基于自发瑞利-布里渊散射测量空气的温度

瑞利-布里渊散射的散射截面比拉曼散射大,因而其在大气散射中实现对大气对流层温度廓线的准确测量方面具有一定的优势,同时利用瑞利-布里渊散射实现高压环境下温度的准确测量对于航天飞机主引擎状态的监测和超燃发动机燃烧室参数测量方面具有重要意义。基于自发瑞利-布里渊散射分别采用反卷积方法和卷积方法来实现空气在不同压力条件下的温度反演,研究引起温度反演误差的原因,并对利用两种方法获得的温度测量结果进行了比较。在利用基于维纳滤波器的反卷积方法对测量光谱直接处理实现温度反演之前,首先利用反卷积方法对由自发瑞利-布里渊散射模型与仪器函数卷积得到的卷积光谱进行处理获得反卷积光谱,将反卷积光谱与未经卷积的理论计算光谱进行比较实现温度反演, 并基于温度反演误差小于1.0 K,光谱拟合误差相对较小,光谱处理时间短的参数优化原则对反卷积方法中的关键参数奇异值叠加数进行了优化处理,得到优化后的奇异值叠加数为150。随后实验测量了由532 nm波长的连续激光激发的纯净空气在温度为294.0 K,压强为1～7 bar条件下的自发瑞利-布里渊散射光谱,并结合理论计算光谱和最小χ2值原理对光谱信号散射角进行优化,优化值为90.7°,同时利用反卷积和卷积方法分别对实验测量光谱进行处理实现空气在不同压强下的温度反演。实验结果表明反卷积方法在一定程度上可以提高信号光谱分辨率,而且利用反卷积和卷积方法均可以实现空气在不同压力（1～7 bar）条件下温度的准确测量,温度测量的最大误差均小于2.0 K;利用反卷积方法的温度反演结果随着气体压强的增大随之得到改善,实现温度反演测量所需要的光谱处理时间减少;在空气压强较低（≤2 bar）时,由卷积方法获得的温度反演结果要优于反卷积方法,压强较高（>2 bar）时,两种方法的温度反演结果相近, 其绝对误差均小于1.0 K。通过分析得到引起两种方法温度反演误差的原因主要包括环境温度的波动（±0.2 K）,散射角存在一定的不确定度以及气体的各已知参数的微量偏差对温度测量结果的影响以及反卷积对光谱噪声的非线性放大引起的光谱扰动对温度测量结果的影响。在实验中可以通过提高测量光谱的信噪比、提高散射角的优化精度及改善反卷积方法来获得更加准确的参数测量结果。     

Digital processing of X-ray diffraction patterns from oriented fibers

Accurate measurement of intensity data from x-ray diffraction patterns of oriented fibers is one of the major difficulties in the determination of polymer structures. Accurate diffraction data are particularly important when discrimination between different, but similar, molecular models is required. Although digital processing of diffraction patterns has provided more accurate data than was obtainable by traditional measurements, many of the methods used have been partly subjective and restricted to well-resolved diffraction patterns. Background is a major source of error in intensity measurement. A general method of two-dimensional background removal has been developed. Objective methods of measuring the intensities of Bragg reflections from x-ray diffraction patterns of polycrystal-line fibers are described. A profile fitting method (which is an extension of the previously reported angular deconvolution procedure) for measuring diffraction data from noncrystalline oriented polymers is also presented. These methods have been used to collect data from diffraction patterns of a variety of nucleic acid polymers.     

A novel optimization method of camera parameters used for vision measurement

Camera calibration plays an important role in the field of machine vision applications. During the process of camera calibration, nonlinear optimization technique is crucial to obtain the best performance of camera parameters. Currently, the existing optimization method aims at minimizing the distance error between the detected image point and the calculated back-projected image point, based on 2D image pixels coordinate. However, the vision measurement process is conducted in 3D space while the optimization method generally adopted is carried out in 2D image plane. Moreover, the error criterion with respect to optimization and measurement is different. In other words, the equal pixel distance error in 2D image plane leads to diverse 3D metric distance error at different position before the camera. All the reasons mentioned above will cause accuracy decrease for 3D vision measurement. To solve the problem, a novel optimization method of camera parameters used for vision measurement is proposed. The presented method is devoted to minimizing the metric distance error between the calculated point and the real point in 3D measurement coordinate system. Comparatively, the initial camera parameters acquired through linear calibration are optimized through two different methods: one is the conventional method and the other is the novel method presented by this paper. Also, the calibration accuracy and measurement accuracy of the parameters obtained by the two methods are thoroughly analyzed and the choice of a suitable accuracy evaluation method is discussed. Simulative and real experiments to estimate the performance of the proposed method on test data are reported, and the results show that the proposed 3D optimization method is quite efficient to improve measurement accuracy compared with traditional method. It can meet the practical requirement of high precision in 3D vision metrology engineering.     

同步光成像方法对加速器储存环束流的测量

利用可见光波段的同步光直接成像对北京正负电子对撞机二期工程（BEPCⅡ）储存环束流的横向截面尺寸进行了测量,对可见光直接成像方法的光路搭建注意事项进行了详细说明,并详细阐述了此测量方法对光路放大倍数的精确测量及过程,同时对可能产生的随机误差和系统误差提出了处理方法,利用点扩散函数（PSF）对成像过程中产生的衍射误差进行了处理,这些处理方法对其他测量系统如X射线小孔成像也适用,并将测量结果与可见光空间干涉方法测量结果进行了对比,且符合很好。     

Study of weighted space deconvolution algorithm in computer controlled optical surfacing formation

Theoretical and experimental research on the deconvolution algorithm of dwell time in the technology of computer controlled optical surfacing （CCOS） formation is made to get an ultra-smooth surface of space optical element. Based on the Preston equation, the convolution model of CCOS is deduced. Considering the morbidity problem of deconvolution algorithm and the actual situation of CCOS technology, the weighting spatial deconvolution algorithm is presented based on the non-periodic matrix model, which avoids solving morbidity resulting from the noise induced by measurement error. The discrete convolution equation is solved using conjugate gradient iterative method and the workload of iterative calculation in spatial domain is reduced effectively. Considering the edge effect of convolution algorithm, the method adopts a marginal factor to control the edge precision and attains a good effect. The simulated processing test shows that the convergence ratio of processed surface shape error reaches 80%. This algorithm is further verified through an experiment on a numerical control bonnet polishing machine, and an ultra- smooth glass surface with the root-mean-square （RMS） error of 0.0088 tim is achieved. The simulation and experimental results indicate that this algorithm is steady, convergent, and precise, and it can satisfy the solving requirement of actual dwell time.     

分布式浮标阵水下高速运动声源三维被动定位

给出一种用于垂直爬升弹道三维坐标精确测量的分布式浮标网络超长基线宽带被动定位技术。考虑四个呈正方形布局的浮标节点,利用水平方位角交汇的定位方法测量上浮弹道的水平x、y坐标,水平方位角估计由灵巧的声矢量传感器替代常规阵得到,并给出定向误差小于0.4°的湖试结果;利用直达声和海面反射声之间的时延差提取弹道的垂直坐标z,并给出了高速运动目标垂直爬升弹道的海试测量结果,弹道测量误差小于10 m。      

In-Process Particle Size Distribution Measurements and Control

In-process measurement of particle size and concentration distributions provides continuous analysis, quality control, and optimization of product yield. As process production rates continue to improve, the delay between laboratory analysis and process correction of the product stream becomes more significant and costly in many commercial applications. Elimination of sample handling and operator manipulation is now possible for most pneumatic flows using optical methods which are properly interfaced with the process stream. Insitec has developed such an instrument based on ensemble laser-diffraction that has been successfully applied to a wide range of research and industrial process applications. As part of the adaptation of instrumentation to the specific needs of different process applications, we have developed several different interface arrangements, including a direct inline system and an eductor bypass instrument. A specific window purge design has been developed and shown to operate for extended time periods (exceeding one month and more) without maintenance. To address the wide range of operating concentrations that occur in practice, a variable pathlength interface has been developed along with a deconvolution algorithm that corrects multiple scattering effects for light transmissions down to 20%. Distribution update rates are computed and displayed in less than 5 seconds. This methodology is described along with measurements in a non-steady pharmaceutical powder processing application. Results show uniform size measurement for ten-fold concentration variations. Real time measurements allowed diagnosis and correction of non-steady feed rates to a classifier-mill.     

Research on Antenna Temperature Contrast of Metal Solid Objects

It is necessary to study the radiation characteristic of metal solid objects for millimeter wave passive guidance. On basis of discussing the grounded theory, the antenna temperature contrast formula of metal solid objects is presented. Furthermore equivalent radiometric section coefficient based on scale-shrinking measuring theory is proposed in favor of engineering applications. The data error between 8mm theoretical calculation and actual measurement are mostly below 1K. So equivalent radiometric section coefficient gives a virtual way for engineering calculation and measurement of metal solid objects.     

Maximum a posteriori deconvolution of ultrasonic signals using multiple transducers

A new method for deconvolution of ultrasonic pulse-echo measurements employing multiple-transducer setup is proposed in the paper. An optimal way of estimating the material reflection sequence for a linear signal generation model using maximum a posteriori estimation is proposed. The method combines the measurements from a number of transducers covering different frequency bands yielding an optimal estimate of the reflection sequence. The main idea of this approach is to complement the information unavailable from one transducer in some frequency bands with the information from the other transducers. The method is based on the assumption that the measurements are performed using transducers with identical apertures and apodization, which are located exactly at the same position relative to the test object during the measurement. An error analysis presented in the paper proves that when the above assumptions are fulfilled, the proposed method, by utilizing more data for estimation, consistently yields more accurate reflection sequence estimates than the classical Wiener filter. Experimental evidence is presented using both simulated and real ultrasonic data as a verification of the correctness of the multiple-transducer model and the estimation scheme. An illustration of the advantages of the method is also given using real ultrasonic data.     

一种卫星平台振动光谱成像数据分块校正方法

卫星平台的振动会降低光谱成像数据的质量.以星载色散型成像光谱仪为例,介绍了其运动成像的退化机理.针对传统二维反卷积算法存在的问题以及推扫机理的特殊性,提出了一种光谱成像数据分块校正方法.该方法将分块处理、升维运算以及灰度渐变拼接相结合,将基于自然景物统计规律的图像去模糊算法运用于降质成像光谱数据的校正中.分别进行了不同目标的光谱成像退化校正仿真实验,实验结果表明,光谱成像数据质量在空间维和光谱维都有了明显提高,校正效果优于传统二维反卷积算法.     

Force reconstruction: analysis and regularization of a deconvolution problem

The reconstruction of force is considered by means of indirect measurements. This necessitates taking measurements from the impacted structure and then to deconvolve those signals from the impulse response function. More precisely, the purpose of the work described here is to analyze a deconvolution technique and to solve the problems which occur. Thus, it is highlighted that the associated deconvolution problem depends on the location of the measurement points: is it possible or not to reconstruct the impact force versus the location of this point. Numerical predictions are compared and validated with experiment. But, the deconvolution is a well-known ill-posed problem: the results are often unstable. This is why it is necessary to regularize the problem, which consists of adding a condition to the solution which does not appear in the initial problem. Some regularization methods are presented. Nevertheless, they necessitate the determination of a parameter; the difficulty is to calculate an appropriate value of this regularization parameter. The methods are successfully used to recover an experimental force.     

A General Deterministic Treatment of Derivatives in Particle Methods

A unified approach to approximating spatial derivatives in particle methods using integral operators is presented. The approach is an extension of particle strength exchange, originally developed for treating the Laplacian in advection–diffusion problems. Kernels of high order of accuracy are constructed that can be used to approximate derivatives of any degree. A new treatment for computing derivatives near the edge of particle coverage is introduced, using “one-sided” integrals that only look for information where it is available. The use of these integral approximations in wave propagation applications is considered and their error is analyzed in this context using Fourier methods. Finally, simple tests are performed to demonstrate the characteristics of the treatment, including an assessment of the effects of particle dispersion, and their results are discussed.     

Multivariate analysis methods in physics

In this article, a review of multivariate methods based on statistical learning is given. Several popular multivariate methods useful in high-energy physics analysis are discussed. Selected examples from current research in particle physics are discussed, both from online trigger selection and from off-line analysis. In addition, statistical learning methods, not yet applied in particle physics, are presented and some new applications are suggested. The text was submitted by the author in English.     

Error estimates for the fast multipole method

Error estimates for algorithms based on truncations for evaluating electrostatic interactions in molecular dynamics applications are very important for several reasons. For example, the estimates are necessary to establish the validity of the simulations and can be used to estimate various simulation parameters. Very precise estimates have been found for the Ewald method and the related particle mesh Ewald method. However, for the very popular fast multipole method such a precise estimate is not available. In this paper, we illustrate the rather complicated error behavior of the fast multipole method and we use statistical methods to derive an estimate for the root mean square error on the forces. Furthermore, the expected maximum error on the force acting on a single particle is studied. The estimates are tested against errors obtained from simulations and are found to be very precise.     

PSF-based restoration with edge adaptive regularization for structured light measurement

Edge information is important for measurement based on structured light. The presented effort puts forward an image restoration method with edge regularization for structured light measurement, which detects the edge of image, then updates the parameters of image degradation model and restores results in iteration. The diffraction limit of optics and nonlinear distortion of sensors are calculated as prior knowledge for semi-blind deconvolution. Blur metric is introduced for constraints of deconvolution iterations. Images before and after restoration are sent to shape recognition and automatic calibration modules for comparison. From experimental results we can conclude that the proposed approach can effectively enhance image quality and edge details, so that greater precision can be achieved.     

气体自发瑞利-布里渊散射的理论分析及压强反演

气体压力是描述体系状态的重要参数,许多物理、化学性质都与压力有关.传统侵入式的压力测量方法会对气体状态产生干扰,影响测量精度,因此需要一种无扰式的测量方法.本实验测量了压强为2,4和6 atm(1 atm=1.01325×10~5 Pa)下加入气溶胶的N2在90?散射方向的自发瑞利-布里渊散射光谱,利用卷积后的Tenti S6模型对测量光谱进行直接拟合,拟合得到的压强值总体误差小于6.0%,求和归一化的均方根误差总体小于6.5%;利用理想的Tenti S6模型对经维纳滤波器反卷积处理后的测量光谱进行拟合,拟合得到的压强值误差总体小于5.0%,求和归一化的均方根误差总体小于6.0%.通过对两种方法的详细对比,发现压强低于2 atm时,对测量光谱进行反卷积处理在一定程度上可以消除仪器函数的影响,提高测量光谱的准确性,其光谱拟合效果和压强反演精度要优于卷积光谱.而在压强高于2 atm的情况下,卷积光谱的拟合效果和压强反演精度要优于反卷积光谱.     

In‐Situ Measurement of Local Particle Flux Densities in a Complex Two‐Phase Flow

An optical measuring technique is presented allowing the exact in‐situ measurement of local particle flux densities in a confined channel flow by counting single particles penetrating an optically well defined measuring volume. This enables a precise flux determination up to the direct vicinity of planar walls. The measurement set‐up and its calibration as well as the whole test facility are described in detail. This measurement technique is used to study the particle transport in electrostatic precipitators. Exemplarily, results of particle flux profiles as well as precipitation, as gained from balances of parts of the precipitator channel, are presented. Furthermore, the possibility to determine particle velocity fluctuations is demonstrated.     

BP神经网络在靶场时间间隔测量仪控制系统中的应用

针对靶场时间间隔测量仪中存在非弹丸数据误测的问题,设计了一种基于BP神经网络的弹丸数据误测的判定系统。测试结果表明,该方法比常规测试方法能更有效地进行误测数据的判定,从而为误测数据识别及判定的自动化提供了一种新思路。     

A generalised approach for active control of structural–interior global noise: Practical implementation

The experimental validation of a generalised approach to the sensing of orthogonal contributors to the global error (acoustic potential energy) within a coupled structural–acoustic cavity is presented. The goal is the measurement and control of the global error without any knowledge of the structural dynamics of the noise source, based on an acoustic centric decomposition approach that is applicable to any noise source. Two sensing approaches are attempted, structural and acoustic sensing, to measure the global error within the coupled enclosure. Once estimates of the global error are obtained, minimisation with an adaptive feedforward controller is implemented. The level of achieved attenuation in the global error is compared. The achieved level of attenuation is also compared to the maximum level of attenuation of the global error that can be achieved based on the disturbance/secondary source arrangement. The maximum level of attenuation is evaluated from experimental data, rather than pure theoretical methods.     

High resolution methods for delay estimation

I.IntroductionInapplicationssuchasradar,sonar,geo1ogica1cxplorationandmedica1image,it'sncccs-sarytoobtainthecharacteristicsofscattcrcrs(targetS)fromactiveechoes.Oneofthecharacter-isticsisthede1ayparametersbctweenmultip1etargets.Thus,wcarefacedwiththeprob1cmsofresolvjnganunknownnumberofc1oseIy,over1appcdandnoisyechoesofasignalwiththeshapeprioriknown,andestimatingthedelayparametcrs.Ingeneral,anachvcechocscanbere-gardedasaconvolutionmode1x(t)=s(t)*h(t) w(t)(l)wherex(t)istheechowave,s(t)isthecmi…