Strongly extreme points in Banach spaces

In this paper some properties of a special type of boundary point of convex sets in Banach spaces are studied. Specifically, a strongly extreme point x of a convex set S is a point of S such that for each real number r>0, segments of length 2r and centered x are not uniformly closer to S than some positive number d(x,r). Results are obtained comparing the notion of strongly extreme point to other known types of special boundary points of convex sets. Using the notion of strongly extreme point, a convexity condition is defined on the norm of the space under consideration, and this convexity condition makes possible a unified treatment of some previously studied convexity conditions. In addition, a sufficient condition is given on the norm of a separable conjugate space for every extreme point of the unit ball to be strongly extreme.     

Extreme points in polyhedral Banach spaces

We show that there exists a polyhedral Banach space X such that the closed unit ball of X is the closed convex hull of its extreme points. This solves a problem posed by J. Lindenstrauss in 1966.     

Extreme points and retractions in Banach spaces

ForT a completely regular topological space andX a strictly convex Banach space, we study the extremal structure of the unit ball of the spaceC(T,X) of continuous and bounded functions fromT intoX. We show that when dimX is an even integer then every point in the unit ball ofC(T, X) can be expressed as the average of three extreme points if, and only if, dimT< dimX, where dimT is the covering dimension ofT. We also prove that, ifX is infinite-dimensional, the aforementioned representation of the points in the unit ball ofC(T, X) is always possible without restrictions on the topological spaceT. Finally, we deduce from the above result that the identity mapping on the unit ball of an infinite-dimensional strictly convex Banach space admits a representation as the mean of three retractions of the unit ball onto the unit sphere. The author wishes to express his gratitude to Dr. Juan Francisco Mena Jurado for many helpful suggestions during the preparation of this paper.     

Orlicz spaces without extreme points

Orlicz function and sequence spaces unit balls of which have no extreme points are completely characterized for both (the Orlicz and the Luxemburg) norms. Their subspaces of order continuous elements, with the norms induced from the whole Orlicz spaces without extreme points in their unit balls are also characterized. The well-known spaces L₁ and c₀ with unit balls without extreme points are covered by our results. Moreover, a new example of a Banach space without extreme points in its unit ball is given (see Example 1). This is the subspace a(L₁+L_∞) of order continuous elements of the space L₁+L_∞ equipped with the norm whenever 0<a<∞ and μ(T)>1/a.     

On extreme points in separable conjugate spaces

It is proved that every bounded closed and convex subset of an arbitrary conjugate separable Banach space is the closed convex hull of its extreme points.     

Locally uniformly rotund points in convex-transitive Banach spaces

Almost transitive superreflexive Banach spaces have been considered in [C. Finet, Uniform convexity properties of norms on superreflexive Banach spaces, Israel J. Math. 53 (1986) 81–92], where it is shown that they are uniformly convex and uniformly smooth. We characterize such spaces as those convex transitive Banach spaces satisfying conditions much weaker than that of uniform convexity (for example, that of having a weakly locally uniformly rotund point). We note that, in general, the property of convex transitivity for a Banach space is weaker than that of almost transitivity.     

A note on extreme points in dual spaces

Given a normed space X it can be easily proven that every extreme point in B _X *, the unit ball of X*, is the restriction of an extreme point in B _X ***. Our purpose is to study when the restrictions of extreme points in B _X *** are extreme points in B _X *. Namely, we characterize L ₁-preduals satisfying the aforementioned property.     

Fixed points of asymptotically regular semigroups in Banach spaces

In this paper we study in Banach spaces the existence of fixed points of (nonlinear) asymptotically regular semigroups. We establish for these semigroups some fixed point theorems in spaces with weak uniform normal structure, in a Hilbert space, inL ^p spaces, in Hardy spacesH ^p and in Sobolev spacesW ^r.p for 1<p<∞ andr≥0, in spaces with Lifshitz’s constant greater than one. These results are the generalizations of [8, 10, 16].     

Fixed points for weakly inward mappings in Banach spaces

S. Hu and Y. Sun [S. Hu, Y. Sun, Fixed point index for weakly inward mappings, J. Math. Anal. Appl. 172 (1993) 266-273] defined the fixed point index for weakly inward mappings, investigated its properties and studied the fixed points for such mappings. In this paper, following S. Hu and Y. Sun, we continue to investigate boundary conditions, under which the fixed point index for the completely continuous and weakly inward mapping, denoted by i(A,Ω,P), is equal to 1 or 0. Correspondingly, we can obtain some new fixed point theorems of the completely continuous and weakly inward mappings and existence theorems of solutions for the equations Ax=μx, which extend many famous theorems such as Leray-Schauder's theorem, Rothe's two theorems, Krasnoselskii's theorem, Altman's theorem, Petryshyn's theorem, etc., to the case of weakly inward mappings. In addition, our conclusions and methods are different from the ones in many recent works.     

Fixed points of asymptotically regular semigroups in Banach spaces

In this paper we study in Banach spaces the existence of fixed points of (nonlinear) asymptotically regular semigroups. We establish for these semigroups some fixed point theorems in spaces with weak uniform normal structure, in a Hilbert space, inL ^p spaces, in Hardy spacesH ^p and in Sobolev spacesW ^r.p for 1<p<∞ andr≥0, in spaces with Lifshitz’s constant greater than one. These results are the generalizations of [8, 10, 16].     

Farthest points in reflexive locally uniformly rotund Banach spaces

IfS is a bounded and closed subset of a Banach spaceB, which is both reflexive and locally uniformly rotund, then, except on a set of first Baire category, the points inB have farthest points inS.     

Complex extreme points and complex convexity in Orlicz-Bochner function spaces

It is well known that extreme points which are connected with strict convexity of the whole spaces, are the most basic and important geometric points in geometric theory of Banach spaces. In this paper, criteria for complex extreme points, complex strict convexity and complex uniform convexity in Orlicz-Bochner function spaces are given.     

Banach operator pairs and common fixed points in hyperconvex metric spaces

The purpose of this paper is to establish DeMarr’s well-known theorem for an arbitrary family of symmetric Banach operator pairs in hyperconvex metric spaces without the compactness assumption. We also give necessary and sufficient criteria for the existence of a common fixed point of a semigroup of isometric mappings. As an application, several results on the invariant best approximation are proved.     

Iterative construction of fixed points of nonself-mappings in Banach spaces

The purpose of this paper is to study the iterative methods for constructing fixed points of nonself-mappings in Banach spaces. The concept of the class of asymptotically _QG$Q_G$-weakly contractive nonself-mappings is introduced and a new iterative algorithm for finding fixed points of this class of mappings is studied. Several strong convergence results on this algorithm are established under different conditions.     

A third order method for fixed points in Banach spaces

This paper deals with a third order Stirling-like method used for finding fixed points of nonlinear operator equations in Banach spaces. The semilocal convergence of the method is established by using recurrence relations under the assumption that the first Fréchet derivative of the involved operator satisfies the Hölder continuity condition. A theorem is given to establish the error bounds and the existence and uniqueness regions for fixed points. The R-order of the method is also shown to be equal to at least (2p+1) for p∈(0,1]. The efficacy of our approach is shown by solving three nonlinear elementary scalar functions and two nonlinear integral equations by using both Stirling-like method and Newton-like method. It is observed that our convergence analysis is more effective and give better results.     

Approximation of fixed points of nonexpansive mapping in Banach spaces

In this paper, some iterative schemes are given to approximate a fixed point of the nonexpansive non-self-mapping and nonexpansive self-mapping. Furthermore, the strong convergence of the scheme to a fixed point is shown in a Banach space with uniformly Gâteaux differentiable norm. The theorems extend and improve some corresponding results of Matsushita and Takahashi [S. Matsushita, W. Takahashi, Strong convergence theorems for nonexpansive nonself-mappings without boundary conditions, Nonlinear Anal. 68 (2008) 412–419], Chang et al. [S.S. Chang, H.W. Joseph Lee, C.K. Chan, On Reich’s strong convergence theorem for asymptotically nonexpansive mappings in Banach spaces, Nonlinear Anal. 66 (2007) 2364–2374], Chidume and Chidume [C.E. Chidume, C.O. Chidume, Iterative approximation of fixed points of nonexpansive mappings, J. Math. Anal. Appl. 318 (2006) 288–295] and Suzuki [T. Suzuki, A sufficient and necessary condition for Halpern-type strong convergence to fixed point of nonexpansive mappings, Proc. Amer. Math. Society 135 (1) (2007) 99–106].