotating platinum cathode. Poly(N‐vinylpyrrolidone) (PVP) was chosen as the stabilizer for the silver and gold clusters. PVP not only protects metallic particles from agglomeration, but also promotes metal nucleation, which tends to produce small metal particles. Using a rotating platinum cathode effectively solves the technological difficulty of rapidly transferring the (electrochemically synthesized) metallic nanoparticles from the cathode vicinity to the bulk solution, avoiding the occurrence of flocculates in the vicinity of the cathode, and ensuring the monodispersity of the particles. The particle size and particle size distribution of the silver and gold nanoparticles were improved by adding sodium dodecyl benzene sulfonate (SDBS) to the electrolyte. The electrochemically synthesized nanoparticles were characterized by TEM and UV/Vis spectroscopy.     

抗坏血酸在铂纳米粒子/碳纳米管/聚吡咯复合修饰电极上的电化学行为

研究了抗坏血酸在铂纳米粒子/碳纳米管/聚吡咯复合膜修饰电极上的电化学行为,发现复合修饰电极对抗坏血酸的电化学反应具有较好的电催化作用,与空白电极相比电化学氧化电流增加了7倍。用电化学阻抗谱研究了电子在修饰电极界面上的传输过程,发现修饰电极的电催化性能与修饰电极可以提高界面电子传输能力是相关的。同时研究了碳纳米管用量、支持电解质、扫速、电沉积条件等因素对抗坏血酸在修饰电极上电化学行为的影响。     

界面可控硫醇SAMs纳米金修饰金电极的电化学行为研究

在裸金电极上自组装不同比例的4,4’-二甲基联苯硫醇(MTP)和硫辛酸(TA)混合液,形成自组装膜(MTP+TA/Au SAMs),再修饰纳米金,制得纳米金混合巯基修饰金电极(AuNPs/MTP+TA/Au)。研究了纳米金混合巯基修饰金电极的电化学行为和阻抗行为,结果表明电极表面pH值的改变对电极表面的电子转移有重要影响。对葡萄糖传感器的制备条件、测定条件、抗干扰能力等进行了讨论,结果表明修饰电极的微结构和微环境有必要进一步研究。     

布洛芬在石墨烯/DNA/纳米金修饰电极上的电化学行为及测定

利用石墨烯/DNA/纳米金(Gr/DNA/GNPs)修饰电极对布洛芬(IB)的电化学行为进行了研究。分别采用紫外-可见分光光度法和扫描电镜成像技术对Gr/DNA/GNPs复合材料进行了表征。比较了不同修饰电极的检测效果并考察了缓冲体系及修饰量等对测定的影响。实验结果表明,IB在Gr/DNA/GNPs复合材料修饰电极上的电化学信号较为明显,在0.1 mol·L-1PBS缓冲溶液(pH 6.8)中,IB于0.83 V处可观察到1个灵敏的氧化峰。在最佳实验条件下对IB进行检测,其线性范围为7.2×10-7~4.9×10-5mol·L-1,检出限为1.5×10-7mol·L-1。干扰实验和重复实验的结果表明,该修饰电极选择性及重现性良好。用于实际样品的检测,结果满意。     

光照纳米银颗粒对葡萄糖生物传感器响应电流的抑制

采用纳米银-壳聚糖复合膜固定葡萄糖氧化酶,构建葡萄糖生物传感器.利用计时电流法对不同光照时间纳米银颗粒组装的酶电极响应电流进行了表征.实验结果表明,光照纳米银颗粒可以抑制葡萄糖生物传感器的响应电流;随着光照时间的延长,纳米银颗粒的抑制作用逐渐增强,当光照时间达到120min时,葡萄糖生物传感器的响应电流最小(-3.953μA/cm²).葡萄糖生物传感器响应电流的抑制可能是由纳米银颗粒表面的Ag⁺离子浓度及表面性能的变化引起的.     

The Electrochemical Characterization of Single Core–Shell Nanoparticles

We report the direct solution‐phase characterization of individual gold‐core silver‐shell nanoparticles through an electrochemical means, with selectivity achieved between the core and shell components based on their different redox activities. The electrochemically determined core–shell sizes are in excellent agreement with electron microscopy‐based results, successfully demonstrating the electrochemical characterization of individual core–shell nanoparticles.     

Oxygen Evolution Electrocatalysis of a Single MOF‐Derived Composite Nanoparticle on the Tip of a Nanoelectrode

Determination of the intrinsic electrocatalytic activity of nanomaterials by means of macroelectrode techniques is compromised by ensemble and film effects. Here, a unique “particle on a stick” approach is used to grow a single metal–organic framework (MOF; ZIF‐67) nanoparticle on a nanoelectrode surface which is pyrolyzed to generate a cobalt/nitrogen‐doped carbon (CoN/C) composite nanoparticle that exhibits very high catalytic activity towards the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) with a current density of up to 230 mA cm^?2 at 1.77 V (vs. RHE), and a high turnover frequency (TOF) of 29.7 s^?1 at 540 mV overpotential. Identical location transmission electron microscopy (IL‐TEM) analysis substantiates the “self‐sacrificial” template nature of the MOF, while post‐electrocatalysis studies reveal agglomeration of Co centers within the CoN/C composite during the OER. “Single‐entity” electrochemical analysis allows for deriving the intrinsic electrocatalytic activity and furnishes insight into the transient behavior of the electrocatalyst under reaction conditions.