A polyene chain of canthaxanthin investigated by temperature-dependent resonance Raman spectra and density functional theory （DFT） calculations

We report on a temperature-dependent resonance Raman spectral characterization of the polyene chain of canthax- anthin. It is observed that all vibrational intensities of the polyene chain are inversely proportional to temperature, which is analyzed by the resonance Raman effect and the coherent weakly damped electron/lattice vibrations. The increase in intensity of the CC overtone/combination relative to the fundamental with temperature decreasing is detected and discussed in terms of electron/phonon coupling and the activation energy Uop. Moreover, the polyene chain studies using the density functional theory B3LYP/6-31 G＊ level reveal a prominent peak at 1525 cm-1 consisting of two closely spaced modes that are both dominated by C=C stretching coordinates of the polyene chain.     

类胡萝卜素的分子光谱研究

类胡萝卜素是含有9个CC共轭双键的短链多烯类生物分子. 特殊的分子结构, 使其不仅在光采集, 光防护, 防癌, 抗癌等生物学领域有重要应用, 而且在分子导线, 光开关, 滤光器等光电器件研制中也有重要的非生物学应用. 本文对它的分子光谱进行研究和总结, 结果表明, 类胡萝卜素具有宽带荧光, 将其用于荧光增强受激拉曼散射可以获得宽带受激拉曼散射; 电子能隙随温度降低而收缩, 电子吸收光谱红移, 这特性使它能研制优质半导体元件; 极大的拉曼活性和三阶非线性系数, CC键基频拉曼散射截面可以比普通分子大10个数量级, 和频、倍频拉曼散射强度也很高, 低温下与基频强度比可达0.5. 类胡萝卜素分子的这些光谱特性对多烯类分子结构、性能研究及其在非生物学中的应用有重要参数价值.     

Effect of polyene chain length on the parameters of intra- and intermolecular interactions between all-<Emphasis Type="Italic">trans</Emphasis> diphenyl polyenes

The parameters of Franck–Condon and Herzberg–Teller interactions that form the fine-structure spectra of all-trans diphenyl polyenes in n-paraffin solutions at 4.2 K are analyzed. The effect the length of a polyene chain has on the emergence of benzene fragment bands is considered for four all-trans-diphenyl polyene compounds that differ by the number of π-conjugated bonds in the polyene chain.     

Modeling red coral (Corallium rubrum) and African snail (Helixia aspersa) shell pigments: Raman spectroscopy versus DFT studies

Pigments from red coral (Corallium rubrum) and African snail (Helixia aspersa) shell were studied non‐invasively using Raman spectroscopy with 1064‐nm laser beam. The two observed bands because of organic pigments confined in biomineralized CaCO₃ matrix at about 1500 and 1100 cm⁻¹ were assigned to ν(CC) and ν(C―C), respectively. Both signals originate from polyene(s) of largely unknown structure, containing several conjugated CC bonds. The small peak at 1016 cm⁻¹ in the Raman spectrum of coral pigment was assigned to in‐plane ―CH₃ rocking or structural deformation of polyene chain because of spatial confinement in the mineral matrix. The organic pigments in red coral and snail shell were present in inorganic matrix containing aragonite (shell) and calcite (coral). In addition, using Raman spectroscopy, it was observed that aragonite was replaced by calcite as result of healing damaged parts of snail shell. This is an important finding which indicates a great potential of nondestructive Raman spectroscopy instead of X‐ray technique, as a diagnostic tool in environmental studies. To support analysis of the observed Raman spectra detailed calculations using density functional theory (DFT with B3LYP and BLYP density functionals) on structure and vibrations of model all‐trans polyenes were undertaken. DFT calculated CC and C―C stretching frequencies for all‐trans polyenes containing from 2 to 14 CC units were compared with the observed ν(CC) and ν(C―C) band positions of the studied coral and shell. Individual correction factors were used to better match theoretical wavenumbers with observed band positions in red coral and African snail. It was concluded that all‐trans polyene pigments of red coral and dark parts of African snail shell contain 11–12 and 14 CC double bond units, respectively. However, Raman spectroscopy cannot produce any clear information on the presence and nature of the end‐chain substituents in the studied pigments. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Raman spectroscopy of polyconjugated molecules with electronic and mechanical confinement: the spectrum of Corallium rubrum

The chemical nature of the red pigment of Corallium rubrum (CR) has not yet been clearly identified. We have recorded the Raman spectra of CR, canthaxantin, and parrot feather, and we propose an interpretation with the help of quantum chemistry and of the effective conjugation coordinate theory, which accounts for the main Raman lines (ν₁, ν₂, ν₃) as originating from the polyene backbone. In this study, two additional lines in the 1000 cm⁻¹ range (ν₄ and ν₅) are considered as well as a series of overtones and combinations in the second order Raman spectrum (2000–3000 cm⁻¹). Density Functional Theory calculations predict that, moving with successive methylation from a simple unsubstituted polyene chain with 9 C═C bonds (as psyttacofulvins) to a 9, 9′, 13, 13′ tetramethylated chain (as carotenoids), the geometric structures of the molecules and their Raman spectra show changes that can be rationalized if the effective conjugation coordinate theory is extended to account for mechanical confinement. This turns out to be a new concept that helps the interpretation of the Raman spectra of partially methylated conjugated oligoenes. Evidence is found that the main component of the pigment of CR does not posess a fully demethylated polyene chain (psyttacofulfine) nor a tetramethylated chain (carotenoid), thus indicating that the polyene chain is partially methylated. Because we consider resonance Raman spectra, the target of this study is the structure of the polyene backbone; no direct spectroscopic information can be obtained in this way on the chemical nature of the groups attached to both chain ends. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

The electronic structure and properties of the polyenes

The self-consistent field molecular orbital theory has been used to calculate the electronic structure and properties of the first ten members of the polyene series. From these results the properties of the infinite polyene are predicted.     

On the photophysical model for polyenes: Experimental evidence of the 1,8‐diphenylocta‐1,3,5,7‐tetraene molecule dissolved in n‐octane,cyclooctane, and 2,2,4‐trimethylpentane

Spectroscopic evidence recorded in solutions of diphenyloctatetraene in n‐octane, cyclooctane, and 2,2,4‐trimethylpentane by sudden immersion of the sample at 77 K or by changing the solution temperature slowly between 293 and 77 K allow us to conclude that the distinct spectroscopic behavior of the polyene compounds, on extending its polyene chain, does not lie in the existence of a ghost state 2¹Ag, as first excited electronic state of the system, but resides in a structural problem that influences whether its first electronic transition for absorption can be monitored or not at its lowest vibrational levels.     

应用2D NMR技术对多烯大环内酯抗生素——鲁丝霉素进行结构解析

多烯大环内酯抗生素是抗生素中一个化学类群，由25～37个碳原子组成大内酯环，在环的一部分有共轭多烯结构，对应部位有羟基，并由苷键连接一个或多个氨基糖。这类抗生素具有对光不稳定，抗真菌谱广，静脉给药毒性高，口服毒性低的特点。本文对放线菌-1356产生的抗真菌活性成分，四烯大环内酯——鲁丝霉素进行了UV、IR、MS、1 H NMR 和13C NMR 检测，并通过DEPT 和1 H-1H COSY、HMBC、HSQC 等2D NMR 技术对其1 H NMR 和13C NMR 数据进行了详细的解析和信号归属，并纠正了国外文献对于多烯内酯类化合物13C NMR信号归属的错误，总结了此类化合物的核磁共振谱规律。为以后此类化合物的分析鉴定提供了更完善的依据。     

Modeling of the vibrational structure of the vibronic spectrum and an excited state of the dinaphthylethylene molecule

The vibrational structure of the fluorescence spectrum and the structure of a dinaphthylethylene molecule in an excited state are calculated in the first and second approximations of the parametric method employed in the theory of vibronic spectra. The calculated spectra are in quantitative agreement with experimental data. The role of the angular parameters of the parametric method in the quantitative prediction of the vibrational structure of the fluorescence spectrum and changes observed in the geometry of the dinaphthylethylene molecule under excitation is determined. It is demonstrated that the polyene and acene parameters of the parametric method possess a high degree of transferability and that the models obtained are quite adequate to the real structures of the molecules under investigation. The proposed approach permits qualitative predictions and quantitative predictive calculations of the spectra of the studied molecules, as well as the spectral characteristics necessary for simulation of photochemical molecular transformations.     

Investigations on the geometrical isomers of astaxanthin: Raman spectroscopy of conjugated polyene chain with electronic and mechanical confinement

Recent research interests in geometrical isomers of astaxanthin (AST) are motivated by their metabolic activities in aquatic animals and human. It has been established that cis‐isomers of AST are selectively absorbed in human plasma during the metabolic process; however, exact absorption mechanism is still unclear. Hence, a detailed investigation of the structural and optical properties of geometrical isomers of AST is required. Among the techniques available for the study of AST and other carotenoids, Raman spectroscopy has been much acclaimed. Raman spectra have been shown to be influenced by the electronic and mechanical confinement effects arising from the conjugated polyene chain of carotenoids. In this work, we present Raman studies of geometrical isomers of AST, along with their optical absorption characteristics. Geometrical isomers of AST were prepared by heating all trans‐AST in solution form, and the isomers were separated using high performance liquid chromatography. Optical absorption spectra of cis‐isomers of AST showed hypsochromic shifts in the main absorption band and formation of new bands at lower wavelengths. A detailed Raman spectral analysis performed on the cis‐isomers of AST showed new modes which have not been observed and accounted for so far. In addition, we demonstrate that the electronic and mechanical confinement effects in the polyene chain of AST play an important role in the Raman spectra of geometrical isomers of AST. It is anticipated that this work will demonstrate that Raman spectroscopy is an important diagnostic tool in distinguishing and identifying the geometrical isomers of AST. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

多烯大环内酯抗生素——鲁丝霉素的结构解析

多烯大环内酯抗生素是抗生素中一个化学类群,由25～37个碳原子组成大内酯环,在环的一部分有共轭多烯结构,对应部位有羟基,并由苷键连接一个或多个氨基糖. 这类抗生素具有对光不稳定,抗真菌谱广,静脉给药毒性高,口服毒性低的特点. 本文对放线菌-1356产生的抗真菌活性成分,四烯大环内酯——鲁丝霉素进行了UV、IR、MS、¹H NMR 和¹³C NMR 检测,并通过DEPT 和¹H-¹H COSY、HMBC、HSQC 等2D NMR 技术对其¹H NMR 和¹³C NMR 数据进行了详细的解析和信号归属,并纠正了国外文献对于多烯内酯类化合物¹³C NMR信号归属的错误,总结了此类化合物的核磁共振谱规律. 为以后此类化合物的分析鉴定提供了更完善的依据.     

Calculation and interpretation of the vibronic spectra of pyridine and <Emphasis Type="Italic">trans</Emphasis>-1,2-di(2′-pyridyl)ethylene in the second approximation of the parametric method

The structures of pyridine and dipyridylethylene molecules in an excited state and their vibronic spectra are calculated within the second approximation of the parametric method. The system of parameters obtained, including parameters of the σ and π types, ensures a quantitative agreement between the theoretical and experimental spectra of the pyridine and dipyridylethylene molecules. This agreement indicates that the proposed model is adequate to the real structure of the molecules. The parameterization is sufficiently complete and provides a means for quantitatively modeling the vibrational structure of the spectra of complex molecules containing fragments similar to those characterized by the σπ* and ππ* transitions. It is demonstrated that, after such essential substitutions of atoms in the molecules, the system of parameters of the acene and polyene fragments retains the high stability. The vibrational structure of the electronic spectra of the pyridine and dipyridylethylene molecules is interpreted, and the changes observed in the geometry of these molecules under electronic excitation are analyzed.     

Vibrational spectra and structure of polyene compounds. II. Band intensity in the vibrational spectra of linear polyenes

Analysis of infrared intensities shows that a polyene molecule has a system of conjugated and polar carbon bonds. The most intense bands in the Raman spectra are connected with vibrations involving the whole chain and a maximum change in the polarizability.     

Excitons in the polyenes

The excited electronic states of an infinite, all-trans, polyene are calculated using a Wannier function expansion. The relationship between these states and the excited electronic states of the finite polyenes, as found in molecular orbital configuration interaction studies, is explored.     

Raman Scattering Study of Natural and Synthetic Compounds Containing Polyene Chains

Doklady Physics - The dependence of Raman spectra of the molecules containing polyene chains on the conjugation length, structure of side and end groups, and isomer type is analyzed theoretically.     

The theory of the spin-spin relaxation of electron subsystem in antiferromagnets and polyenes

The theory of conductivity of rare earth compounds and polyenes is constructed on the basis of the fluctuational theory of magnetic superconductors. The criterion of the appearance of the high-temperature superconducting phase in rare earth antiferromagnetic compounds and of the superconductivity in polyene systems is found.     

Electronic structure of long chain polyenes in the Peierls-PPP model

On the basis of the semi-empirical Peierls-PPP Hamiltonian (i.e. the PPP Hamiltonian with electron-phonon coupling included) a theory of the electronic structure of long atomic chains with half filled bands has been worked out within the framework of the mean field approximation. The general theory is then applied to long chain polyenes. The results of the numerical analysis are in good agreement with those of other authors and show that the ground state of a long chain polyene is very likely not antiferromagnetic, but a charge density wave state with an associated Peierls distortion.     

Widely tunable broadband terahertz radiation generation using a configurationally locked polyene 2-[3-(4-hydroxystyryl)-5,5-dimethylcyclohex-2-enylidene] malononitrile crystal via difference frequency generation

Widely tunable terahertz (THz) waves were successfully generated from 0.5 to 10 THz via difference frequency generation (DFG) in a configurationally locked polyene 2-[3-(4-hydroxystyryl)-5,5-dimethylcyclohex-2-enylidene] malononitrile (OH1) crystal. Potassium titanium oxide phosphate optical parametric oscillator pumped by nanosecond Q-switched Nd:YAG laser was used to generate two waves, which were then used to irradiate OH1 crystal. The maximum energy of the generated THz wave was about 461 pJ/pulse. We investigated the dependency of generated THz energy to the excitation pump power density and OH1 crystal thickness. In addition, we compared the THz energy generated by OH1 crystal to 4-N,N-dimethylamino-4′-N′-methyl-4-stilbazolium tosylate (DAST) crystal using DFG, and we achieved 560 times higher energy using OH1 crystal than DAST crystal at around 1.1 THz.     

Radialenes are minimally conjugated cyclic π-systems

Conjugation energy (CE) in benzene is larger than its aromatic stabilisation energy (ASE). A far-reaching conclusion offered by this work is that per π-electron, CE is energetically larger than aromaticity. If a diene has a doubly degenerate HOMO, then its Diels–Alder reaction will be kinetically faster than a similar diene with a nondegenerate HOMO. The topological conjugation energy (TCE) for the radialene, monocyclic, dendralene, and linear polyene series has quite different trends. Radialenes are minimally conjugated cyclic systems with the TCE/No. π-bond = 0.432 β; the members of the dendralene series approach this same value from smaller values with increasing size. With increasing size, the members of the monocyclic and linear polyene series have, respectively, decreasing and increasing TCE/No. π-bond values approaching 0.547 β. Topological resonance energy (TRE) for radialenes, dendralenes, and linear polyenes all have TRE = 0, and the TRE/π-electron for monocyclic polyenes has alternating declining values between antiaromatic (?0.3066 β, ?0.07435 β, ?0.03287 β,?…) and aromatic (0.04543 β, 0.01594 β, 0.00807 β,?…). For benzene, TRE/No. π-bond = 0.0909 β and TCE/No. π-bond = 0.576 β.     

Bond alternation defects in long polyene molecules

Recent theoretical work suggests that there is an alternation in carbon-carbon bond lengths throughout a sufficiently long polyene chain. Such alternation implies the possibility of defects in which even-numbered bonds along the chain change over from short to long. In this paper, the electronic properties of such defects are examined by Hückel molecular orbital theory, with the parameters used by Longuet-Higgins and Salem [2]. It is shown that there is a localized non-bonding molecular orbital associated with each defect (if they are well separated). In the neutral molecule, there will be an odd electron in each such molecular orbital, which should be detectable by electron spin resonance. An approximate estimate of the energy required to form a defect suggests that there should be about one per seventy carbon atoms.