Be2+在水、甲醇和乙醇中结构性质的从头算分子动力学模拟

采用Car-Parrinello分子动力学(CPMD)方法分别研究了Be²⁺在水、甲醇和乙醇中的溶剂结构性质, 并对Be²⁺的第一溶剂壳结构的实验及理论结果进行了比较. 所得第一溶剂壳结构与已报道的实验和理论结果较为一致. 对径向分布函数、配位数以及角度分布等进行了详细的分析. 结果表明: 在水、甲醇和乙醇中, Be²⁺第一溶剂壳为稳定理想的四面体结构. 在本文的模拟时间尺度内,没有观察到第一溶剂壳中的分子与第二溶剂壳中的分子进行交换, 进一步证明Be²⁺第一溶剂壳为稳定的四配位结构. 根据计算得到的空间分布函数, Be²⁺在溶剂分子的等高面上主要集中分布在溶剂分子接受氢键的方向. 根据氧原子在Be²⁺周围的分布, 壳层分子主要集中分布在Be²⁺周围的四个区域, 进一步证实溶剂壳为四面体对称.     

Be2+ hydration in concentrated aqueous solutions of BeCl2

Neutron diffraction experiments were carried out on concentrated aqueous solutions of beryllium chloride at three concentrations: 1.5, 3, and 6 molal. By working with a specific ("null") mixture of heavy water (D2O) and water (H2O), information on the local structure around Be2+ ions was extracted directly. For all three BeCl2 solutions, the results show that the Be2+ ion has a well-defined 4-fold coordination shell that is dominated by oxygen atoms. There is also a relatively small probability (10-15%) that there are direct contacts between Be2+ and Cl- at a distance of approximately 2.2 angstroms. The oxygen atoms of the highly structured Be2+ first hydration shell are found to be situated at 2.6 angstroms apart, and form a pyramidal structure, in agreement with recent MD simulation results. The Cl- ions have approximately seven oxygen atoms (water molecules) in their hydration shells sited at 3.2 angstroms.     

Hydration of the Calcium Dication: Direct Evidence for Second Shell Formation from Infrared Spectroscopy

Infrared laser action spectroscopy in a Fourier‐transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometer is used in conjunction with ab initio calculations to investigate doubly charged, hydrated clusters of calcium formed by electrospray ionization. Six water molecules coordinate directly to the calcium dication, whereas the seventh water molecule is incorporated into a second solvation shell. Spectral features indicate the presence of multiple structures of Ca(H₂O)₇²⁺ in which outer‐shell water molecules accept either one (single acceptor) or two (double acceptor) hydrogen bonds from inner‐shell water molecules. Double‐acceptor water molecules are predominately observed in the second solvent shells of clusters containing eight or nine water molecules. Increased hydration results in spectroscopic signatures consistent with additional second‐shell water molecules, particularly the appearance of inner‐shell water molecules that donate two hydrogen bonds (double donor) to the second solvent shell. This is the first reported use of infrared spectroscopy to investigate shell structure of a hydrated multiply charged cation in the gas phase and illustrates the effectiveness of this method to probe the structures of hydrated ions.     

Diffraction of X-rays and hydration phenomena in aqueous solutions of Mg(NO3)2

The ionic coordination of Mg(NO₃)₂ in aqueous solutions has been investigated by X-ray diffraction. The experimental correlation functions appear to be characterized by the hydration of the cation. Satisfactory agreement with the experimental data has been reached through a model in which: (i) the nitrate ions do not produce any structuring effect in their neighbourhood; (ii) the Mg²⁺ ions possess an inner hydration shell of six water molecules and a second coordination shell.     

Molecular simulation study of temperature effect on ionic hydration in carbon nanotubes

Molecular dynamics simulations have been performed to investigate the hydration of Li(+), Na(+), K(+), F(-), and Cl(-) inside the carbon nanotubes at temperatures ranging from 298 to 683 K. The structural characteristics of the coordination shells of ions are studied, including the ion-oxygen radial distribution functions, the coordination numbers, and the orientation distributions of the water molecules. Simulation results show that the first coordination shells of the five ions still exist in the nanoscale confinement. Nevertheless, the first coordination shell structures of cations change more significantly than those of anions because of the preferential orientation of the water molecules induced by the carbon nanotube. The first coordination shells of cations are considerably less ordered in the nanotube than in the bulk solution, whereas the change of the first coordination shell structures of the anions is minor. Furthermore, the confinement induces the anomalous behavior of the coordination shells of the ions with temperature. The first coordination shell of K(+) are found to be more ordered as the temperature increases only in the carbon nanotube with the effective diameter of 1.0 nm, implying the enhancement of the ionic hydration with temperature. This is contrary to that in the bulk solution. The coordination shells of the other four ions do not have such behavior in the carbon nanotube with the effective diameter ranging from 0.73 to 1.00 nm. The easier distortion of the coordination shell of K(+) and the match of the shell size and the nanotube size may play roles in this phenomenon. The exchange of water molecules in the first coordination shells of the ions with the solution and the ion diffusion along the axial direction of the nanotube are also investigated. The mobility of the ions and the stability of the coordination shells are greatly affected by the temperature in the nanotube as in the bulk solutions. These results help to understand the biological and chemical processes at the high temperature.     

Hydration of sodium, potassium, and chloride ions in solution and the concept of structure maker/breaker

Neutron diffraction data with hydrogen isotope substitution on aqueous solutions of NaCl and KCl at concentrations ranging from high dilution to near-saturation are analyzed using the Empirical Potential Structure Refinement technique. Information on both the ion hydration shells and the microscopic structure of the solvent is extracted. Apart from obvious effects due to the different radii of the three ions investigated, it is found that water molecules in the hydration shell of K+ are orientationally more disordered than those hydrating a Na+ ion and are inclined to orient their dipole moments tangentially to the hydration sphere. Cl- ions form instead hydrogen-bonded bridges with water molecules and are readily accommodated into the H-bond network of water. The results are used to show that concepts such as structure maker/breaker, largely based on thermodynamic data, are not helpful in understanding how these ions interact with water at the molecular level.     

Comparative review of structural parameters of the nearest surrounding of monoatomic cations in water and methanol media

Literature data on structure of coordination sphere of selected monoatomic cations in aqueous and methanol solutions have been reviewed and compared. The following structural parameters have been considered: coordination number, interparticle distances, the second coordination sphere features, and ionic association type. It has been revealed that for doubly charged ions the parameters of the first coordination sphere are similar in the both solvents. The second coordination sphere of the same cation consists of fewer solvating molecules located farther from the ion in the case of methanol as compared to water.     

The onset of calcium carbonate nucleation: a density functional theory molecular dynamics and hybrid microsolvation/continuum study

Density functional theory (Perdew-Burke-Ernzerhof) based methods have been used to study the structure and hydration environment of the building blocks of CaCO 3 in aqueous solutions of calcium bicarbonate and calcium carbonate. Car-Parrinello molecular dynamics simulations of Ca(2+)/CO3(2-) and Ca (2+)/HCO3(-) in explicit water were performed to investigate the formation of CaCO3 and the hydration shell of the solvated hetero-ion pair. Our simulations show that the formation of the monomer of CaCO3 occurs with an associative mechanism and that the dominant building block of calcium (bi)carbonate in aqueous solution is Ca[eta(1)-(H)CO3](H2O)5, i.e., the preferred hydration number is five, while the (bi)carbonate is coordinated to the calcium in a monodentate mode. This result agrees with static calculations, where a hybrid approach using a combination of explicit solvent molecules and a polarizable continuum model has been applied to compute the solvation free energies of calcium bicarbonate species. Furthermore, the discrete-continuum calculations predict that the Ca(HCO3)2 and Ca(HCO3)3(-) species are stable in an aqueous environment preferentially as Ca(HCO3)2(H2O)4 and Ca(HCO3)3(H2O)2(-), respectively.     

Structural parameters of the nearest surrounding of halide ions in the aqueous electrolyte solutions

Literature data and own experimental results on structural characteristics of the halide ions nearest surrounding in the aqueous electrolyte solutions under standard conditions has been summarized. Structural parameters like coordination number, interparticle distance, and ion association type have been discussed. It has been shown that in the halide ions series, from fluoride to iodide, the coordination number gradually increases from 6 to 8. In the same row, the coordination sphere stability decreases, this is reflected in more asymmetrical arrangement of water molecules of the nearest surrounding.     

Solvation of a hydrogen isotope in aqueous methanol, NaCl, and KCl solutions

The muon hyperfine coupling constant (hfc) of the light hydrogen isotope muonium (Mu) was measured in aqueous methanol, NaCl, and KCl solutions with varying concentrations, in deuterated water, and in deuterated methanol. The muon hfc is shown to be sensitive to the size and composition of the primary solvation shell, and the three-dimensional harmonic oscillator model of Roduner et al. (J. Chem. Phys. 1995, 102, 5989) has been modified to account for dependence of the muon hfc on the methanol or salt concentration. The muon hfc of Mu in the aqueous methanol solutions decreases with increasing methanol concentration up to a mole fraction (chiMeOH) of approximately 0.4, above which the muon hfc is approximately constant. The concentration dependence of the muon hfc is due to hydrophobic nature of Mu. It is preferentially solvated by the methyl group of methanol, and the proportion of methanol molecules in the primary solvation shell is greater than that in the bulk solution. Above chiMeOH approximately 0.4, Mu is completely surrounded by methanol. The muon hfc decreases with increasing methanol concentration because more unpaired electron spin density is transferred from Mu to methanol than to water. The unpaired electron spin density is transferred from Mu to the solvent by collisions that stretch one of the solvents bonds. The amount of spin density transferred is likely inversely related to the activation barrier for abstraction from the solvent, which accounts for the larger muon hfc in the deuterated solvents. The muon hfc of Mu in electrolyte solution decreases with increasing concentration of NaCl or KCl. We suggest that the decrease of the muon hfc is due to the amount of spin density transferred from Mu to its surroundings being dependent on the average orientation of the water molecules in the primary solvation shell, which is influenced by both Mu and the ions in solution, and spin density transfer to the ions themselves.     

Structural parameters of close surroundings of Sr2+ and Ba2+ ions in aqueous solutions of their salts

Published data on various techniques of studying structural characteristics of close surroundings of strontium(II) and barium(II) ions in aqueous solutions of their salts under standard conditions (coordination numbers, interparticle distances, parameters of the second coordination sphere, and ionic association types) have been generalized. It has been concluded that the Sr²⁺ ion coordinates eight water molecules in the first coordination sphere, and the Ba²⁺ ion, nine water molecules, at average distances of 0.262 and 0.283 nm, respectively. Both ions form the second coordination sphere at average distances of 0.493 and 0.500 nm, respectively. There is a well-pronounced trend to the formation of ion pairs.     

Ions in water: the microscopic structure of concentrated hydroxide solutions

Neutron-diffraction data on aqueous solutions of hydroxides, at solute concentrations ranging from 1 solute per 12 water molecules to 1 solute per 3 water molecules, are analyzed by means of a Monte Carlo simulation (empirical potential structure refinement), in order to determine the hydration shell of the OH- in the presence of the smaller alkali metal ions. It is demonstrated that the symmetry argument between H+ and OH- cannot be used, at least in the liquid phase at such high concentrations, for determining the hydroxide hydration shell. Water molecules in the hydration shell of K+ orient their dipole moment at about 45 degrees from the K+-water oxygen director, instead of radially as in the case of the Li+ and Na+ hydration shells. The K+-water oxygen radial distribution function shows a shallower first minimum compared to the other cation-water oxygen functions. The influence of the solutes on the water-water radial distribution functions is shown to have an effect on the water structure equivalent to an increase in the pressure of the water, depending on both ion concentration and ionic radius. The changes of the water structure in the presence of charged solutes and the differences among the hydration shells of the different cations are used to present a qualitative explanation of the observed cation mobility.     

Solvation of cations in the LiNO3-Ca(NO3)2-H2O system at 25°C. A molecular dynamics simulation study

A series of solutions of the ternary LiNO₃-Ca(NO₃)₂-H₂O system is simulated under standard conditions by means of classical molecular dynamics (MD). Several variants of the potentials of interparticle interactions predicting different structures and compositions of the lithium cation hydration shell are used in the calculations. The coordination numbers of ions, the mean residence times of water molecules and nitrate anions in the solvation shells of cations, and the self-diffusion coefficients of solution components are estimated for all of the investigated systems. The structural features of the solvation shells of cations in multicomponent aqueous solutions are described on the basis of the obtained data.     

An empirical potential function for the interaction between univalent ions in water

A hydration-shell model has been developed for calculating the interaction energy between ions in water. The hydration shell around each ion contains a few tightly bound water molecules and a larger number of less tightly bound molecules. The energies of their interaction with the ion and the size of the hydration shell have been derived from published experimental data for ion-water clusters in the gas phase. An expression derived for the interaction energy of two univalent ions in water incorporates the following effects: a Lennard-Jones 6–12 interaction, a Coulomb interaction between the charges, the polarization of the hydration shells by a neighboring ion, and an energy term for the removal of water from the hydration shells when the hydration shells of two ions overlap. The effective dielectric constant at small ion-ion distances is the only adjustable parameter. Computed interaction energies for aqueous solutions of twelve alkali halides match experimental values, derived from conductimetric measurements, with an average error of ±14%.     

Structural and dynamical properties of the Hg2+ aqua ion: a molecular dynamics study

Molecular dynamics simulations of the Hg2+ ion in aqueous solution have been carried out using an effective two-body potential derived from quantum mechanical calculations. A stable heptacoordinated structure of the Hg2+ first hydration shell has been observed and confirmed by extended X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) experimental data. The structural properties of the Hg2+ hydration shells have been investigated using radial and angular distribution functions, while the dynamical behavior has been discussed in terms of reorientational correlation functions, mean residence times of water molecules in the first and second hydration shells, and self-diffusion coefficients. The effect of water-water interactions on the Hg2+ hydration properties has been evaluated using the SPC/E and TIP5P water models.     

Aqueous solutions of divalent chlorides: ions hydration shell and water structure

By combining neutron diffraction and Monte Carlo simulations, we have determined the microscopic structure of the hydration ions shell in aqueous solutions of MgCl(2) and CaCl(2), along with the radial distribution functions of the solvent. In particular the hydration shell of the cations, show cation specific symmetry, due to the strong and directional interaction of ions and water oxygens. The ions and their hydration shells likely form molecular moieties and bring clear signatures in the water-water radial distribution functions. Apart from these signatures, the influence of divalent salts on the microscopic structure of water is similar to that of previously investigated monovalent solutes, and it is visible as a shift of the second peak of the oxygen-oxygen radial distribution function, caused by distortion of the hydrogen bond network of water.     

Development and validation of an integrated computational approach for the study of ionic species in solution by means of effective two-body potentials. The case of Zn2+, Ni2+, and Co2+ in aqueous solutions

In this paper we have developed an effective computational procedure for the structural and dynamical investigation of ions in aqueous solutions. Quantum mechanical potential energy surfaces for the interaction of a transition metal ion with a water molecule have been calculated taking into account the effect of bulk solvent by the polarizable continuum model (PCM). The effective ion-water interactions have been fitted by suitable analytical potentials, and have been utilized in molecular dynamics (MD) simulations to obtain structural and dynamical properties of the ionic aqueous solutions. This procedure has been successfully applied to the Co2+-H2O open-shell system and, for the first time, Co-oxygen and Co-hydrogen pair potential functions have been determined and employed in MD simulations. The reliability of the whole procedure has been assessed by applying it also to the Zn2+ and Ni2+ aqueous solutions, and the structural and dynamical properties of the three systems have been calculated by means of MD simulations and have been found to be in very good agreement with experimental results. The structural parameters of the first solvation shells issuing from the MD simulations provide an effective complement to extended X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) experiments.     

EXAFS study of aqueous Zr(IV) and Th(IV) complexes in alkaline CaCl(2) solutions: Ca(3)[Zr(OH)(6)](4+) and Ca(4)[Th(OH)(8)](4+)

A hitherto unknown type of aqueous complex, ternary Ca-MIV-OH complexes (M = Zr and Th), causes unexpectedly high solubilities of zirconium(IV) and thorium(IV) hydrous oxides in alkaline CaCl2 solutions (pHc = 10-12, [CaCl2] > 0.05 mol.L(-1), and pHc = 11-12, [CaCl2] > 0.5 mol.L(-1), respectively). The dominant aqueous species are identified as Ca3[Zr(OH)6]4+ and Ca4[Th(OH)8]4+ and characterized by extended X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) spectroscopy. The number of OH- ligands in the first coordination sphere detected by EXAFS, NO = 6 (6.6 +/- 1.2) for Zr and NO = 8 (8.6 +/- 1.2) for Th, are consistent with the observed slopes of 2 and 4 in the solubility curves log [M]tot vs pHc. The presence of polynuclear hydrolysis species and the formation of chloride complexes can be excluded. EXAFS spectra clearly show a second coordination shell of calcium ions. The [Zr(OH)6]2- and [Th(OH)8]4- complexes with an unusually large number of OH- ligands are stabilized by the formation of associates or ion pairs with Ca2+ ions. The number of neighboring Ca2+ ions around the [Zr(OH)6]2- and [Th(OH)8]4- units is determined to be NCa = 3 (2.7 +/- 0.6) at a distance of RZr-Ca = 3.38 +/- 0.02 A and NCa = 4 (3.8 +/- 0.5) at a distance of RTh-Ca = 3.98 +/- 0.02 A. The Ca3[Zr(OH)6]4+ and Ca4[Th(OH)8]4+ complexes have first (M-O) and second (M-Ca) coordination spheres with the Ca2+ ions bound to coordination polyhedra edges.     

Metal-ligand-coordinated vesicles and vesicle-assisted preparation of calcium oxalate

A Ca(2+) -ligand-coordinated vesicle phase was prepared from a mixture of tetradecyldimethylamine oxide (C14DMAO) and calcium tetradecylamidomethyl sulfate [(CH3(CH2)13NHCOCH2OSO3)2Ca] in aqueous solution. At the appropriate mixing ratios, Ca(2+) -ligand coordination results in the formation of molecular bilayers because Ca(2+) can firmly bind to the head groups of C14DMAO and (CH3(CH2)13NHCOCH2OSO3)2Ca by complexation which reduces the area of head group. In this system, no counterions in aqueous solution exist because of the Ca(2+) -ligand coordination, and the bilayer membranes are not shielded by salts, i.e., a salt-free but charged molecular bilayer. The structures of the birefringent solutions of (CH3(CH2)13NHCOCH2OSO3)2Ca and C14DMAO mixtures were determined by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) images and rheological measurements, demonstrating that the birefringent sample solutions consist of vesicles. The Ca(2+) -ligand complex vesicle phase was used as a microreactor to prepare calcium oxalate (CaC2O4) crystals. Dimethyl oxalate, as a precursor, can hydrolyze to oxalic acid and methanol. Oxalic acid should precipitate Ca(2+) ions binding to the head groups of C14DMAO and (CH3(CH2)13NHCOCH2OSO3)2Ca to produce CaC2O4 crystals (Ca(2+) + H2C2O4 --> CaC2O4 (downward arrow) + 2H+). The obtained particles were CaC2O4 monohydrate, which were dominated by (020) faces. CaC2O4 precipitates were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) analysis. After removal of CaC2O4 precipitates, a new cationic and anionic (catanionic) vesicle phase was constructed through electrostatic interaction between cationic C14DMAOH+ (C14DMAO + H+ --> C14DMAOH+) and anionic CH3(CH12)13 NHCOCH2OSO3-.