T91钢和SIMP钢表面AlOx涂层在600℃静态液态铅铋共晶中的稳定性和腐蚀行为

铁素体/马氏体钢,如T91钢和SIMP钢,被选为第4代铅冷快堆和加速器驱动系统(ADS)的主要候选结构材料.但容器钢与液态铅铋共晶(LBE)在高温下的相容性限制了它们的应用.铁素体/马氏体钢在600℃的LBE中腐蚀严重.为了保护铁素体/马氏体钢免受高温LBE腐蚀,在钢表面制备AlO_x (x <1.5)涂层.本文采用磁控溅射法在T91钢和SIMP钢表面制备了AlO_x涂层.对表面有涂层的T91钢和SIMP钢以及表面无涂层的T91钢和SIMP钢在600℃的饱和氧浓度的LBE中腐蚀300 h和700 h的结果进行比较.结果表明,涂层钢表面的氧化层比无涂层钢表面的氧化层薄,这表明AlO_x涂层可以有效防止铁、铬和氧元素的快速扩散.然而,在LBE中腐蚀700 h后, AlO_x涂层出现裂纹,表面有涂层的T91钢和SIMP钢均遭受到明显的氧化腐蚀,说明该涂层在600℃的LBE中可以在短时间内保护基体免受高温腐蚀.但是涂层在600℃的LBE中不能长时间保持稳定.这可能是由于此次实验条件制备的AlO_x     

铁在液态铅铋合金中腐蚀的分子动力学研究

液态铅铋合金(LBE)是一种性能优异的材料,在加速驱动系统(ADS)中作为散裂靶和冷却剂材料。然而,在ADS中,贮存LBE的容器和结构钢材料在高温下与LBE直接接触时会被严重腐蚀。本文研究该腐蚀和金属Cr、Ni减轻该腐蚀的机制。研究发现,铁在LBE中被腐蚀的微观机制是由于铁原子与LBE原子相互渗透,破坏了铁材料结构;铁中掺入Cr、Ni可以有效减轻铁的腐蚀,其微观机理为金属Cr、Ni加入到铁后阻止了LBE原子渗入铁材料中破坏其结构。     

圆管内液态铅铋合金强制对流换热特性研究

圆管内液态铅铋合金的强制对流换热特性研究对加速器驱动的次临界核能系统的发展具有重要意义。运用大涡模拟方法,对恒热流密度条件下三维圆管内液态铅铋合金强制对流换热特性进行了数值计算,对比发现模拟结果和实验数据及关联式吻合良好。对比了不同入口速度条件下流场的速度和温度分布、传热Nu数、无量纲时均温度、无量纲均方根温度和湍流涡分布等,进一步分析了不同雷诺数对圆管内液态铅铋合金强制对流换热特性的影响规律。在恒热流密度条件下,随着Re数的增加,液态铅铋合金的Nu数逐渐增大,圆管不同截面的温差逐渐减小,湍流涡分布增多,提高Re数能够增强液态铅铋合金的传热性能。     

液态锡对低活化马氏体/铁素体钢CLF-1的腐蚀行为研究

采用背散射电子扫描显微镜、电子衍射能谱和X射线衍射等分析方法,研究了浸泡在300～700℃的液态锡(Sn)中24h后的低活化马氏体/铁素体钢CLF-1的腐蚀行为。研究结果表明,在所有测试温度下液态锡对CLF-1钢表面均有不同程度的腐蚀,主要腐蚀机制为化合溶解腐蚀。铬(Cr)以单质形式溶解沉淀,液态锡与铁在CLF-1钢表面反应生成由铁锡化合物构成的腐蚀层。当温度低于500℃时,腐蚀层厚度近似为一常量,约8μm,化学成分为FeSn₂。当温度高于500℃时,腐蚀层厚度随温度线性增加,腐蚀层呈双层结构,分别为CLF-1边界处的FeSn层和覆盖在其表面的FeSn₂层。     

CiADS中LBE散裂靶的放射性核素研究

铅铋合金(LBE)作为中国加速器驱动系统(CiADS)散裂靶的候选材料,长期辐照使其具有很强的放射性。散裂靶放射性核素的研究仅考虑了质子束的散裂反应,而忽略了反应堆裂变中子的活化作用。本文采用FLUKA和MCNP耦合计算LBE和及其结构件的放射性产物。比较了裂变中子和高能质子在放射性产物的活度、主要放射性核素、毒性和衰变光子等方面的贡献。裂变中子的活化作用对主壳、导管和射束管有显著影响。当反应堆趋于临界状态时,裂变中子对LBE的活化作用是高于质子束流的。在LBE中,96.66%的 210Po是由裂变中子诱导的。这些结果表明,裂变中子在LBE及其结构部件的活化计算中是必不可少的。此外,本研究为CiADS的辐射防护提供了参考数据,也为ADS系统中散裂靶的放射性核素研究提供了更准确的方法。     

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利用脉冲激光诱导击穿光谱仪(LIBS)结合SEM、EDX和维氏硬度(HV)等分析手段,分析了316L不锈钢在350℃的液态锂中静态腐蚀500h后的腐蚀特性.微观形貌分析表明:样品存在较明显的晶间腐蚀,其腐蚀层厚度约为2.7μm.硬度分析表明:腐蚀后表面硬度值约HV234.72,约是腐蚀前硬度值的0.78倍.LIBS组分分析表明:经液态锂腐蚀后的样品表面Ni、Cr等元素含量相对减少;在被腐蚀区域Li元素含量随激光击打深度的增加而减少,而Ni、Cr等元素含量与之近似呈成正比递增;母材区Li元素的渗透深度约3.5μm,约是焊缝区的0.6倍.     

316L不锈钢在静态液态锂中的腐蚀行为研究

利用脉冲激光诱导击穿光谱仪(LIBS)结合SEM、EDX和维氏硬度(HV)等分析手段,分析了316L不锈钢在350℃的液态锂中静态腐蚀500h后的腐蚀特性。微观形貌分析表明：样品存在较明显的晶间腐蚀,其腐蚀层厚度约为2.7μm。硬度分析表明：腐蚀后表面硬度值约HV234.72,约是腐蚀前硬度值的0.78倍。LIBS组分分析表明：经液态锂腐蚀后的样品表面Ni、Cr等元素含量相对减少;在被腐蚀区域Li元素含量随激光击打深度的增加而减少,而Ni、Cr等元素含量与之近似呈成正比递增;母材区Li元素的渗透深度约3.5μm,约是焊缝区的0.6倍。     

304不锈钢高温NaNO3/KNO3二元熔盐流动腐蚀机理研究

熔融盐以其优良的性能在太阳能热发电站中常被用作储热和蓄热介质,然而由于蓄热的熔融盐工作温度高达500?600℃,这就使得熔融盐对蓄热系统材料的腐蚀成为一个关键问题。本文以美国新月沙丘塔式熔盐太阳能热电站为原型,针对其运行情况,自主设计并搭建旋转式高温NaNO3/KNO3二元熔盐腐蚀特性模拟实验系统,探究了304不锈钢在特定温度、不同流速、不同时间协同作用下的腐蚀动力学特性,并利用SEM、EDX、XRD等分析测试技术探索材料表面的微观腐蚀形貌和腐蚀产物形态及元素组成,揭示了304不锈钢在高温流动熔融盐中的腐蚀行为规律和腐蚀机理。     

基于Kriging代理模型的铅铋反应堆智能优化方法北大核心CSCD

铅铋反应堆广泛应用的需求要求研究人员在现有堆芯方案的基础上开展大量优化设计工作。针对铅铋反应堆多物理、多变量、多约束耦合影响的多维非线性约束优化设计问题,基于Kriging代理模型、正交拉丁超立方抽样和SEUMRE空间搜索技术构建铅铋反应堆智能优化方法,耦合物理蒙卡计算/热工分析程序,开发包含抽样、耦合程序前后处理、反应堆优化分析功能的优化平台,并以铅铋反应堆SPALLER-4,URANUS为原型分别开展最小燃料装载量的方案寻优与参数优化验证。验证结果表明,该智能优化方法用于铅铋反应堆设计方案寻优和堆芯参数优化可行、有效,相比传统蒙卡程序计算寻优,在保证预测精度前提下极大地降低了计算成本,与URANUS初始模型比较,燃料装载量、堆芯总质量、活性区体积、堆芯总体积分别优化10.8%,11.5%,18.1%,17.1%,为基于代理模型的智能优化方法应用于铅铋反应堆的优化设计提供参考。     

液态铅铋合金横掠管束对流换热数值计算

直流螺旋管式蒸汽发生器具有结构紧凑和换热系数高等优点,能够进一步提高液态金属反应堆的紧凑性和经济性。此时蒸发器壳侧为液态金属横掠管束流动,而在可查阅文献中专门针对液态金属横掠顺排管束的换热关系式却很有限。本文采用SST k-ω模型和湍流普朗特数模型数值研究了液态铅铋合金横掠顺排管束的流动和换热特征。首先采用前人的实验结果对数值模型进行了验证,模拟结果与努塞尔数实验值偏差小于8%。研究了普朗特数、雷诺数以及管束结构对液态金属横掠顺排管束换热特征的影响。讨论了不同工况下分子热扩散系数和湍流热扩散系数对于换热的贡献以及传热管周向局部换热特征。最后根据计算结果拟合出了液态铅铋合金横掠顺排管束的努塞尔数公式。     

Study of the composition and properties of protective layers formed by the ion-beam-assisted deposition of cadmium,zinc, and aluminum onto steel surfaces

Layers formed by the ion-beam-assisted deposition of cadmium, zinc, and aluminum onto the surface of carbon and stainless steels to protect aluminum and its alloys from corrosion in the case of their contact with steel parts are investigated. The protective layers are created via ion-beam-assisted deposition, in which metal deposition and mixing of the deposited layer with the substrate surface (this process is implemented by accelerated (U = 5 kV) ions of the same metal) occurs, respectively, from a neutral vapor fraction and the vacuum arc plasma of a pulsed electric-arc ion source. The morphology and composition of the generated surface layers are studied by means of scanning electron microscopy, electron-probe microanalysis, and Rutherford backscattering spectrometry. The layer composition is revealed to include atoms of the deposited metal, the substrate material, oxygen, and carbon. The layer thickness varies from ~50 to 80 nm, and the deposited metal content of the layers is ~(1.0–3.5) × 10¹⁷ atom/cm². Corrosion tests of the aluminum and its alloy in contact with the materials under study confirm the efficiency of the ion-beam modification of steel surfaces.     

Laser surface treatment of tool steels

Laser surface treatment is a promising technique for improving the wear and corrosion resistance of materials. In the case of tool steels, laser surface treatment is preferably carried out in the liquid state to allow for complete dissolution of carbides. This paper concerns the application of laser melting to the surface treatment of AISI 420 and 440C martensitic stainless steels and sintered AISI T15 high-speed steel. Usually, laser-melted tool steels contain martensite, retained austenite and carbides. In steels containing large proportions of ferrite-forming alloying elements, -ferrite may also be observed. When applied to sintered steels, laser treatment leads to the elimination of residual porosity. The proportion of retained austenite in laser-melted steels is much higher than in conventionally treated steels. However, the hardness is high because austenite is strengthened by solid solution, dislocations and small grain size. The high volume fraction of retained austenite usually prohibits the application of tool steels in the laser-treated condition. Austenite may be eliminated by multiple tempering treatments at temperatures in the range 550–650°C. During tempering, carbides precipitate within austenite and martensite, and austenite transforms to martensite on cooling or isothermally to ferrite. Strong secondary hardening is often observed and the temperature of the secondary hardening peak of laser-surface-melted steels is higher than after conventional heat treatment.     

In-situ identification of iron--zinc intermetallics in galvannealed steel coatings and iron oxides on exposed steel

Identification of all the compounds present in various coatings on steels is particularly difficult. Non-destructive, in-situ analysis is necessary if the fraction of each compound as well as its probable layering within the coating, is to be determined. Mössbauer spectroscopy is one valuable probe capable of uniquely identifying all iron compounds which form as coatings on steel and other iron alloy surfaces. To investigate a complete coating several criteria need to be considered. Removing the coating inevitably leaves a small and perhaps important component intact on the substrate. Therefore investigating the coating as it remains intact on the steel is important if complete identification of the iron compounds is to be made. This also preserves crystalline texture or preferred growth orientation within the coating to which the Mössbauer effect is sensitive. Mössbauer spectroscopy is a non-destructive technique which allows the integrity of the coating to be maintained during analysis. The combined transmission and scattering Mössbauer geometries generally result in accurate analysis of the coating composition. For the scattering geometry added information on compound layering is obtained if separate Mössbauer spectra are recorded using the re-emitted gamma rays as well as the conversion electrons and subsequently emitted X-rays. In-situ scattering Mössbauer spectroscopy has been used to characterize the iron--zinc alloys which form in the coatings of commercially produced corrosion resistant galvannealed sheet steel, a product of great interest to automotive producers. The results show that different amounts of four iron--zinc phases are present depending on the production conditions of the coating. The different phases are also distinctly layered. Mössbauer analyses of corrosion coatings formed on the surface of steels which have been exposed to different environments has also been undertaken. Materials include structural steels exposed for up to 25 years in marine, rural and industrial environments, and the interior surfaces of boiler pipes subjected to adverse chemical and temperature environments.     

Corrosion development between liquid gallium and four typical metal substrates used in chip cooling device

The limitation of the currently available thermal management method has put an ever serious challenge for computer chip designers. A liquid metal with low melting point around room temperature was recently identified as a powerful coolant of driving heat away because of its superior thermo-physical properties and the unique ability to be driven efficiently by a completely silent electromagnetic pump. However, the adoption of gallium, one of the best candidates as metal coolant so far, may cause serious corrosion to the structure materials and subsequently affect the performance or even dangerous running of the cooling system. To address this emerging critical issue, here the compatibility of gallium with four typical metal substrates (6063 Aluminum-Alloy, T2 Copper-Alloy, Anodic Coloring 6063 Aluminum-Alloy and 1Cr18Ni9 Stainless Steel) was comprehensively investigated in order to better understand the corrosion mechanisms and help find out the most suitable structure material for making a liquid metal cooling device. To grasp in detail the dynamic corrosion behavior, an image acquisition and contrasting method was developed. Moreover, corrosion morphology analyses were performed by means of scanning electron microscope (SEM). The chemical compositions of the corroded layers were evaluated using energy dispersive spectrometry (EDS). According to the experiments, it was found that, the corrosion of the 6063 Aluminum-Alloy was rather evident and serious under the temperature range for chip cooling. The loose corrosion product will not only have no protection for the inner substrate, but also accelerate the corrosion process. Compared to the 6063 Aluminum-Alloy, T2 Copper-Alloy showed a slow and general corrosion, but part of the corrosion product can shed from the substrate, which will accelerate corrosion action and may block the flowing channel. Anodic Coloring 6063 Aluminum-Alloy and 1Cr18Ni9 Stainless Steel were found to have excellent corrosion resistance among these four specimens. No evident corrosion phenomena were found under the examination of SEM and EDS when exposed for 30 days at the temperature of 60°C, which suggests their suitability as structure materials for the flow of liquid metal. However, as for the Anodic Coloring 6063 Aluminum-Alloy, surface treatment and protection are of vital importance. The present study is of significance for making a liquid metal chip cooling device which can actually be used in the future computer industry.     

焊后热处理对聚变堆用奥氏体不锈钢MAG焊焊缝金属冲击韧性的影响

对聚变堆用316LN奥氏体不锈钢熔化极活性气体保护电弧焊(MAG焊)接接头进行不同温度的热处理,并在液氮温度下进行夏比冲击试验。利用光学显微镜、扫描电镜、EDS分析等研究了热处理温度对接头微观组织、断口形貌及析出物的影响。结果表明,873K热处理可以显著提高焊缝金属冲击韧性,但随着热处理温度的上升,焊缝金属逐渐出现沿着晶界分布的析出物,韧性逐渐下降。断口均为延性断裂,但随着热处理温度的升高,韧窝变浅、数量变少。韧窝底部存在球状析出和不规则状析出,球状析出在焊接过程中产生,不因热处理温度而变化,不规则析出随着热处理温度的升高逐渐增多。焊材中的Mo含量过高导致焊缝金属中Mo在晶界大量偏聚,促进了σ相的析出,当σ相在晶界形成连续分布后,焊缝金属冲击韧性显著下降。     

Magnetic detection of sigma phase in duplex stainless steel UNS S31803

Duplex stainless steels are high strength and corrosion resistant steels extensively used in the chemical and petrochemical industry. The best mechanical properties and corrosion resistance are obtained with a microstructure composed by equal parts of ferrite and austenite and free from tertiary phases. Sigma phase is one of these deleterious tertiary phases. In the present work different amounts of sigma phase were precipitated by heat treatments in a UNS S31803 stainless steel. Some specimens were cold rolled before sigma phase precipitation in order to evaluate the effect of deformation on the magnetic measurements. The amount of sigma phase was precisely determined by microscopy and image analysis for each heat treatment condition. The effects of sigma phase on the steel properties were investigated, confirming the detrimental effects of very small percentages on corrosion resistance and toughness. Two magnetic methods were used to detect sigma phase: magnetization saturation measurements in a Vibrating Sample Magnetometer and ferritoscope testing. Both methods were found to be sensitive to small percentages of sigma phase in the microstructure.     

Thermal-wave microscopy and its application to imaging the microstructure and corrosion of cold-rolled steel

Thermal-wave microscopy (TWM), which employs heat flow to probe variations in the thermal properties of solid materials, can provide micron-level resolutions of subsurface features of opaque samples, this paper describes the principle of TWM, reviews its applications in material science, and presents the results of studies using this technique to imaging the microstructure and corrosion of cold-rolled steels. Preliminary results indicate that TWM can image the microstructure of cold-rolled steel with or without a corrosion layer. The results obtained also suggest that the technique can monitor and assess corrosion in its early stage of formation.     

Mild corrosion behavior on sulphurized steel surface during friction

After treatment by low temperature ion sulphuration, the solid lubrication sulphuration layers (FeS films) were produced on the AISI 1045 and stainless steel. A mass of corrosion peeling pits occurred on the worn scars of 1045 steel sulphuration layer after wear test, whereas none of them on the stainless steel one. AFM was used to observe the morphology of sulphuration layer, SEM equipped EDS was utilized to analyze the morphologies and compositions of worn scars. XPS and XRD were employed to detect the valence states of sulphuration layer and its worn scars, as well as the phase structures. The results showed that during friction, under the frictional heat, the sulfate radical with mild corrosion was produced, so that the 1045 steel without any anti-corrosion was corroded in some certain, meanwhile the stainless steel was not corroded depending on its excellent corrosion resistance.     

Ultrasonic cavitation erosion of 316L steel weld joint in liquid Pb-Bi eutectic alloy at 550 °C

Liquid lead-bismuth eutectic alloy (LBE) is applied in the Accelerator Driven transmutation System (ADS) as the high-power spallation neutron targets and coolant. A 19.2 kHz ultrasonic device was deployed in liquid LBE at 550 °C to induce short and long period cavitation erosion damage on the surface of weld joint, SEM and Atomic force microscopy (AFM) were used to map out the surface properties, and Energy Dispersive Spectrometer (EDS) was applied to the qualitative and quantitative analysis of elements in the micro region of the surface. The erosion mechanism for how the cavitation erosion evolved by studying the element changes, their morphology evolution, the surface hardness and the roughness evolution, was proposed. The results showed that the pits, caters and cracks appeared gradually on the erode surface after a period of cavitation. The surface roughness increased along with exposure time. Work hardening by the bubbles impact in the incubation stage strengthened the cavitation resistance efficiently. The dissolution and oxidation corrosion and cavitation erosion that simultaneously happened in liquid LBE accelerated corrosion-erosion process, and these two processes combined to cause more serious damage on the material surface. Contrast to the performance of weld metal, base metal exhibited a much better cavitation resistance.     

Microstructure and corrosion resistance of the layers formed on the surface of precipitation hardenable plastic mold steel by plasma-nitriding

Plasma-nitriding is used to improve the wear resistance and corrosion resistance of plastic mold steels by modifying the surface layers of these steels. In this study, a precipitation hardenable plastic mold steel (NAK80) was plasma-nitrided at 470, 500, and 530 °C for 4, 8, and 12 h under 25% N₂ + 75% H₂ atmosphere in an industrial nitriding facility. The microstructures of the base material and nitrided layers as well as the core hardness were examined, and various phases present were determined by X-ray diffraction. The corrosion behaviors were evaluated using anodic polarization tests and salt fog spray tests in 3.5% NaCl solution.The results had shown that plasma-nitriding does not cause the core to soften by overaging. Nitriding and aging could be achieved simultaneously in the same treatment cycle. Plasma-nitriding of NAK80 mold steel produced a nitrided layer composed of an outer compound layer constituting a mixture of ?-nitride and γ′-nitride and an adjacent nitrogen diffusion layer on the steel surface. The amount of ?-nitride and total nitrides increased with an increase in nitriding temperature and nitriding time. Corrosion study revealed that plasma-nitriding significantly improved the corrosion resistance in terms of corrosion potential, corrosion and pitting current density, and corrosion rate. This improvement was found to be directly related to the increase in the amount of ?-nitride at the surface, indicating the amount of ?-nitride controlling the corrosion resistance.