金属催化的不对称氢化反应研究进展与展望

手性过渡金属络合物催化的不对称氢化反应是合成光学活性化合物的重要方法. 本文从手性配体及手性催化剂、不对称催化新反应、新方法和新策略三个方面简要评述新世纪以来过渡金属催化的不对称氢化反应研究领域的新进展. 从新世纪初至今, 手性单磷配体得到了复兴, 出现了如MonoPhos、SiPhos、DpenPhos等高效单齿亚磷酰胺酯配体; 磷原子手性(P-手性)配体也得到了快速发展, 如BenzP*、ZhanPhos、TriFer等已成为新的高效手性双膦配体; 螺环骨架手性配体成为新世纪手性配体设计合成的亮点, 除了SiPhos、SIPHOX、SpinPHOX等高效手性螺环配体外, 手性螺环吡啶胺基磷配体SpiroPAP的铱催化剂成为目前最高效的分子催化剂. 不对称催化氢化新反应研究也取得了突破, 如非保护烯胺、杂芳环化合物及N-H亚胺的氢化等反应都实现了高对映选择性. 自组装手性催化剂、树枝状手性催化剂、铁磁性纳米负载的可回收手性催化剂, 以及“混合”配体手性催化剂等新方法和新策略也在不对称催化氢化反应中得到了应用. 然而, 手性过渡金属络合物催化的不对称氢化研究仍然充满挑战, 也期待新的突破.     

手性氨基醇的合成及其在二乙基锌与芳香醛的不对称加成反应中的应用

以天然氨基酸为手性源,合成了3个新的三齿手性氨基醇配体(1a～1c),其结构经1H NMR, IR和元素分析表征.将1用于催化二乙基锌与芳香醛的不对称加成反应,得到(R)-二级醇,产率96.7%, e.e.74.3%.     

从碳中心到硅中心:手性螺环双膦配体研究的发展

手性螺环配体和催化剂已被公认是一类优势手性配体和催化剂。手性螺环配体的相关研究，促进了不对称催化领域的发展。根据螺环骨架类型进行分类，分别讨论具有螺[4.4]壬烷骨架、螺二氢茚骨架、螺[4.4]壬二烯骨架以及螺二色烷骨架的手性螺环双膦配体的合成及在不对称催化反应中的应用，为今后发展新的不对称催化体系提供了重要参考。     

Asymmetric Hydrogenations (Nobel Lecture)

The start of the development of catalysts for asymmetric hydrogenation was the concept of replacing the triphenylphosphane ligand of the Wilkinson catalyst with a chiral ligand. With the new catalysts, it should be possible to hydrogenate prochiral olefins. Knowles and his co‐workers were convinced that the phosphorus atom played a central role in this selectivity, as only chiral phosphorus ligands such as (R,R)‐DIPAMP, whose stereogenic center lies directly on the phosphorus atom, lead to high enantiomeric excesses when used as catalysts in asymmetric hydrogenation reactions. This hypothesis was disproven by the development of ligands with chiral carbon backbones. Although the exact mechanism of action of the phosphane ligands is not incontrovertibly determined to this day, they provide a simple entry to a large number of chiral compounds.     

Diverse Approaches for Enantioselective C−H Functionalization Reactions Using Group 9 CpxMIII Catalysts

Transition-metal-catalyzed C−H functionalization reactions with Cp*M^III catalysts (M=Co, Rh, Ir) have found a wide variety of applications in organic synthesis. Albeit the intrinsic difficulties in achieving catalytic stereocontrol using these catalysts due to their lack of additional coordination sites for external chiral ligands and the conformational flexibility of the Cp ligand, catalytic enantioselective C−H functionalization reactions using the Group 9 metal triad with Cp-type ligands have been intensively studied since 2012. In this minireview, the progress in these reactions according to the type of the chiral catalyst used are summarized and discussed. The development of chiral Cp^x ligands the metal complexes thereof, artificial metalloenzymes, chiral carboxylate-assisted enantioselective C−H activations, enantioselective alkylations assisted by chiral carboxylic acids or chiral sulfonates, and chiral transient directing groups are discussed.     

Soluble polyisobutylene-supported reusable catalysts for olefin cyclopropanation

Polyisobutylene oligomers (PIB) have been used as soluble supports for the immobilization of cyclopropanation catalysts. In addition to simple carboxylate ligands, chiral bisoxazolines have been successfully attached to these heptane-soluble polymers. Their use and recovery has been investigated using cyclopropanation of styrene as an example. An achiral PIB-bound Rh(II) catalyst showed good activity and could be easily recycled nine times using a liquid-liquid biphasic separation technique. PIB-supported bisoxazoline ligands for Cu(I) catalysts were also prepared. These chiral catalysts showed good catalytic activity and stereoselectivity. A chiral ligand prepared from phenylglycine provided the most effective stereocontrol and gave the trans- and cis-cyclopropanation products in 94% ee and 68% ee, respectively. All three PIB-bound chiral bisoxazoline-Cu(I) catalysts prepared could be reused five to six times.     

新手性铜络合物的制备及在烯烃不对称环丙烷化中的应用

设计并合成了2个新的手性源S-(一)-α-取代-2-羟基-5-甲基苄胺,从该手性源合成了4个光活性铜络合物,考察了它们对苯乙烯、1,1-二苯乙烯和2,4-二甲基-2,5-已二烯的不对称环丙烷化反应的光学诱导活性.结果表明,由S-(一)-1-(2-羟基-5-甲基苯基)-2-甲基丙胺与2-羟基萘甲醛缩合而得到的Schiff碱为配体的铜络合物的诱导活性最佳.     

Asymmetric Activation

While nonracemic catalysts can generate nonracemic products with or without the nonlinear relationship in enantiomeric excesses between catalysts and products, racemic catalysts inherently give only a racemic mixture of chiral products. Asymmetric catalysts, either in nonracemic or racemic form, can be further evolved into highly activated catalysts with association of chiral activators. This asymmetric activation process is particularly useful in racemic catalysis through selective activation of one enantiomer of the racemic catalyst. Recently, a strategy whereby a racemic catalyst is selectively deactivated by a chiral additive has been reported to yield nonracemic products. However, reported herein is an alternative and conceptually opposite strategy in which a chiral activator selectively activates, rather than deactivates, one enantiomer of a racemic chiral catalyst. The advantage of this activation strategy over the deactivation counterpart is that the activated catalyst can produce a greater enantiomeric excess in the products-even with the use of a catalytic amount of activator relative to chiral catalyst-than that attained by the enantiomerically pure catalyst on its own. Therefore, asymmetric activation could provide a general and powerful strategy for not only the use of atropisomeric, racemic ligands but also chirally flexible and proatropisomeric ligands without enantiomeric resolution!     

二类手性铜催化剂的合成及其在光学活性菊酸合成中的应用研究

报道了双恶唑啉和Ｓｃｈｉｆｆ碱二类手性配合物的合成及其在光学活性菊酸的不对称合成中的应用，以合成氯霉素中间体的无效体（１Ｓ，２Ｓ）－２－氨基－１－对硝基苯基－１，３－丙二醇为原料，分别制得了二取代双恶唑啉和Ｓｃｈｉｆｆ碱二类配体，并将其分别与醋酸铜配合后得到手性铜催化剂来诱导烯烃（２，５－二甲基－２，４－己二烯和１，１－二苯乙烯）与重氮乙酸酯的不对称环丙烷化反应，最高获得４５．２％ｅ．ｅ。     

Optimization of catalyst enantioselectivity and activity using achiral and meso ligands

The optimization of asymmetric catalysts for enantioselective synthesis has conventionally revolved around the synthesis and screening of enantiopure ligands. In contrast, we have optimized an asymmetric reaction by modification of a series of achiral ligands. Thus, employing (S)-3,3'-diphenyl BINOL [(S)-Ph(2)-BINOL] and a series of achiral diimine and diamine activators in the asymmetric addition of alkyl groups to benzaldehyde, we have observed enantiomeric excesses between 96% (R) and 75% (S) of 1-phenyl-1-propanol. Some of the ligands examined have low-energy chiral conformations that can contribute to the chiral environment of the catalyst. These include achiral diimine ligands with meso backbones that adopt chiral conformations, achiral diimine ligands with backbones that become axially chiral on coordination to metal centers, achiral diamine ligands that form stereocenters on coordination to metal centers, and achiral diamine ligands with pendant groups that have axially chiral conformations. Additionally, we have structurally characterized (Ph(2)-BINOLate)Zn(diimine) and (Ph(2)-BINOLate)Zn(diamine) complexes and studied their solution behavior.     

Asymmetric Catalysis with Bis(hydroxyphenyl)diamides/Rare‐Earth Metal Complexes

A series of asymmetric catalysts composed of conformationally flexible amide‐based chiral ligands and rare‐earth metals was developed for proton‐transfer catalysis. These ligands derived from amino acids provide an intriguing chiral platform for the formation of asymmetric catalysts upon complexation with rare‐earth metals. The scope of this arsenal of catalysts was further broadened by the development of heterobimetallic catalytic systems. The cooperative function of hydrogen bonding and metal coordination resulted in intriguing substrate specificity and stereocontrol, and the dynamic nature of the catalysts led to a switch of their function. Herein, we summarize our recent exploration of this class of catalysts.     

The even-handed approach: strategies for the deployment of racemic chiral catalysts

Asymmetric catalysis is predominantly associated with the use of enantiomerically pure chiral ligands and catalysts. Although racemic chiral catalysts have been employed quite extensively in polymerization, their utility in mainstream organic synthesis and catalyst development has arguably been rather overlooked. This Minireview collates various themes for the strategic application of racemic ligands and catalysts, ranging from the estimation of selectivity and determination of enantiomeric excess, through to control of regio- and stereochemical outcomes, and mechanistic studies. What emerges is a clear picture that, in isolation or in concert with enantiopure catalysts, the "even-handed" approach has much to offer.     

Carbohydrate based chiral iodoarene catalysts for enantioselective dearomative spirocyclization

Organocatalysis using chiral iodoarenes enables many different enantioselective chemical reactions with cheap, easily accessible and robust catalysts. Carbohydrates have often been used as starting materials for the synthesis of chiral ligands for transition metal catalysts. Here, we now present the synthesis of the first carbohydrate based iodoarene catalysts which can be synthesized in one step starting from known compounds. These catalysts were used for oxidative spriolactonization of 3-(1-hydroxynaphthalen-2-yl)propanoic acid to afford the corresponding spirolactone in yields up to 77% and enantiomeric ratios er up to 80:20.     

Chiral monomeric organorhenium(VII) and organomolybdenum(VI) compounds as catalysts for chiral olefin epoxidation reactions

Several attempts have been made to transform the organometallic Re(VII) compound MTO and the (MoO₂)²⁺ moiety to chiral epoxidation catalysts by addition of chiral organic ligands. Being very efficient epoxidation catalysts in achiral reactions, it was hoped that these compounds could be transformed into chiral epoxidation catalysts by adding chiral Lewis base ligands. The major flaw of most of these attempts, however, was the weak coordination of the chiral Lewis base ligands to the metal center, which led either to high ees only at the very beginning of the catalytic reaction (low conversion) or to generally low enantiomeric excesses. The heterogenisation of the Mo(VI) complexes was, at least in some cases, successfully achieved but with the same drawbacks with respect to the ees as in the homogeneous phase. Currently, attempts are being made to synthesize organometallic Re(VII) and Mo(VI) complexes with stronger interactions between the metal containing moiety and the chiral ligand(s).     

Enantioselective silicon-boron additions to cyclic 1,3-dienes catalyzed by the platinum group metal complexes

Silaborations of 1,3-cyclohexadiene and 1,3-cycloheptadiene were achieved using catalysts prepared from different combinations of phosphorus ligands and group 10 metal compounds. For the six-membered compound, 1,4-adducts with up to 82% ee were obtained employing Pt(0) and phosphoramidite ligands. For the seven-membered diene optimal conditions were found using catalysts based on Ni(0), but the highest selectivity observed was merely 22% ee. No improvement of the chiral induction was obtained using chiral silylboranes in combination with chiral phosphoramidite ligands in the additions to 1,3-cyclohexadiene. The adduct obtained from cyclohexadiene was used in allylborations of aldehydes under microwave irradiation to produce homoallylic alcohols with moderate to good diastereoselectivity.     

噻唑烷类手性配体在不对称硅氢化反应中的应用(Ⅱ)

噻唑烷类手性配体在不对称硅氢化反应中的应用（Ⅱ）＊李弘姚金水何炳林（南开大学高分子化学研究所吸附与分离功能高分子材料国家重点实验室，天津３０００７１）关键词手性配体，铑络合物，噻唑烷，苯乙酮，不对称硅氢化自８０年代末期以来，合成了许多高活性、高选择性...     

Synthesis and catalytic activity of new chiral unsymmetrical Mn(III)-Schiff-base complexes containing salicylaldehyde and 1-(2-hydroxyphenyl)ketone units

Two new chiral unsymmetrical (non-C₂-symmetric) Schiff-base ligands containing salicylaldehyde and 1-(2-hydroxyphenyl)ketone units were synthesized from (R,R)-1,2-diphenylethylenediamine as the chiral diamine using a stepwise approach. The Mn(III) complexes of the ligands were subsequently used as catalysts in asymmetric epoxidation of unfunctionalized alkenes and the results were compared with those obtained using typical C₂-symmetric Mn(III)–salen complexes. Possible reasons for the differences in reactivity and selectivity between the two types of catalysts are briefly discussed.     

手性双唑啉铜配合物在不对称合成中的应用

综述了手性双E唑啉配体的主要结构类型,并讨论了手性双E唑啉铜配合物在不对称Diels-Alder反应、Ene反应、Mukaiyama adol反应、烯丙基氧化、环丙烷化、氮杂环丙烷化等反应中的应用。     

Solid-phase synthesis of chiral N-acylethylenediamines and their use as ligands for the asymmetric addition of alkylzinc and alkenylzinc reagents to aldehydes

A solid-phase procedure has been developed for the synthesis of chiral N-acylethylenediamine ligands. The ligands are obtained in good yield and purity, without the need for chromatography or other purification methods. Several new and previously reported ligands were prepared using this procedure. These compounds were examined as catalysts for the enantioselective addition of alkylzinc reagents to aldehydes. In all cases, the crude ligands from the solid-phase syntheses catalyzed the reactions with similar yields and stereoselectivities when compared to reactions using ligands that had been purified by standard methods. Preliminary studies were also performed with ligands 3a and 3f as catalysts for the addition of alkenylzinc reagents to aldehydes to give chiral allylic alcohols. Ligand 3f was found to catalyze this addition reaction in up to 76% ee.     

Enantioselective Addition of Diethylzinc to Benzaldehyde by Catalysts of Chiral Heterocyclic Ligands

TheenantioselectiveadditionofdiethylzincreagentstoprochiralcarbonylgrouphasbeenachievedprincipallybycatalyticalamountofchiralP-aminoalcoholswhichhaveproventobehighlyeffectivecatalysts'.Ahydroxylgrouphasbeenregardedtobenecessaryforthechiralligandtoformazincalkoxideasthecatalyticspecies'.Wewishtoreporthereinontheethylationofbenzaldehydewithdiethylzincpromotedbyseveralkindsofoxazolidineandthiazolidinederivativeswhichdonotcontainhydroxylgroup.Fourkindschiralheterocyclicligandsweusedarelistedasfoll…