还原氧化石墨烯/TiO2复合材料在钠离子电池中的电化学性能

二氧化钛(TiO₂)作为有前景的钠离子电池负极材料, 具有良好的循环稳定性, 但由于其导电率较低, 而导致容量和倍率性能不佳限制了其实际应用. 本文采用喷雾干燥技术制备了氧化石墨烯/纳米TiO₂复合材料(GO/TiO₂), 通过热处理获得还原氧化石墨烯/TiO₂复合材料(RGO/TiO₂). 电化学测试结果表明, 还原氧化石墨烯改性的RGO/TiO₂复合材料的电化学性能得到显著提升, RGO含量为4.0%(w)的RGO/TiO₂复合材料在各种电流密度下的可逆容量分别为183.7 mAh·g^-1 (20 mA·g^-1), 153.7 mAh·g^-1 (100 mA·g^-1)和114.4 mAh·g^-1 (600mA·g^-1), 而纯TiO₂的比容量仅为93.6 mAh·g^-1 (20 mA·g^-1), 69.6 mAh·g^-1 (100 mA·g^-1)和26.5 mAh·g^-1 (600mA·g^-1). 4.0%(w) RGO/TiO₂复合材料体现了良好的循环稳定性, 在100 mA·g^-1电流密度下充放电循环350个周期后, 比容量仍然保持146.7 mAh·g^-1. 同等条件下, 纯TiO₂电极比容量只有68.8 mAh·g^-1. RGO包覆改性极大提高了TiO₂在钠离子电池中的电化学嵌钠/脱钠性能. RGO包覆改性技术在改进钠离子电池材料性能中将有很好的应用前景.     

三维多级孔类石墨烯载三氧化二铁锂离子电池负极材料

采用简单的水解、热处理方法合成三氧化二铁（Fe₂O₃）负载在三维多级孔类石墨烯（3D HPG）上的复合材料. 3D HPG有效的导电网络有利于负载纳米Fe₂O₃,使其呈均匀分散状态,并有效增强纳米复合物的导电率,提高Fe₂O₃利用率,抑制纳米Fe₂O₃的团聚,从而制得稳定、高性能的锂离子电池负极材料. Fe₂O₃-3D HPG电极在50 mA·g^-1电流密度下首次放电容量达1745 mAh·g^-1,50周期放电容量保持于1095 mAh·g^-1.     

纳米CoFe2O4/GNS负极制备及其电化学性能研究

采用溶剂热法一步合成纳米尺寸CoFe₂O₄/GNS复合材料（直径约为15 nm）,其颗粒尺寸均一,且均匀分散于石墨烯表面. 电化学测试结果表明,该复合物电极具有良好的循环和倍率性能,500 mA·g^-1电流密度下100周期循环比容量稳定在709 mAh·g^-1, 容量保持率高达95.8%;2 A·g^-1电流密度,其比容量仍高达482 mAh·g^-1.     

芘基共轭微孔聚合物用于锂离子电池电极材料性能研究

共轭微孔聚合物由于其高的比表面积、优良的物理化学稳定性以及沿分子链延伸的共轭结构等特点,使其在锂离子电池电极材料方面具有巨大的应用前景.本工作以四溴芘和对苯二硼酸为构建单元,通过Suzuki偶联反应合成了具有高比表面积的芘基共轭微孔聚合物PyDB,并研究了其作为锂离子电池电极材料的电化学性能.当PyDB用作锂离子电池正极材料时,在50 mA·g^-1的电流密度下,放电容量达到163 mAh·g^-1,即使在3000 mA·g^-1的电流密度下仍具有62 mAh·g^-1的可逆容量,在100 mA·g^-1的电流密度下循环300次仍具有167 mAh·g^-1的容量.当该聚合物用作负极材料时,在50 mA·g^-1电流密度下的放电容量达到495 mAh·g^-1,在200 mA·g^-1的电流密度下循环300次,仍具有245 mAh·g^-1的容量.PyDB优异的电化学性能主要归因于其延伸的共轭结构和高比表面积的多孔结构,大的共轭结构有利于分子链的掺杂反应和电子传导,高比表面积的多孔结构有利于提供大量的活性位点并促进离子的迁移.     

组氨酸功能化石墨烯量子点@纳米硅负极材料的制备及电化学性能研究

以柠檬酸和组氨酸混合物为碳源采用高温热解法制备组氨酸功能化石墨烯量子点（CH-GQD）.CH-GQD是由平均尺寸仅为3.5 nm的石墨烯片组成,片的边缘含有丰富亲水基团,产品极易溶于水,具有强而稳定的荧光发射.将CH-GQD包覆于硅纳米粒子表面得到石墨烯量子点@硅复合物,以此复合物电极为负极、金属锂片为正极装配锂电池,并测试其电化学性能.研究表明,CH-GQD的引入使硅负极的电子转移阻抗下降超过14.7倍,电极与电解质之间的锂离子扩散系数提高310倍,减少了因硅与电解液分子发生副反应造成的储锂容量迅速衰减.CH-GQD@Si电池在50和1000 mA·g^-1恒电流下首次放电容量分别是3325和1119 mAh·g^-1.在100 mA·g^-1电流密度下循环100圈放电容量仍保持1454.4 mAh·g^-1.CH-GQD@Si的电池行为明显优于硅负极和柠檬酸和丙氨酸热解产生石墨烯量子点（CA-GQD）改性后的硅负极.由于CH-GQD和CA-GQD在结构上仅相差一个咪唑边缘基团,上述结果还证明咪唑基对提高复合物电极电化学性能发挥了重要作用.     

Ni/Mn3O4/NiMn2O4@RGO空心微球负极的制备及其储钠性能

采用溶剂热法制备前驱体,后经350 °C热处理,首次合成了空心结构的NiMn₂O₄微球以及不同含量氧化石墨烯包覆的Ni/Mn₃O₄/NiMn₂O₄@RGO复合材料. 电化学性能测试表明,复合负极材料中,含25wt%还原氧化石墨烯的材料储钠性能最佳,其在50 mA·g^-1电流密度下,100次循环后放电比容量保持在187.8 mAh·g^-1,且800 mA·g^-1电流密度下的可逆容量高达149.9 mAh·g^-1,明显优于NiMn₂O₄及其他石墨烯基复合材料. 研究指出,复合材料性能的提升得益于空心微球和还原的氧化石墨烯构成的特殊结构,一方面缩短了电子/离子传输距离,缓解了体积效应,另一方面高导电网络有效增强了活性物质利用率.     

均匀负载氧化镍纳米颗粒多孔硬碳球的制备及其高性能锂离子电池负极材料应用

利用水热法制备了粒径为90-130 nm的多孔硬碳球, 并通过浸渍与煅烧的方法制备了硬碳球均匀负载纳米氧化镍颗粒(~10 nm)复合材料. 硬碳球的表面官能团和内部的微孔保证了氧化镍颗粒在硬碳上的均匀分布. 在100 mA·g^-1的电流密度下, 复合材料电极首次充电比容量高达764 mAh·g^-1; 在100 mA·g^-1的电流密度下循环100 个周期后电极充电比容量保持在777 mAh·g^-1, 容量保持率为101%; 800 mA·g^-1电流密度下电极的充电比容量达380 mAh·g^-1, 显示复合材料电极具有优异的循环性能和倍率性能. 硬碳的表面官能团和内部微孔为氧化镍提供了优先形核位点, 保证了二者的牢固结合, 使复合材料获得了“协同效应”, 从而使复合电极具备更短的锂离子扩散路径、更高的电导率和更多的锂离子脱嵌位点. 这种方法还可用于制备硬碳/其他金属氧化物复合材料.     

球形Sn-SnSb合金纳米粒子制备及其储锂性能

锂离子电池Sn负极材料有较高的比容量,但其容量随周期循环急剧衰减. 若Sn与Sb形成SnSb合金可以改善其循环性能. 本文采用有机液相还原方法制备了球形Sn-SnSb合金纳米粒子,其首周期循环充电容量1235.9 mAh·g^-1,放电容量为785.9 mAh·g^-1,经过50周的循环之后其放电容量保持在409.2 mAh·g^-1,表现出较好的循环性能.     

锗酸锌纳米棒@石墨烯复合负极材料的制备及储锂性质

以二氧化锗和二水合醋酸锌为原料,采用水热法制备了锗酸锌纳米棒,并将其与氧化石墨烯复合,制备了石墨烯包覆的锗酸锌纳米棒三维复合材料. SEM等测试表明,锗酸锌纳米棒均匀地穿插在石墨烯片中,阻止了石墨烯片之间相互堆垛,而石墨烯片层之间相互连接,形成三维的空间导电网络,提高了材料的电子导电性.电化学测试表明,石墨烯片作为稳定的框架,能够有效缓冲活性物质在脱嵌锂过程中产生的体积变化,在500 mA·g^-1电流密度下循环190次后, Zn₂GeO₄@RGO复合材料的嵌锂容量仍有1189.5 mAh·g^-1;在3.2 A·g^-1的大电流密度下,嵌锂容量达到449.5mAh·g^-1,表明该复合材料具有优异的长循环稳定性和良好的倍率性能.     

二氧化钼-碳复合涂层的电化学性能研究

应用简单的刮涂法以及真空煅烧可制备出承载在铜箔表面的二氧化钼-碳（MoO₂-C）复合涂层,并对样品的形貌、成分、结构和电化学性能进行分析.结果表明,该复合涂层由单斜结构的MoO₂纳米粒子和无定形碳组成.一些MoO₂纳米粒子承载在碳基体表面,其尺寸为5~30nm;一些MoO₂纳米粒子包覆在碳基体内部,其尺寸约为5nm. MoO₂-C复合涂层为多孔结构,其孔隙尺寸为1~3nm.该复合涂层与铜箔结合紧密,界面处没有裂纹.承载在铜箔表面的MoO₂-C复合涂层的比容量高、循环和倍率性能良好.在100mA·g^-1电流密度下,该负极经过100次循环后的比容量为814mAh·g^-1,在循环过程中没有出现明显的容量衰减,即使在5000mA·g^-1的高电流密度下,其比容量仍有188mAh·g^-1.     

二氧化碳和丙烯直接合成甲基丙烯酸的NiPMo/TiO2催化剂的研究

用溶胶-凝胶法以磷钼酸(MPA)的镍盐溶液水解钛酸四丁酯制备了NiPMo/TiO2催化剂.使用ICP、 XRD、 TG-DTA、 IR、 TPD-MS和微反应技术研究了催化剂的化学组成、热稳定性、化学吸附性质和催化反应性能.杂多钼酸盐与TiO2通过O2-在TiO2表面发生了键合.在623 K下,杂多阴离子仍保持原有的Keggin结构.CO2在Lewis酸位Ni(Ⅱ)和Lewis碱位Ni-O-Mo的桥氧协同作用下生成CO2卧式吸附态Ni(Ⅱ)←O-(CO)←(O--Ni).丙烯有多种吸附态在催化剂上吸附.在563 K、 1 MPa和空速1500 h-1的反应条件下,丙烯的摩尔转化率为3.2%,产物MAA选择性为95%.     

Synthesis of 1-benzyloxypyrazin-2(1H)-one derivatives

Different approaches for the synthesis of 1-benzyloxypyrazin-2(1H)-one derivatives from simple amino acids have been investigated. A library of 33 precursors for the preparation of N-hydroxy pyrazinones was obtained in moderate to good yields.     

Toward new camptothecins. Part 6: Synthesis of crucial ketones and their use in Friedländer reaction

In the context of the preparation of camptothecin and luotonin A analogs, the synthesis of some key keto-precursors and their use in Friedländer condensation are described. This paper also focuses on the stability of these keto intermediates and emphasizes the major differences between indolizinones and pyrroloquinazolinones series. Noteworthy is also the report of some original structures isolated as by-products of some experiments.     

CoFe2O4自形成磁性液体场致结构化对磁化的影响

The Langevin paramagnetic theory can’t describe the relation between magnetization of ferrofluids and applied magnetic field. The structuralization of ferrofluids, which is considered the main influence factor of the magnetization, is regarded. The part of magnetization works is deposited when the structure is forming. This action influences the magnetization of ferrofluids directly or indirectly. On the base of the “compressing” model, the Langevin function that usually describes the magnetization of ferrofluid is modified, and a well-fitted curve is obtained. An equation of the relation between the equivalent volume fraction after being “compressed” and the intensity of magnetic field is discovered, which approximately describes the process of magnetization. The relation between the approximate initial susceptibility and the volume fraction can be obtained from modified formula.     

Highly regioselective Buchwald–Hartwig amination at C-2 of 2,4-dichloropyridine enabling a novel approach to 2,4-bisanilinopyridine (BAPyd) libraries

The highly regioselective Buchwald–Hartwig amination at C-2 of the cheap and readily accessible reagent, 2,4-dichloropyridine with a range of anilines and heterocyclic amines is described. This new methodology is robust and provides a facile access to 4-chloro-N-phenylpyridin-2-amines on 0.25 mol scale. These intermediates undergo a further Buchwald–Hartwig amination at higher temperature to enable rapid exploration of the chemical space at C-4 and to provide a library of 2,4-bisaminopyridines.     

KMnO4-mediated oxidative CN bond cleavage of tertiary amines: Synthesis of amides and sulfonamides

KMnO₄-mediated oxidative CN bond cleavage of tertiary amines producing secondary amine was introduced, which was trapped by electrophiles (acyl chloride and sulfonyl chloride) to form amides and sulfonamides. The reaction could take place at mild condition, tolerating a wide range of function groups and affording products in moderate to excellent yields.     

Chemistry of heterocyclic compounds at the A. E. Favorsky Irkutsk Institute of Chemistry, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, over 50 years (Review)

The review contains a concise historical account and information on the most significant researches undertaken by the staff at the A. E. Favorsky Irkutsk Institute of Chemistry, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences on the Chemistry of Heterocyclic Compounds. Dedicated to Academician of the Russian Academy of Sciences B. A. Trofimov on his 70th jubilee. Translated from Khimiya Geterotsiklicheskikh Soedinenii, No. 10, pp. 1443–1502, October, 2008.     

Sulfur-directed metal-free and regiospecific methyl C(sp3)–H imidation of thioanisoles

Regiospecific and direct imidation of the methyl C(sp³)–H bond of thioanisoles is realized under mild and metal-free conditions with N-fluorobis(benzenesulfonyl)imide as an oxidant and nitrogen source. Proposed mechanism suggests that thionium ion intermediates and a Pummerer-type reaction are involved. The imidation has advantages such as high step-economy, excellent functionality tolerance, and regiospecificity, giving structurally diverse imidation products.     

A general and convenient synthesis of 4-(tosylmethyl)semicarbazones and their use in amidoalkylation of hydrogen,heteroatom, and carbon nucleophiles

A general synthesis of previously unknown semicarbazone-based α-amidoalkylating reagents, 4-(tosylmethyl)semicarbazones, has been developed. The synthesis involved three-component condensation of semicarbazones of aliphatic or aromatic aldehydes with the same or other aldehydes and p-toluenesulfinic acid. The scope and limitations of this reaction were investigated. The compounds obtained were demonstrated to be an efficient α-(4-semicarbazono)alkylating agents. They were reacted with H- (sodium borohydride), O- (sodium methylate), S- (sodium phenylthiolate), N- (pyrrolidine, sodium succinimide), P- (trialkyl phosphites), and C-nucleophiles (sodium diethyl malonate) to give the corresponding products of the tosyl group substitution, 4-substituted semicarbazones, including analogues of nitrofurazone. Among the prepared compounds tested in vitro for antibacterial and antifungal activity, three nitrofuryl-containing semicarbazones exhibited high biological activities with minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values of 8–32 μg/mL.     

Synthesis of novel chiral bidentate hydroxyalkyl-N-heterocyclic carbene ligands and their application in palladium-catalyzed Mizoroki–Heck couplings and asymmetric addition of diethylzinc to benzaldehyde

A small library of new chiral bidentate hydroxyalkyl-imidazolium salts 1 is conveniently synthesized on multi-gram scale from inexpensive and commercially available chiral pool amino acids. The corresponding carbenes, generated by deprotonation of imidazolium salts 1, in combination with palladium(II) chloride were tested in the Mizoroki–Heck coupling reaction. The most significant results in terms of yields and reactivities were achieved with low catalyst loading. The catalytic activities of these imidazolium salts were also investigated in the asymmetric addition of diethylzinc to benzaldehyde. The use of MgO nanoparticles as an additive in conjunction with these ligands played a crucial role in increasing the efficiency of these reactions.