A method of computational flow imaging applied to better comparison between theory and experiments

Computational flow imaging (CFI) is a prediction of transmission of optical waves through theoretical flow fields. In this paper, it is introduced to perform flow visualization for measurements of thermal parameters. A new method to achieve better plan of experiments and better comparison between theory and experiment was proposed. The influence of solved theoretical flow fields on quality of Computational Flow Imaging is also studied. It is found that the grid density of numerical analogue should satisfy the Nyquist-Shannon sampling principle to ensure the CFI can be correctly expressed.     

Laser and electron beams physical analyses applied to the comparison between two silver tetradrachm greek coins

Physical analyses by laser ablation coupled to mass quadrupole spectrometry (LAMQS), energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence (EDX) induced by electron beam, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and surface profilometry analysis (SPA) are applied to the investigation of two silver tetradrachms from Messana, in order to compare their elemental composition and structure. Quantitative analysis of the elemental composition and of the silver isotopic ratios have been carried out analyzing the surface patina of the two samples. Significant differences in the sulfur, chlorine and copper content, in the isotopic ratios and in the morphological aspects have been measured. The obtained results are presented and discussed from the point of view of the physical techniques useful to establish the differences between apparently true and false coins.     

Wavelet and Karhunen Loève transformations applied to SAR signals and images

We developed two new tools to deal with synthetic aperture radar (SAR) images, based on two different and powerful mathematical formalism: wavelets (WT) and Karhunen Loève transforms (KLT). WT are used to remove the undesirable speckle, which comes from the specific measurement process of SAR systems, and KLT for the co-registration of SAR images.     

Standard and goal-oriented adaptive mesh refinement applied to radiation transport on 2D unstructured triangular meshes

Standard and goal-oriented adaptive mesh refinement (AMR) techniques are presented for the linear Boltzmann transport equation. A posteriori error estimates are employed to drive the AMR process and are based on angular-moment information rather than on directional information, leading to direction-independent adapted meshes. An error estimate based on a two-mesh approach and a jump-based error indicator are compared for various test problems. In addition to the standard AMR approach, where the global error in the solution is diminished, a goal-oriented AMR procedure is devised and aims at reducing the error in user-specified quantities of interest. The quantities of interest are functionals of the solution and may include, for instance, point-wise flux values or average reaction rates in a subdomain. A high-order (up to order 4) Discontinuous Galerkin technique with standard upwinding is employed for the spatial discretization; the discrete ordinates method is used to treat the angular variable.     

人工神经网络在HL-2A装置汤姆逊散射数据处理中的应用

人工神经网络是一种强大的非线性数据分析算法,其中的感知器神经网络第一次被用于处理HL-2A装置上汤姆逊散射系统的电子温度数据。采用输入层、隐藏层和输出层等三层神经网络结构,输入层为标定数据或测量数据,隐藏层使用sigmoid函数作为传递函数,输出层为电子温度值。从数据处理结果可以看出,该计算方法与传统的χ²最小值方法计算的结果吻合,能够得到可靠的电子温度数据。而且由于计算温度时采用矩阵计算,计算速度比使用χ²最小值法提高20倍以上,为将来利用汤姆逊散射测量的电子温度数据实现等离子体剖面实时反馈控制提供了可能。     

A comparison of several practical smoothing methods applied to Auger electron energy distributions and line scans

Data-fitting routines utilizing nine-point least-squares quadratic, stiff spline, and piecewise least-squares polynomial methods have been compared on noisy Auger spectra and line scans. The spline-smoothing technique has been found to be the most useful and practical, allowing information to be extracted with excellent integrity from model Auger data having close to unity signal-to-noise ratios. Automatic determination of stiffness parameters is described. A comparison of the relative successes of these smoothing methods, using artificial data, is given. Applications of spline smoothing are presented to illustrate its effectiveness for difference spectra and for noisy Auger line scans.     

原子结构的几种处理方法及其比较

主要论述了处理原子结构问题中常见的几种处理方法,着重论述了全实加关联的理论方法,对这几种方法进行了比较,并总结出它们在处理原子结构问题中的优点和缺陷.     

A comparison between Lanczos and moment methods

A simple procedure is suggested for generating the 2n - 1 Lanczos tridiagonal elements from the 2n - 1 moments of any hamiltonian with regard to a given starting vector. The numerical feasibility is studied in the quartic oscillator example.     

Scanning tunneling microscopy images of Al0.2GA0.8As-{1 1 0}: Influence of applied bias voltage and comparison between filled- and empty-states images

Bias-voltage dependent images of Al_0.2Ga_0.8As-{1 1 0} are presented. The images show both the filled- and empty-states of the surface. Apart from voltage-dependent changes in the apparent direction of the atomic rows also observed for binary III-V semiconductors, bright and dark areas about 2 nm in diameter appear at small voltage in filled-states images, and small ridges along [−1 1 0] appear at small voltage in empty-states images. The spatial extent of the bright and dark areas observed in filled-states images is thought to be determined by the electron-electron interaction. It is also shown that when a given patch of Al_0.2Ga_0.8As-{1 1 0} surface is imaged simultaneously in the filled- and empty-states mode, the locations and spatial extent of the alloy-related minima (the “dark patches”) do not coincide. This casts doubt on the assumption that a locally decreased tunneling probability represents an increased local content of Al.     

Hafnium binding to comparison: comparison between lactoferrin and other transferrins

The TDPAC method was used to study the electric field gradients at the metal sites of human and bovine lactoferrin. Two specific binding configurations were observed. The distribution between these configurations depends on the phosphate content, the pH, and the temperature of the samples. The electric field gradients are compared with the results of previous studies for human and rat serum transferrin, and hen ovotransferrin.     

Peripheral doses in radiotherapy: A comparison between IMRT,VMAT and Tomotherapy

The goal of this intercomparison is to determine the peripheral doses during treatment of prostate and head and neck (H&N) cancers. In the case of prostate cancer, two different treatment techniques are compared: intensity-modulated radiation therapy (IMRT – 10 MV and 18 MV), on a Varian Clinac 2100 C/D and Tomotherapy. VMAT (also on a Varian Clinac 2100 C/D) was compared to Tomotherapy, for H&N cancer. The treatment devices are located at the university hospitals of Leuven and Brussels, respectively. A common treatment protocol was agreed between the two clinical centers and this same protocol was used by each partner. For the higher energy modalities (10 MV and 18 MV) we also assessed the neutron contribution to the total dose, by using bubble detectors. In this way, the performance (in terms of peripheral doses) of the different treatment techniques, when faced with the same dose distribution constraints, was evaluated. The doses were evaluated with an anthropomorphic phantom loaded with TLD detectors. Summarizing our results, we can conclude that low energy radiation techniques, namely VMAT and Tomotherapy, have more interesting performances when compared to IMRT at energies of 10 MV and 18 MV, with respect to peripheral dose. On the one hand the former are associated with lower photon doses and, on the other hand, there is no contribution from neutrons to the total dose.     

A selective hole burning method applied to determine distances between paramagnetic species in photosystems

A method of selective hole burning in EPR spectra was applied to determine the distances from a radical to the acceptor quinone-iron in bacterial and plant photosystems. A low amplitude hole burning 180° pulse and high amplitude 90° and 90° pulses applied to detect ESE of P870⁺ inRb. Sphaeroides and the distance from the primary electron donor P870⁺ to the acceptor Q _A ^? Fe²⁺ was determined to be 26±2 Å from the dipolar broadening of the burned hole in P870⁺ EPR. This result is consistent with that given by X-ray analysis and susceptibility measurement. In plant photosystem II the same method was applied to the EPR spectrum of tyrosine D⁺, but the effect of crystalline field splitting of Fe²⁺ ion was taken into consideration. The effective spin value for the ferrous iron in PS II was found to be 0.8 and the distance between the radical and the non-heme iron was obtained to be 42±2 Å.     

A fast,efficient and automated method to extract vessels from fundus images

Abstract  

We present a fast, efficient, and automatic method for extracting vessels from retinal images. The proposed method is based on the second local entropy and on the gray-level co-occurrence matrix (GLCM). The algorithm is designed to have flexibility in the definition of the blood vessel contours. Using information from the GLCM, a statistic feature is calculated to act as a threshold value. The performance of the proposed approach was evaluated in terms of its sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy. The results obtained for these metrics were 0.9648, 0.9480, and 0.9759, respectively. These results show the high performance and accuracy that the proposed method offers. Another aspect evaluated in this method is the elapsed time to carry out the segmentation. The average time required by the proposed method is 3 s for images of size 565 × 584 pixels. To assess the ability and speed of the proposed method, the experimental results are compared with those obtained using other existing methods.     

A reactive,two-state,curve-crossing study. A comparison between exact,distorted wave Born approximation,and Landau-Zener results

A ‘reactive’ two-state curve-crossing study is presented. The exact numerical results are compared with those obtained by applying various types of DWBA and the Landau-Zener approximation. It was found that a DWBA based on the uniform Airy functions correctly predicts the structure of the transition probability function (mainly the positions of the maxima and the minima) for all cases considered here. The Landau-Zener approximation was found to be equal to the various DWBA's for small coupling terms (except for low collision energies), but superior for large coupling terms.     

A comparison between electron and ion damage in quartz

Abstract

The effects of in-situ electron and ion bombardment in quartz are compared. Both types of irradiation readily induce the metamict transformation and, furthermore, do so in linear proportion over the entire range of their combination. The results suggest that the creation of oxygen vacancies is responsible for the metamict transformation in both cases.     

A simplified fuzzy model to mimic a nonlinear system, applied to aplasma source

This paper develops a fuzzy model to simulate the behaviour of a nonlinear system, in particular a plasma source, with a view to developing a control system for processing plasmas employing a helicon source. Genetic algorithms are employed to optimize fuzzy rules related to the parameters of the fuzzy model which contain a set of variable zeros and poles of the nonlinear system as well as its time delay. A practical application of the fuzzy model is to estimate the electron number density of a low-temperature plasma. Based on the membership functions of the input and output, a set of fuzzy rules by which the variable zeros and poles are identified is derived and optimized using a genetic algorithm. The principal reason for investigating the proposed fuzzy model is the subsequent computer-aided design of a fuzzy controller to control the nonlinear system. Two experimental results are presented to validate the fuzzy model method. One shows a computer simulation and the other predicts the real-time behaviour of the plasma source as its input parameters are varied     

Two-loop parameter relations between dimensional regularization and dimensional reduction applied to SUSY-QCD

The two-loop relations between the running gluino–quark–squark coupling, the gluino and the quark mass defined in dimensional regularization (DREG) and dimensional reduction (DRED) in the framework of SUSY-QCD are presented. Furthermore, we verify with the help of these relations that the three-loop β-functions derived in the minimal subtraction scheme combined with DREG or DRED transform into each other. This result confirms the equivalence of the two schemes at the three-loop order, if applied to SUSY-QCD.     

Fitting models to correlated data III: A comparison between residual analysis and other methods

Applications of the χ² test, the F test, the Durbin-Watson d test, and the f (or Sign) test, to examples of correlated data treatment, show important drawbacks with the d test and (apparently) with the f test. An analytical approach based on residual analysis suggests an improvement in their use that leads to better results at lowest order; it also points out a distinction between goodness-of-fit tests, as the f test, and goodness-of-modeling tests, as the χ² and F tests. The residual analysis method is applied to the same examples; it looks faster, simpler, and often more accurate than the classical ones.     

Cerebellum segmentation employing texture properties and knowledge based image processing: applied to normal adult controls and patients

A semi-automated method is described for segmenting the cerebellum from T(1)-weighted 3-dimensional magnetic resonance imaging scans of adult controls and patients. The method relies on prior knowledge involving a user-defined template as a guide to aid the segmentation of the cerebellum. As the gray and white matter intensity distribution in the cerebellum has a complex pattern, texture information that identified the "graininess" was employed to capture the intensity distribution of voxels. The textural information was used to group voxels in a small circular structuring element as belonging to the cerebellum region. The cerebella from scans of 15 of the 20 subjects were segmented both manually and using the semi-automated procedure; the results were strongly correlated (r = 0.985, n = 15, p < 0.0001), and the volumes obtained from the two methods differed by 2.3%. The cerebellar volumes in 10 normal subjects and 10 age- and sex-matched patients with a neuropsychiatric disorder (schizophrenia) did not differ significantly (p = 0.18). The whole cerebellum was segmented in approximately 30 min using the semi-automated procedure. The method described is robust, easy-to-use, fairly fast and gives objective measurements.