The array invariant

A method is derived for instantaneous source-range estimation in a horizontally stratified ocean waveguide from passive beam-time intensity data obtained after conventional plane-wave beamforming of acoustic array measurements. The method has advantages over existing source localization methods, such as matched field processing or the waveguide invariant. First, no knowledge of the environment is required except that the received field should not be dominated by purely waterborne propagation. Second, range can be estimated in real time with little computational effort beyond plane-wave beamforming. Third, array gain is fully exploited. The method is applied to data from the Main Acoustic Clutter Experiment of 2003 for source ranges between 1 to 8 km, where it is shown that simple, accurate, and computationally efficient source range estimates can be made.     

声矢量传感器线阵波导不变量被动测距研究

介绍一种利用水声信道的统计不变特征(波导不变量)实现被动测距的方法。对接收LOFAR(Low FrequencyAnalysis Record)图使用HOUGH变换等边缘提取技术提取条纹,得到波导不变量以及抛物线参数的估计值,进而得到目标的CPA(Closest Point of Approach)点距离。矢量水听器的振速通道数据所得LOFAR图信噪比明显高于声压LOFAR图,可以提高测距精度。仿真和试验数据结果显示本方法能以较高的精度提取CPA点距离。对比波导不变量经验值和在线估计值所得最近点距离结果,发现使用具有一定精度的在线估计波导不变量值可以显著提高测距精度。     

声强谱频移补偿的波导不变量和距离估计方法

基于声强的距离一频率干涉结构,利用对水平阵不同阵元信号的声强谱进行频移补偿的方法估计波导不变量和距离。在波导不变量和距离其中一项已知的情况下,可以通过该方法估计另外一项。利用2011年12月北黄海水声实验中拖曳声源发射和海底水平阵接收的线性调频信号,通过上述方法估计了不同距离处的波导不变量。结果显示波导不变量的估计值在0.8到1.2之间变化,其均值与利用实测海洋环境计算的理论值符合良好。同时,利用相同的信号和波导不变量的理论计算值,通过上述方法在不同时刻进行距离估计,结果与GPS测量距离基本一致。      

Beam intensity striations and applications

The single-element spectrogram for a continuous broadband signal, plotted as a function of range, has been shown to exhibit striated bands of intensity maxima and minima. The slope of the striations is an invariant of the modal interference and is described by a waveguide invariant parameter "beta." The striation pattern is analyzed and modeled in this paper for the beam outputs of a horizontal line array obtained by conventional beamforming. Array beamforming makes it possible to measure the waveguide invariant parameter for weak signals due to the enhancement of signal levels by the array gain over that of a single element. It is shown that the signal beam spectrogram as a function of range exhibits the same striation pattern as that (predicted) for a single element. Specifically, for a broadside signal, the beam striation is identical to that of a single-element plus a constant signal gain. For a nonbroadside target, the signal beam intensity will be modified by a frequency-bearing dependent signal gain due to the signal spread over multiple beams, nevertheless the beam spectrogram retains the same striation pattern (slope) as for a single element. The sidelobe beams (outside the canonical cones containing the signal arrivals) exhibit an entirely different striation pattern as a function of frequency and range. For array processing, it is shown that a fast range-rate, close range target and a distant, slow range-rate interference source will have a different striation pattern (slope) in the corresponding beam spectrograms as a function of time, assuming no prior knowledge of the source ranges. The difference in the striations between the beam spectrograms can be used in array processing to suppress the interference contribution. A 5-7 dB interference suppression is demonstrated using simulated data.     

浅海运动目标波束域波导不变量测距方法研究

波导不变量是描述海洋波导环境声信号水平距离与频率干涉结构现象的特征参量。运动目标波导不变量测距方法需要已知目标速度值,运动目标速度一般是未知的。针对这一问题,本文提出了一种利用水平线阵估计目标运动速度的浅海波导不变量测距方法。该方法通过不同时刻波束域声信号互谱分析进行声源速度估计,结合HOUGH变换提取的LOFAR图斜率和波导不变量进行运动目标测距。仿真结果表明,该方法能够有效的进行运动目标的距离估计。利用2013年7月浅海实验数据,该方法估计出了发射船的距离,并与GPS测量的距离进行对比,相对误差小于10%。      

一种基于简正波模态消频散变换的声源距离深度估计方法

针对浅海环境中传播的低频宽带水声脉冲信号,基于简正波水平波数差和波导不变量之间的关系,本文提出了一种利用距离-频散参数二维平面聚焦测距与匹配模态能量定深的目标声源定位方法.首先,通过将由频散参数和波导不变量表示的前几阶模态相速度与由环境模型计算的相速度进行对比分析,从而估计出前几阶模态的频散参数和环境的波导不变量.其次,利用估计出的频散参数值和波导不变量对接收信号进行消频散变换处理,只有当接收信号的距离参数等于目标声源距离时,各号简正波的幅度均达到最大值,在距离-频散参数二维平面上,出现声压聚焦的现象,利用此现象可以估计目标声源的距离.不仅如此,消频散变换后的接收信号,前几阶模态在时域上明显地分离开来,可以准确地估计出前几阶模态的能量,采用多模态能量匹配的方式,可以估计出目标声源的深度.最后,通过对仿真和冬季获得的气枪信号数据处理结果验证了本文方法的有效性.     

基于自适应加权约束最小二乘法的麦克风阵列稳健频率不变波束形成算法

为了解决麦克风阵列通道失配时波束形成算法的稳健性问题, 提出一种基于自适应加权约束最小二乘法的麦克风阵列稳健频率不变波束形成算法. 该算法在分析无通道失配和通道失配时阵列模型特点基础上, 深入研究了通道失配时约束最小二乘频率不变波束形成算法存在的问题及其产生的原因; 将麦克风特性的概率密度函数作为稳健因子加入到约束最小二乘频率不变波束形成算法后, 其频率不变性的稳健性得到了一定的提高, 但稳健性仍较差. 为了进一步提高约束最小二乘法频率不变波束形成算法的稳键性, 通过定义代价函数中控制频率不变性的动态加权系数来调节旁瓣频谱能量, 大大提高了频率不变波束形成算法的稳键性, 将频率不变的频带范围内同一到达角度上不同频率所形成的阵列响应的最大值与最小值之比定义为波动误差, 并作为比较本文算法与约束最小二乘稳健波束形成算法和minmax稳健波束形成算法在通道失配时频率不变性稳键性的评价指标. 算法实例验证结果表明, 在麦克风阵列通道失配时, 本文算法的波动误差最小、频率不变波束形成稳健性最好, 而且适用于任意结构的阵列.     

Waveguide invariant focusing for broadband beamforming in an oceanic waveguide

The performance of broadband sonar array processing can degrade significantly in shallow-water environments when interference becomes angularly spread due to multipath propagation. Particularly for towed line arrays near endfire, elevation angle spreading of multipath interference often results in masking of weaker sources of interest. While adaptive beamforming in a series of narrow frequency bands can suppress coherent multipath interference, this approach requires long observation times to estimate the required narrowband covariance matrices. To form wideband covariance matrices which can be estimated with less observation time, plane-wave focusing methods have been used to avoid interference covariance matrix rank inflation. This paper extends wideband focusing to the case of coherent multipath interference. The approach presented here, called waveguide invariant focusing (WIF), exploits a robust relationship for the frequency dependence of horizontal wave number differences. Unlike matched-field methods, WIF does not model multipath wave fronts but rather makes the interference appear to occupy the same rank-one subspace across frequency. This permits formation of wideband covariance matrices without interference rank inflation. Simulation experiments in a realistic ocean environment indicate that adaptive beamforming using WIF covariance matrices can provide a significant array gain improvement over conventional adaptive methods with limited observation time.     

Robust passive range estimation using the waveguide invariant

The waveguide invariant principle is used to estimate the range to a broadband acoustic source in a shallow-water waveguide using a single acoustic receiver towed along a path directly toward the acoustic source. A relationship between the signal processing parameters and the ocean-acoustic environmental parameters is used to increase the effective signal-to-noise ratio without requiring detailed knowledge of the environment. Heuristics are developed to estimate the minimum source bandwidth and minimum horizontal aperture required for range estimation. A range estimation algorithm is tested on experimental and simulated data for source ranges of 500-2200 m and frequencies from 350 to 700 Hz. The algorithm is accurate to within approximately 25% for the cases tested and requires only a minimal amount of a priori environmental knowledge.     

利用波导不变量的浅海负跃层声源深度判别

在夏季负跃层水文条件下,声源激发的声场同时存在折射类和反射类简正波,导致通过分离简正波进行深度判别的方法性能下降甚至失效·提出了一种利用波导不变量判别声源深度的方法。当接收器位于负跃层以下时,水面声源和水下声源的波导不变量数值不同。在本文的仿真条件下,水面声源波导不变量约等于1,当声源位于负跃层以下时,波导不变量大于1.利用频域warping变换从干涉结构中提取与实际距离成线性关系的时域脉冲,可以在未知声源距离的情况下,从声场干涉结构中获得声源激发声场的波导不变量,从而在夏季负跃层水文条件下进行声源深度判别。方法无须声源与接收器存在最近经过距离,可适用于单水听器或水平阵波束形成后输出的LOFAR谱.仿真结果证明,方法可以提取水面目标和水下目标的时延轨迹并计算干涉条纹的波导不变量。最后,对海试实验数据进行分析处理,从水面声源的干涉条纹中提取波导不变量,证明了方法的有效性。      

利用宽带声场干涉结构特性对移动船只距离的连续估计

浅海移动船只的宽带辐射声场在距离-频率上通常表现为有规则的干涉条纹结构,这些条纹的特性(数目和斜率)可用波导不变量理论来表征并已被用于多种水声反演问题中,如沉积层声学参数反演和宽带声源距离的估计。基于波导不变量理论和干涉条纹的结构特性,利用扩展卡尔曼滤波器分析移动船只LOFAR图中干涉条纹的距离-频率特征可对其距离进行连续估计。该方法不需要海洋环境的信息和前向拷贝声场计算,具有较高的计算效率。海试数据处理结果和GPS数据计算结果比较一致,证实了本方法的准确性。试验数据处理同样证实该方法对初始距离的选择有着较高的稳健性。      

Motion compensation for adaptive horizontal line array processing

Large aperture horizontal line arrays have small resolution cells and can be used to separate a target signal from an interference signal by array beamforming. High-resolution adaptive array processing can be used to place a null at the interference signal so that the array gain can be much higher than that of conventional beamforming. But these nice features are significantly degraded by the source motion, which reduces the time period under which the environment can be considered stationary from the array processing point of view. For adaptive array processing, a large number of data samples are generally required to minimize the variance of the cross-spectral density, or the covariance matrix, between the array elements. For a moving source and interference, the penalty of integrating over a large number of samples is the spread of signal and interference energy to more than one or two eigenvalues. The signal and interference are no longer clearly identified by the eigenvectors and, consequently, the ability to suppress the interference suffers. We show in this paper that the effect of source motion can be compensated for the (signal) beam covariance matrix, thus allowing integration over a large number of data samples without loss in the signal beam power. We employ an equivalent of a rotating coordinate frame to track the signal bearing change and use the waveguide invariant theory to compensate the signal range change by frequency shifting.     

An experimental study on matched field processing in shallow water

I.IntroductionPassiverangeanddepthlocalizationofanacousticsourceinshallowwaterisadifficult,yetinterestingproblemthathasreceivedagreatdealofattentioninthelastfewyears['5].Thesimu1taneousestimationofrangeanddepthrequirestheuseofnumericalpropagationmodels.Theclassicalapproachtothisproblemisto"match"thereceivedacousticdatawiththesoundfieldpredictedbythepropagationmodelforanumberofhypotheticalrange/depthsourcelocatiolls.Thistechniqueiscalledmatchedfieldprocessing.Itiscommonlyacceptedthatthewavepro…     

一种基于β-warping变换算子的被动声源距离估计方法

基于浅海简正波水平波数差与波导不变量之间的关系, 本文提出了一种适用于水平不变浅海声波导中接收信号自相关函数的频域卷绕变换算子. 该算子可以将接收信号自相关函数中的简正波互相关成分变换为时域上可分离的脉冲序列, 且脉冲序列的相对延迟时间包含声源距离信息. 利用已知距离的引导声源, 由单水听器记录的脉冲信号即可实现被动声源距离估计. 对仿真和实验获得的脉冲信号数据处理结果验证了该变换算子用于被动声源距离估计的有效性.     

基于波导不变量的空中和水下声源分辨方法

波导不变量反映了水下声场多途传播的干涉结构特征。将波导不变量的提取分析应用于空气中声源产生的水下声场,通过数值仿真分析了波导不变量分布随深度的变化,提出了利用小深度接收声场提取的波导不变量分布来分辨空中和水下声源的方法。分析了空气中声速和风速剖面对该方法的影响,指出在实际海上环境条件下,当出现逆温现象或者当接收器在声源下风方向时,该方法是有效的。      

Null-broadening in a waveguide

Null-broadening, introduced in plane wave beamforming, is extended to an ocean waveguide in the context of matched field processing. The method is based on the minimum variance processor with white noise constraint and the distribution of fictitious sources using the theory of waveguide invariants. The proposed method is demonstrated in simulation as well as with data collected during the SWellEx-96 experiment. As another application, it is shown that the width of a null can be controlled in an adaptive time reversal mirror with a source-receive array.     

一种浅海声矢量场干涉结构提取方法

针对浅海Pekeris环境下声矢量场的干涉特征,基于简正波理论分析了在频率-距离域上声强谱、质点振速自谱、复声强谱和波阻抗谱干涉结构的形成机理,探讨了对干涉结构的波导不变量表征,并进行了宽带辐射声场干涉结构的海上测量试验。仿真研究和海试数据分析均表明,在频率-距离域上,上述4类物理量都会呈现稳定的、可用波导不变量β表征的干涉结构,而复声强独有的纯干涉分量更能体现波导的干涉效应。最后引入多尺度线性滤波器对海试实测LOFAR图进行处理,处理结果表明该滤波器可有效地增强干涉特征,更利于检测和提取干涉图案中的条纹信息。      

浅海随机相位起伏声场中速度估计的互谱分析方法

浅海条件下,目标运动速度是基于波导不变量声源被动定位的关键因素,利用浅海波导环境下的声场简正波理论,研究了浅海随机相位起伏的波束域声场互相关信号的特点,并通过声速剖面的二阶统计量对随机相位扰动进行了有效的补偿,提出利用波束域声场互相关信号进行谱分析的速度估计方法,仿真实验表明了该方法的有效性。利用2013年7月海试实验数据,该方法准确的估计出了目标的速度,并与GPS实测速度对比,速度估计的相对误差在10%以内。     

单水听器波导不变量被动测距

本文主要讨论利用声场干涉现象由单水听器被动测距的可行性及测距性能,为此提出了单水听器波导不变量被动测距方法,通过提取LOFAR图上干涉条纹、使用简正波模型计算波导不变量、频域相关法估计相对速度,最后依据干涉条纹方程得到声源距离估计量。数值仿真和海上实验结果验证了单水听器被动测距的可行性,并具备一定测距性能,在3 dB信噪比环境中,对于7 km处的运动声源,平均测距误差小于5%。本文方法具有设备简单、易于推广至阵列信号处理等特点,为声纳信号处理环境宽容性的提高及环境适配声纳的设计开拓了思路。