超高压水射流喷头水动力特性研究

基于对超高压水射流喷头的外部参数定量化分析,给出关于射流核心参数的优选方法,旨在提高水射流效率。首先,根据超高压水射流除锈喷嘴的工作特点,考虑到水的压缩性和空化效应,建立单束定冲角、多束旋转喷头的三维数值模型,通过改变靶距、入射角度、转速等外部特征参数,实施了超高压水射流除锈喷头水动力性能模拟研究。然后,重点分析单束定冲角喷嘴靶距、入射角度对靶面剪切应力、打击压强分布的影响,以及射流等速核长度与最佳射流靶距的关系。发现当靶距等于喷嘴射流等速核长度时,壁面剪切应力达到最佳水平。此外,通过分析高速旋转射流卷吸效应、靶面水垫作用对靶面所受剪切应力、打击压强分布的影响,得到最佳转速范围和对应线速度。初步阐明了射流冲击剥离的机理、单束定冲角以及多束旋转射流的特征参数对射流效果的影响,可为超高压除锈喷头的设计、装配提供参考。     

近场水下爆炸气泡脉动及水射流的实验与数值模拟研究

海上作战时,近场水下爆炸形成的水射流能造成水面舰船结构的严重局部毁伤。为了研究近场爆炸时舰船底部水射流的形成机理及规律,开展了TNT当量2.5 g的炸药在固支方板底部不同爆距下起爆的水下爆炸实验。结果表明,气泡坍塌形成水射流的过程随着爆距的增加由吸附式向非吸附式转化。接着,基于ABAQUS软件采用CEL方法开展了系列数值模拟,结果表明:爆距在0.821～0.867倍最大气泡半径时,存在吸附式射流向非吸附式射流转化的临界点;固支方板加快了气泡坍塌的进程,炸药与钢板间的距离越小则射流形成的时间越早;射流形成过程中最大速度和射流击中钢板时速度均随着爆距的增大先增大后减小,并在临界点附近达到最大值,射流速度最大可达621 m/s,射流击中钢板时速度最大可达269 m/s。最后,给出了射流开始形成时间、射流最大速度、射流最大速度出现时间、射流击中钢板速度和射流击中钢板时间与距离参数的函数关系式。     

水下欠膨胀高速气体射流的实验研究

采用实验途径研究了下水高速气体射流的动力学特性,研制了水下高速气体射流实验系统并发展了相应的测试手段。实验中,用插入式静压探针测量了射流轴线静压分布;用γ射线衰减法测量了径向空隙率分布,从而揭示了水下高速气体射流均压和掺混两个过程的基本规律。测量结果表明：水下高速气体射流在欠膨胀工况下运行时,近场将出现含有复杂波系结构的膨胀压缩区域,由于气水的掺混作用,水下欠膨胀气体射流均压化过程比空气中衰减得快。测量结果还表明,水下射流在近场区的混合层由气水两相占据,其流态从靠近气体侧的液滴流型过渡到靠近液体侧的气泡流型。     

Elastic stresses in capillary jets of dilute polymer solutions

The elastic longitudinal stresses associated with the flow of jets of dilute polymer solutions from a short nozzle and their effect on the stability of the free jet are investigated theoretically and experimentally. The results obtained make it possible to take a fresh look at the ways in which a polymer additive affects the stability of high-velocity capillary jets.Translated from Izvestiya Akademii Nauk SSSR, Mekhanika Zhidkosti i Gaza, No. 2, pp. 3–9, Marc–April, 1985.     

An investigation into the interaction of closely-spaced starting jets

The transient, three-dimensional scavenging flow inside a novel two-stroke engine has been investigated both experimentally in a scaled water model as well as numerically using a commercial CFD code incorporating an unsteady Reynolds averaged Navier–Stokes (URANS) formulation. The scavenging flow consists of 16 round jets in close proximity of each other and the cylinder wall, developing from the top of the combustion chamber down towards the exhaust ports located along the wall at the bottom of the cylinder. Flow visualization of the scavenging flow was performed using a scaled fixed-piston water model and was used as a means of validating the URANS simulations themselves. The flow visualization experiments provided insight into the complex jet–jet and jet–wall interactions within the engine cylinder. These interactions were not as well predicted by the CFD simulations. In fact, the CFD simulations were found to significantly under-predict the turbulent mixing between the jets. This suggests that unsteady-RANS formulations are incapable of reproducing the large-scale and unsteady mixing structures associated with the vortex shedding between the closely-spaced jets.     

Characteristics of impact-driven high-speed liquid jets in water

This paper describes a preliminary investigation of the characteristics of high-speed water jets injected into water from an orifice. The high-speed jets were generated by the impact of a projectile launched by a horizontal single-stage powder gun and submerged in a water test chamber. The ensuing impact-driven high-speed water jets in the water were visualized by the shadowgraph technique, and the images were recorded by a high-speed digital video camera. The processes following such jet injection into water, the jet-induced shock waves, shock wave propagation, the bubble behavior, bubble collapse-induced rebound shock waves and bubble cloud re-generation were observed. Peak over-pressures of about 24 and 35 GPa measured by a Polyvinylidence difluoride (PVDF) piezoelectric film pressure sensor were generated by the jet impingement and the bubble impingement, respectively. The peak over-pressure was found to decrease exponentially as the stand-off distance between the PVDF pressure sensor and the nozzle exit increases.     

Breakup of liquid jets from non-circular orifices

The purpose of this investigation is to study the effect of the orifice geometry on liquid breakup. In order to develop a better understanding of the liquid jet breakup, investigations were carried out in two steps—study of low-pressure liquid jet breakup and high-pressure fuel atomization. This paper presents the experimental investigations conducted to study the flow behavior of low-pressure water jets emanating from orifices with non-circular geometries, including rectangular, square, and triangular shapes and draws a comparison with the flow behavior of circular jets. The orifices had approximately same cross-sectional areas and were machined by electro-discharge machining process in stainless steel discs. The liquid jets were discharged in the vertical direction in atmospheric air at room temperature and pressure conditions. The analysis was carried out for gage pressures varying from 0 to 1,000 psi (absolute pressures from 0.10 to 6.99 MPa). The flow behavior was analyzed using high-speed visualization techniques. To draw a comparison between flow behavior from circular and non-circular orifices, jet breakup length and width were measured. The flow characteristics were analyzed from different directions, including looking at the flow from the straight edges of the orifices as well as their sharp corners. The non-circular geometric jets demonstrated enhanced instability as compared to the circular jets. This has been attributed to the axis-switching phenomenon exhibited by them. As a result, the non-circular jets yielded shorter breakup lengths as compared to the circular jets. In order to demonstrate the presence of axis-switching phenomenon in square and triangular jets, the jet widths were plotted along the axial direction. This technique clearly demonstrated the axis switching occurring in square and triangular jets, which was not clearly visible unlike the case of rectangular jets. To conclude, non-circular geometry induces greater instabilities in the liquid jets, thereby leading to faster disintegration. Thus, non-circular orifice geometries can provide a cheaper solution of improving liquid breakup and thus may enhance fuel atomization as compared to the precise manufacturing techniques of drilling smaller orifices or using costly elevated fuel injection pressure systems.     

Supersonic liquid jets: Their generation and shock wave characteristics

The generation of high-speed liquid (water and diesel fuel) jets in the supersonic range using a vertical single-stage powder gun is described. The effect of projectile velocity and mass on the jet velocity is investigated experimentally. Jet exit velocities for a set of nozzle inner profiles (e.g. straight cone with different cone angles, exponential, hyperbolic etc.) are compared. The optimum condition to achieve the maximum jet velocity and hence better atomization and mixing is then determined. The visual images of supersonic diesel fuel jets (velocity about 2000 m/s) were obtained by the shadowgraph method. This provides better understanding of each stage of the generation of the jets and makes the study of their characteristics and the potential for auto-ignition possible. In the experiments, a pressure relief section has been used to minimize the compressed air wave ahead of the projectile. To clarify the processes inside the section, additional experiments have been performed with the use of the shadowgraph method, showing the projectile travelling inside and leaving the pressure relief section at a velocity of about 1100 m/s. Received 23 January 2001 / Accepted 2 July 2001     

水舌空中左右碰撞的水力特性及其作用下的河床基岩冲刷平衡深度估算

应用紊动射流理论和水流动量方程，提出了水舌空中左右碰撞时合水舌的碰撞流速矢量、碰撞消能效率的计算公式。分析和比较了水舌空中左右碰撞与上下碰撞方式下合水舌的碰撞角，碰撞消能效率和其空中扩散方面的差异，提出了水舌空中左右碰撞作用下河床基岩冲刷平衡深度的一种估算方法。以模型实验资料验证，预测值和实测值基本吻合。因此表明，对水舌空中碰撞的水力特性分析是正确的，河床基岩冲刷平衡深度的估算方法是合理可行的。研究成果可为高坝下游消能防冲参考。     

破片高速侵彻中厚背水钢板的剩余特性

为探讨破片高速侵彻中厚背水钢板的剩余特性,通过弹道实验,分析了弹体和靶板的破坏模式,比较了破片侵彻垂直和倾斜背水钢板后的瞬时余速和运动轨迹, 以及由此引起的初始冲击波的压力特性。结果表明,破片在高速侵彻下,头部产生了严重的镦粗变形,钢板背后水介质的动支撑作用不容忽视;背水钢板的破坏模式主要为剪切冲塞破坏,背弹面穿孔存在绝热剪切效应;破片穿透背水钢板初期,会产生空泡和射流,空泡大小和射流强度与破片入水初速有关,而空泡形状和射流方向则受背水钢板的倾斜角度影响;破片穿透背水钢板后,在水中的运动轨迹会发生偏转,偏转方向与破片入水初速有关;由于水介质的动支撑作用和动能耗散效应,破片穿透背水钢板后的动能损失要大于穿透背空钢板的情形;水中初始冲击波的压力特性应考虑稀疏波的影响;相同初速下,破片侵彻垂直背水钢板引起的初始冲击波的峰值压力较侵彻倾斜背水钢板要大。     

Vortical structures behind a transverse jet in a supersonic flow at high jet to crossflow pressure ratios

A three-dimensional supersonic turbulent flow with symmetric normal injection of circular jets from the channel walls is numerically simulated. The initial Favre-averaged Navier–Stokes equations closed by the k–ω turbulence model are solved by an algorithm based on an ENO scheme. The mechanism of the formation of vortical structures due to the interaction of the jet with the free stream is studied for jet to crossflow total pressure ratios ranging from 3 to 50. It is known from experiments reported in the literature that, for n ? 10, mixing of the jet with the high-velocity flow leads to the formation of a pair of vortices and of an additional separation zone near the wall behind the jet. It is demonstrated that the present numerical results are consistent with such findings and that the pressure distribution on the wall ahead of the jet in the plane of symmetry is also in reasonable agreement with available experimental data.     

Role of the confinement of a root canal on jet impingement during endodontic irrigation

During a root canal treatment the root canal is irrigated with an antimicrobial fluid, commonly performed with a needle and a syringe. Irrigation of a root canal with two different types of needles can be modeled as an impinging axisymmetric or non-axisymmetric jet. These jets are investigated experimentally with high-speed Particle Imaging Velocimetry, inside and outside the confinement (concave surface) of a root canal, and compared to theoretical predictions for these jets. The efficacy of irrigation fluid refreshment with respect to the typical reaction time of the antimicrobial fluid with a biofilm is characterized with a non-dimensional Damk?hler number. The pressure that these jets induce on a wall or at the apex of the root canal is also measured. The axisymmetric jet is found to be stable and its velocity agrees with the theoretical prediction for this type of jet, however, a confinement causes instabilities to the jet. The confinement of the root canal has a pronounced influence on the flow, for both the axisymmetric and non-axisymmetric jet, by reducing the velocities by one order of magnitude and increasing the pressure at the apex. The non-axisymmetric jet inside the confinement shows a cascade of eddies with decreasing velocities, which at the apex does not provide adequate irrigation fluid refreshment.     

Generation of hypersonic liquid fuel jets accompanying self-combustion

Aerodynamic behavior of pulsed hypersonic light oil jets injected at 2 km/s and 3 km/s is presented. Auto-ignition and combustion of the fuel during the injection process were visualized. The combustion around the disintegrating jet was enhanced by liquid atomization created by the very high injection pressure as well as the interfacial instability of the hypersonic jet. The jets were injected into air at low pressure and also that premixed with helium and air. It was found that the combustion was reduced in both cases despite the higher jet speed and the increased gas pressure. Received 5 November 1998 / Accepted 24 February 1999     

COMPUTATIONAL STUDIES OF IMPINGING JETS USING K-ϵ TURBULENCE MODELS

This paper reports numerical modelling of impinging jet flows using Rodi and Malin corrections to the k–ϵ turbulence model, carried out using the PHOENICS finite volume code. Axisymmetric calculations were performed on single round free jets and impinging jets and the effects of pressure ratio, height and nozzle exit velocity profile were investigated numerically. It was found that both the Rodi and Malin corrections tend to improve the prediction of the hydrodynamic field of free and impinging jets but still leave significant errors in the predicted wall jet growth. These numerical experiments suggest that conditions before impingement significantly affect radial wall jet development, primarily by changing the wall jet's initial thickness.     

Flexural perturbations of free jets of maxwell and Doi-Edwards liquids

Flexural perturbations of high-velocity free jets of drop liquids moving in air are reinforced by the fact that the air pressure on the concave sections of the jet surface is greater than on the convex sections. The linear and nonlinear stages of development of flexural perturbations were studied in [1–5] for viscous Newtonian fluids. The effect of elastic stresses in the fluid on the growth of flexural perturbations of jets was first examined in [6], where it was assumed in an analysis of the growth of small disturbances that surface tension was constant along the jet, i.e., the investigators actually studied a tensed string. The studies [7, 8] examined the linear stage of growth of flexural perturbations of jets of Maxwell liquids. Our goal here is to analyze the dynamics of long-wave flexural perturbations of jets of viscoelastic fluids in both the linear and nonlinear stages of development. The rheological behavior of the fluid is described by two models — the phenomenological (Maxwell) model and the physical-molecular (Doi-Edwards) model. It is shown that the disturbances are oscillatory in character in the nonlinear stage of development. Meanwhile, the results of calculations performed with the Maxwell (M) and Doi-Edwards (DE) rheological models in the given problem agree with each other quantitatively as well as qualitatively.Translated from Zhurnal Prikladnoi Mekhaniki i Tekhnicheskoi Fiziki, No. 6, pp. 43–53, November–December, 1986.     

On the fragmentation characteristics of melt jets quenched in water

Experiments were carried out to investigate the characteristics of jet breakup and debris formation after melt jets fall into a subcooled water pool, which may occur in industrial processes such as the interactions of molten corium with coolant during a severe accident of light water reactors. A high-speed visualization system developed previously at KTH was used to capture the jet fragmentation phenomenon. Molten metal (Woods metal or tin) and mixture of binary oxides (WO₃-Bi₂O₃ or WO₃-ZrO₂) were employed separately as melt materials to address different breakup mechanisms (e.g., hydrodynamic vs. thermodynamic fragmentation) and material effect. Moreover, the parameters related to melt and water conditions, including superheat, jet diameter and velocity of melt as well as subcooling of water, were scrutinized for their influences on jet fragmentation characteristics. The experimental data were acquired on the melt jet fragmentation patterns, breakup length, droplet size spectrum, droplet breakup and solidification as well as debris morphology, which can be useful for validation of the codes used for the prediction of debris formation phenomena.     

舱段结构在气泡射流作用下的毁伤效果

为研究水下爆炸气泡载荷对船舶局部结构的毁伤效果,设计建造了实尺度舱段模型,并进行水下 爆炸实验,测量了水中压力、气泡脉动周期、舱段外板结构的动应变与塑性变形。分析了不同冲击因子作用下 舱段结构的动态响应,并结合水中压力测量结果,探讨了气泡射流的成因。在此基础之上,分析了气泡射流载 荷的影响范围以及外板在不同载荷作用下的毁伤模式。实验结果表明,相比冲击波载荷,在某些情况下射流 冲击载荷引起的结构响应更剧烈,毁伤效果更严重,因此在中近场水下爆炸作用下,气泡射流冲击载荷对船体 结构的影响不能忽视。     

逆向喷流流场模态分析及减阻特性研究

逆向喷流减阻的基本原理是利用逆向高速喷流与飞行器绕流的相互作用，使飞行器周围的流场结构发生变化，致使飞行器的气动特性发生改变，从而改善飞行器的气动性能。利用数值模拟方法对轴对称球头、截锥的逆向喷流流场开展了研究，考虑了高温非平衡化学反应对流场的影响。模拟了球头和截锥在不同总压比时流场不同的模态：长穿透流模态（LPM）和短穿透流模态（SPM），得到了不同模态下钝体表面压力、气动力系数和不同模态之间转换的瞬态效应．简单分析了喷流在减阻方面的应用，给出了几个喷口参数与减阻效率之间的关系，提出了喷流减阻工程应用时应考虑的主要因素。     

Effect of jet-to-plate spacing in laminar array jets impinging

The rate of heat transfer from a plate due to impinging of an array of jets was investigated. The effect of jet-to-plate spacing in a confined array of impinging laminar square jets was investigated numerically through the solution of Navier Stokes and energy equations. The simulation is carried out for the jet-to-plate spacing between 2 B and 20 B and for jet-to-jet spacing of 4 B, where B is the jet width. Five in-line jets subjected to across-flow were used in this investigation. Also, six different ratios of jet to cross-flow velocity are simulated (0.5, 1.0, 2.5, 5, 7.5 and 10) for the jet Reynolds number of 200. The predicted results show a formation of one or two ground horseshoe vortices between the jets. In addition, a horseshoe vortex forms at different position between the orifice and impinging plates due to the interaction of two jets before they combine. The number of the ground horseshoe vortex and its size are strongly affected by the jet-to-plate spacing and by jet to cross-flow velocity ratio. The effect of jet-to-plate spacing and jet to cross-flow velocity ratio on heat transfer is presented and discussed.