On the photon production in nucleus-nucleus collisions at high energy

A modified Landau hydrodynamical model is applied to study hard thermal photon production in central heavy-ion collisions at LHC, RHIC and SPS energies. It is shown that the phase transition from quark-gluon plasma into hadrons in consequence of the thermodynamical expansion is close to the second order phase transition if a resonance production is taken into account. Hard direct photon emission is also investigated with consideration of nuclear shadowing effect on structure function of quarks and gluons. Also π^π photon background is investigated. It is demonstrated that at the LHC energy photon yield from the quark-gluon plasma in the photon transversal momentumk _⊥ range from 5 to 25 GeV/c exceeds both the background and the direct photon yield. This conclusion may be important for the quark-gluon plasma diagnostic aims. It is also shown that for the LHC energy the thermal photon yield in the present model essentially exceeds this yield obtained in the Bjorken scaling model.     

Jacobian transformed and detailed balance approximations for photon induced scattering

Photon emission and scattering are enhanced by the number of photons in the final state, and the photon transport equation reflects this in scattering–emission kernels and source terms. This is often a complication in both theoretical and numerical analyzes, requiring approximations and assumptions about background and material temperatures, incident and exiting photon energies, local thermodynamic equilibrium, plus other related aspects of photon scattering and emission. We review earlier schemes parameterizing photon scattering–emission processes, and suggest two alternative schemes. One links the product of photon and electron distributions in the final state to the product in the initial state by Jacobian transformation of kinematical variables (energy and angle), and the other links integrands of scattering kernels in a detailed balance requirement for overall (integrated) induced effects. Compton and inverse Compton differential scattering cross sections are detailed in appropriate limits, numerical integrations are performed over the induced scattering kernel, and for tabulation induced scattering terms are incorporated into effective cross sections for comparisons and numerical estimates. Relativistic electron distributions are assumed for calculations. Both Wien and Planckian distributions are contrasted for impact on induced scattering as LTE limit points. We find that both transformed and balanced approximations suggest larger induced scattering effects at high photon energies and low electron temperatures, and smaller effects in the opposite limits, compared to previous analyzes, with 10–20% increases in effective cross sections. We also note that both approximations can be simply implemented within existing transport modules or opacity processors as an additional term in the effective scattering cross section. Applications and comparisons include effective cross sections, kernel approximations, and impacts on radiative transport solutions in 1D geometry. The additional computing time for processing opacities (cross sections) within these approximations is negligible as induced terms are merely added (multipliers) to cross sections at the end of the processing cycle.     

Scattering of vacuum states by dynamic plasmon singularities: generating photons from vacuum

A metallic nanoparticle surrounded by an amplifying medium results in a boundary condition that creates a singularity in the particle's dynamic polarizability at a critical value of the gain. When this boundary condition is time dependent, parametric excitation of the electromagnetic vacuum results in photon emission. Estimates of the vacuum emission from nanostructures embedded in high-gain laser dyes excited by femtosecond lasers predict energies nearly 2 orders of magnitude larger than the spontaneous emission background.     

原子在双腔场间的光子辐射

考虑单个二能级原子穿过两个空间分离的单模腔场,研究原子质心运动的动能、腔长和腔间距对原子的光子辐射率的影响.结果表明,在原子的动能较小时,光子辐射率在双腔系统中出现多共振峰结构并且这种共振峰的数目随腔间距的增大而增加,此时原子在第一个腔中的光子辐射率普遍大于在第二个腔中的;在原子的动能较大时,原子在第一个腔中的光子辐射率与第二个腔中的光子辐射率呈交替变化.该结果说明,可以通过控制原子的速度而对原子的光子辐射率进行调控. 关键词： 光子辐射率 单模腔场 二能级原子     

Observation of avalanche upconversion emission in Pr:Y<Subscript>2</Subscript>O<Subscript>3</Subscript> nanocrystals on excitation with 532 nm radiation

In this paper we report the two photon upconversion process in nanosize Pr:Y₂O₃ crystals on excitation with 532 nm photon at room temperature. Upconversion emission intensity shows an abrupt change at the critical pump threshold. On the basis of the temporal evolution of the intermediate state population and power-dependence studies, it is concluded that the significant variation in upconversion emission intensity is due to the photon avalanche process.     

Radiation from electrons in graphene in strong electric field

We study the interaction of electrons in graphene with the quantized electromagnetic field in the presence of an applied uniform electric field using the Dirac model of graphene. Electronic states are represented by exact solutions of the Dirac equation in the electric background, and amplitudes of first-order Feynman diagrams describing the interaction with the photon field are calculated for massive Dirac particles in both valleys. Photon emission probabilities from a single electron and from a many-electron system at the charge neutrality point are derived, including the angular and frequency dependence, and several limiting cases are analyzed. The pattern of photon emission at the Dirac point in a strong field is determined by an interplay between the nonperturbative creation of electron–hole pairs and spontaneous emission, allowing for the possibility of observing the Schwinger effect in measurements of the radiation emitted by pristine graphene under DC voltage.     

An observational test of cosmological particle production theories

It is shown that, although cosmological particle production is too small to be seen directly, the production of particles which decay through the emission of photons leads to an isotropic X-ray/gamma-ray background which is observable. An approximate expression for part of the differential photon flux spectrum is derived. This expression is evaluated for several examples and compared to observations.     

光子计数分布与生物光子辐射特性

本文应用光子计数分布的理论及生物系统超微弱光子辐射的测试数据对生物光子场的辐射特性进行研究,提出生物光子场基本上属于高斯场的观点,并认为它至少是由两个独立部分的光子辐射叠加的结果;其一是纯相干态的相干辐射;另一则为热平衡浑沌态的热光源辐射。文中最后讨论了生物光子辐射的产生机制。     

Possibility of observing enhanced photon bunching from two photon emission

Two photon emission into a vacuum is shown to produce a field with a second order correlation functioning g⁽²⁾ greater than two. This offers the possibility of observing an enhanced Hanbury Brown Twiss effect from two photon spontaneous emission.     

Photon bunching and anti-bunching with two dipole-coupled atoms in an optical cavity

We investigate the effect of the dipole–dipole interaction(DDI) on the photon statistics with two atoms trapped in an optical cavity driven by a laser field and subjected to cooperative emission. By means of the quantum trajectory analysis and the second-order correlation functions, we show that the photon statistics of the cavity transmission can be flexibly modulated by the DDI while the incoming coherent laser selectively excites the atom–cavity system's nonlinear Jaynes–Cummings ladder of excited states. Finally, we find that the effect of the cooperatively atomic emission can also be revealed by the numerical simulations and can be explained with a simplified picture. The DDI induced nonlinearity gives rise to highly nonclassical photon emission from the cavity that is significant for quantum information processing and quantum communication.     

Experimental observation of interatomic coulombic decay in neon dimers

Recently Cederbaum et al. [Phys. Rev. Lett. 79, 4778 (1997)]] predicted a new decay channel of excited atoms and molecules termed interatomic Coulombic decay (ICD). In ICD the deexcitation energy is transferred via virtual photon exchange to a neighboring atom, which releases it by electron emission. We report on an experimental observation of ICD in 2s ionized neon dimers. The process is unambiguously identified by detecting the energy of two Ne1+ fragments and the ICD electron in coincidence, yielding a clean, background free experimental spectral distribution of the ICD electrons.     

Stimulated emission as a result of multiphoton interference

By performing an experiment on stimulated emission by two photons in the parametric amplification process and comparing it to a three-photon interference scheme, we present evidence in support of the idea that the underlying physics of stimulated emission is simply the constructive interference due to photon indistinguishability. So the observed signal enhancement upon the input of photons can be interpreted as a result of multiphoton interference of the input photons and the otherwise spontaneously emitted photon from the amplifier.     

Single photon emitters based on Ni/Si related defects in single crystalline diamond

We present investigations on single Ni/Si related color centers produced via ion implantation into single crystalline type IIa CVD diamond. By testing different ion dose combinations we show that there is an upper limit for both the Ni and the Si dose (10¹² cm^?2 and 10¹⁰ cm^?2 resp.) due to the creation of excess fluorescent background. We demonstrate creation of Ni/Si related centers showing emission in the spectral range between 767?nm and 775?nm and narrow line-widths of ??2?nm FWHM at room temperature. Measurements of the intensity autocorrelation functions prove single-photon emission. The investigated color centers can be coarsely divided into two groups: Drawing from photon statistics and the degree of polarization in excitation and emission, we find that some color centers behave as two-level, single-dipole systems whereas other centers exhibit three levels and contributions from two orthogonal dipoles. In addition, some color centers feature stable and bright emission with saturation count rates up to 78?kcounts/s whereas others show fluctuating count rates and three-level blinking.     

Stimulated photoluminescence of ZnSe

The stimulated emission from ZnSe under one photon or two photon excitation has been investigated in the temperature range between 20 and 100 K. The spectra obtained under quasi-resonant one photon pumping show a dominant P line, ascribed to exciton-exciton scattering on the basis of its intensity dependence and its optical gain spectrum. The role of many-body processes under non-resonant one photon excitation is discussed. Under two photon pumping the LO-phonon assisted free exciton recombination is shown to be the dominant lasing mechanism.     

单个二能级超冷原子在多个单模腔场间的共振隧穿和光子辐射

考虑单个二能级超冷原子穿过多个空间分离的单模腔场，研究原子质心运动的动能、腔长和腔间距对原子透射率和光子辐射率的影响.在腔间距等于原子质心运动de Broglie波的半波长整数倍时，结果表明，原子透射率和光子辐射率在多腔系统中出现多共振峰结构.这一结果说明，可以通过一系列腔的安排在宏观上实现对超冷原子质心运动波函数的调制. 关键词： 超冷原子 单模腔场 共振隧穿     

硅雪崩二极管光子辐射特性的实验研究

利用计数统计测量的方法，对工作在击穿状态下的硅雪崩光电二极管(APD)光子辐射的暂态特性以及计数统计特性进行了实验研究.将APD辐射光子的计数统计曲线与相应Poisson、热光场进行比较，发现其在采样时间为10 ms的情况下计数统计服从Super-Poisson分布.另外实验给出了APD光子辐射的光谱特性.     

脉冲激发三能级体系半导体量子点的单光子发射效率

研究了脉冲激发下单个半导体量子点中单光子发射的统计特性.在旋转波近似条件下，由系统粒子数演化主方程并结合量子回归理论推导了二阶相关函数的运动方程，利用此方程讨论了二阶相关函数随输入脉冲面积的关系.在窄脉冲宽度的脉冲激发下，单光子的发射概率p和效率η都随着强度的增强而产生振荡.研究表明，采用窄脉冲宽度，当输入脉冲面积在π附近时可以得到较高的单光子发射效率. 关键词： 半导体量子点 单光子发射 三能级系统     

单光子计数器的校验方法研究

单光子计数器的校验标定分为两个步骤:验证仪器的计数与其接受的光能量之间的线性关系,即采用光照度平方反比定律、发光二极管发光强度与其电流的关系逐一进行校验,其中后一种方法能更方便也能更准确地进行测量;标定单光子计数器。使用恒流源控制发光二极管电流来制成弱光标准光源,利用大动态范围的光子计数器,结合弱光辐照计标定光子计数器。实验结果表明,由于光子计数器的核心器件光电倍增管及其高压电源不很稳定,光子计数器需要经常校验和标定。使用发光二极管制成标准光源来进行校验和标定光子计数器是一种较好的解决方法。     

大豆愈伤组织超弱光子辐射的双指数模型

在研究生物超弱光子辐射机理的基础上,建立了大豆愈伤组织超弱光子辐射的双指数模型.用20μW/cm2的UV-B辐射处理大豆愈伤组织2 h,测定处理后4 d内的超弱光子辐射.结果显示,双指数模型准确描述了大豆愈伤组织的超弱光子辐射及其在UV-B辐射下的变化,表明大豆愈伤组织的超弱光子辐射由快项和慢项两个部分组成;通过对双指...     

Spontaneous emission of two interacting atoms near an interface

The spontaneous emission rate of two interacting excited atoms near a dielectric interface is studied using the photon closed-orbit theory and the dipole image method. The total emission rate of one atom during the emission process is calculated as a function of the distance between the atom and the interface. The results suggest that the spontaneous emission rate depends not only on the atomic-interface distances, but also on the orientation of the two atomic dipoles and the initial distance between the two atoms. The oscillation in the spontaneous emission rate is caused by the interference between the outgoing electromagnetic wave emitted from one atom and other waves arriving at this atom after traveling along various classical orbits. Each peak in the Fourier transformed spontaneous emission rate corresponds with one action of photon classical orbit.