浅析氨基酸代谢在生物有机化学与化学生物学教学中的重要性

从氨基酸代谢的基本内容出发,分析并整理了其在生物化学教学中的意义与教学要点,其中富有的各种生物化学过程也充满了趣味性,对于本科生教学是良好的素材。在举例阐述其多样性、复杂性、趣味性与启发性的基础上,讨论生物化学教学中氨基酸代谢相关内容,是一种将前沿科学融入基础生物化学教育的新探索。     

以苯丙氨酸为例刍议芳香族氨基酸的生物合成机理

从磷酸烯醇式丙酮酸和4-磷酸赤藓糖为始探讨了3种芳香族氨基酸合成代谢共享的分支酸合成途径, 并以苯丙氨酸为例从多学科角度讨论分析其合成代谢的独特性。通过多学科角度展示了生物体内不同代谢路径之间的关联及相似性, 旨在展示一种教学新模式,帮助学生建立起跨学科内容的学习及归纳方法。     

脱氢氨基酸的合成及其在药物研发中的应用

传统多肽所具有的容易被酶解、细胞膜通透性差以及构象容易发生变化等缺点,限制了它作为药物在疾病治疗领域的应用。将脱氢氨基酸引入多肽,对其进行构象限制,能够有效改善它的代谢稳定性和生物利用度。本文主要综述了α,β-脱氢-α-氨基酸、β,γ-脱氢-α-氨基酸、α-脱氢-β-氨基酸、α,β-脱氢-β-氨基酸四种脱氢氨基酸的合成方法以及近几年来在药物设计中的应用,希望为相关的研究提供参考。     

氨基酸氧化酶催化合成非天然手性氨基酸研究进展

<正>非天然手性氨基酸是已经上市的和正在研发的手性药物、手性农药和手性食品添加剂的关键中间体[1-2].随着相关产业的发展,非天然手性氨基酸的市场需求与日俱增.非天然手性氨基酸不能像天然L-氨基酸一样采用发酵法生产,主要制备方法包括化学法和生物法.化学法包括化学不对称合成法和化学拆分法.化学不对称合成法采用价格昂贵的手性源、手性助剂或手性金属催化剂.化学拆分法采用手性酸为拆分剂,经历与消旋氨基酸成盐、解     

氨基酸改性聚乳酸

为了改善聚乳酸降解速度慢、细胞亲和性差等方面的不足,氨基酸对聚乳酸的改性工作正在得到人们越来越多的关注.本文综述了氨基酸对聚乳酸改性的各种方法,以及各种氨基酸改性聚乳酸材料的性能与应用.其中,较为常见的改性方法是合成聚(乳酸-氨基酸).展望氨基酸改性聚乳酸类生物降解材料的未来,降低合成成本是广泛应用的关键.因此,虽然目前广泛应用的聚(乳酸-氨基酸)合成途径是氨基酸环状衍生物(尤其是吗啉-2,5-二酮)开环聚合法,但经济有效地以氨基酸、乳酸等为原料的直接聚合法值得关注.     

胶束介质中的α－氨基酸合成

胶束介质中的α－氨基酸合成余孝其，蓝仲蔽，赵华明（四川大学化学系成都６１００６４）关键词逆向胶束，α－氨基酸，合成氨基酸是人体所必需的营养物质，也是医药、食品等工业重要的基本原料，与人类有着密切的联系。α－氨基酸的合成方法很多，可利用醛与氯仿在碱性条...     

电化学合成氨基酸类化合物的研究进展（英文）

氨基酸类化合物在现代医药化学研究和药物设计开发方面具有非常重要的作用,一直以来,开发高效的合成方法学来制备这些氨基酸类化合物的研究吸引了化学家们广泛的研究兴趣.另一方面,近些年电化学反应逐渐兴起成为一种绿色可再生的合成手段,是有机合成化学领域的研究热点,其在氨基酸的合成方面的应用也受到了极大的关注.本综述第一次较为系统全面地总结了近些年有关电化学手段合成氨基酸的研究进展,讨论了这些电化学方法在合成氨基酸类化合物方面的实际应用的可行性、具备的优势以及存在的一些局限,为氨基酸绿色合成方面的研究提供了一定的参考.     

基于氨基酸的苯并咪唑合成研究进展

苯并咪唑类化合物在药物化学、生物化学、配位化学以及催化、分子识别、阻燃等领域具有重要应用.氨基酸类化合物是一类来源广泛的功能性合成子,因此近年来基于氨基酸的苯并咪唑合成与功能改性研究受到人们的广泛关注.综述了以各种天然与非天然氨基酸为原料,以溶液法、微波法、固相法等合成技术合成与改性苯并咪唑的新进展.     

有机硅氨基酸衍生物的研究

本文利用含氢有机硅化合物与含双键的氨基酸酯的加成反应,合成了5种新的有机硅氨基酸衍生物。介绍了一种合成N-烷基取代氨基酸酯的新方法。对新化合物进行了元素和光谱分析鉴定。     

氨基酸衍生物的反应、合成和生物活性研究

讨论了我们小组近年来以氨基酸衍生物为主线，在代谢型谷氨酸受体及蛋白激酶C有选择性的调节剂的发现和合成，在发展新反应以及天然产物合成方面所取得的一些结果。     

以亮氨酸合成为例刍议代谢中的生物化学相似性规律

生物体内纷杂多样的代谢过程存在诸多规律可循。本文以亮氨酸代谢为例提供一种教学的新模式。结合其他学科知识从基础代谢角度归纳总结生物代谢中化学原理的内在规律;同时,通过对比不同代谢路径中类似酶在进化上的相似性,发现自然界选择这种代谢方式的规律和原因。这种对比不同代谢路径异同的教学模式,可以帮助学生总结生物代谢不同路径之间的内在规律,加深对相关代谢过程的理解,同时也避免生物化学代谢过程杂乱无章、无迹可寻的错误印象,并增加学习过程的趣味性和思辨性。作为对基础生物化学和生物工程等相关课程中代谢过程教学的改革探索,希望对培养21世纪高素质人才有助。     

Compound-Specific Isotope Analysis of Amino Acid Labeling with Stable Isotope Nitrogen (15N) in Higher Plants

Individual free amino acid δ¹⁵N values in plant tissue reflect the metabolic pathways involved in their biosynthesis and catabolism and could thus aid understanding of environmental stress and anthropogenic effects on plant metabolism. In this study, compound-specific nitrogen isotope analysis of amino acid by gas chromatography-combustion-isotope ratio mass spectrometry (GC-C-IRMS) was carried out to determine individual free amino acid δ¹⁵N values. High correlations were observed between the δ¹⁵N values obtained by GC-C-IRMS and elemental analyzer-isotope ratio mass spectrometry (EA-IRMS) determinations, and the mean precision measured was better than 1 ‰. Cation-exchange chromatography was employed to purify the sample, and the difference between prior to and following passage through the resin was within 1 ‰. The amino acid δ¹⁵N values of plant leave samples following incubation in ¹⁵N-nitrate at different time points were determined. A typical foliar free amino acid ¹⁵N-enrichment pattern was found, and glutamine was the most rapidly labeled amino acid; other amino acids derived from the GS-GOGAT cycle were also enriched. The pyruvate family amino acids were labeled less quickly followed by the aromatic amino acids. This study highlighted that amino acid metabolism pathways had a major effect on the δ¹⁵N values. With the known amino acid metabolism pathways and δ¹⁵N values determined by the presented method, the influence of various external factors on the metabolic cycling of amino acid can be understood well.

     

On the Evolutionary History of the Twenty Encoded Amino Acids

α-Amino acids are essential molecular constituents of life, twenty of which are privileged because they are encoded by the ribosomal machinery. The question remains open as to why this number and why this 20 in particular, an almost philosophical question that cannot be conclusively resolved. They are closely related to the evolution of the genetic code and whether nucleic acids, amino acids, and peptides appeared simultaneously and were available under prebiotic conditions when the first self-sufficient complex molecular system emerged on Earth. This report focuses on prebiotic and metabolic aspects of amino acids and proteins starting with meteorites, followed by their formation, including peptides, under plausible prebiotic conditions, and the major biosynthetic pathways in the various kingdoms of life. Coenzymes play a key role in the present analysis in that amino acid metabolism is linked to glycolysis and different variants of the tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA, rTCA, and the incomplete horseshoe version) as well as the biosynthesis of the most important coenzymes. Thus, the report opens additional perspectives and facets on the molecular evolution of primary metabolism.     

叶菜型甘薯茎尖中微量元素和氨基酸的含量分析

采用等离子体发射光谱法测定了叶菜型甘薯茎尖中K、Ca、Mg、Fe、Zn、Cu、Se等7种微量元素的含量,氨基酸分析仪测定了18种氨基酸的含量。结果表明,与其它12种叶菜类蔬菜相比较,叶菜型甘薯茎尖中K、Ca、Se含量较高;含有18种氨基酸,人体必需的氨基酸种类齐全,含量较高的氨基酸是天冬氨酸、谷氨酸、亮氨酸;高Se是叶菜型甘薯茎尖的显著特点。为探讨叶菜型甘薯茎尖中微量元素和氨基酸与保健功能之间的关系提供了有用的数据。     

Metabolomic Study of Heterotrophically Grown Chlorella sp. Isolated from Wastewater in Northern Sweden

There are numerous strains of Chlorella with a corresponding variety of metabolic pathways. A strain we previously isolated from wastewater in northern Sweden can grow heterotrophically as well as autotrophically in light and has higher lipid contents under heterotrophic growth conditions. The aims of the present study were to characterize metabolic changes associated with the higher lipid contents in order to enhance our understanding of lipid production in microalgae and potentially identify new compounds with utility in sustainable development. Inter alia, the amino acids glutamine and lysine were 7-fold more abundant under heterotrophic conditions, the key metabolic intermediate alpha-ketoglutarate was more abundant under heterotrophic conditions with glucose, and maltose was more abundant under heterotrophic conditions with glycerol than under autotrophic conditions. The metabolite 3-hydroxy-butyric acid, the direct precursor of the biodegradable plastic PHB (poly-3-hydroxy-butyric acid), was also more abundant under heterotrophic conditions. Our metabolomic analysis has provided new insights into the alga’s lipid production pathways and identified metabolites with potential use in sustainable development, such as the production of renewable, biodegradable plastics, cosmetics, and nutraceuticals, with reduced pollution and improvements in both ecological and human health.     

硒蛋白的抗氧化性研究与第21个氨基酸的发现

硒是人体必需的微量元素,以硒代半胱氨酸(Sec)的形式存在于蛋白质中作为硒酶的活性中心发挥作用,其生物功能主要是抗氧化。由于硒与人体健康具有十分密切的关系,所以硒蛋白的研究有着重要的理论和实际意义。本文以第一个硒蛋白细胞谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶为例,结合作者自己的工作,重点对该硒酶的结构、催化机制和模拟进行了综述,并就TGA编码Sec致第21个氨基酸的发现以及基于硒代半胱氨酸插入元件(SECIS)的特征寻找新硒蛋白的研究进展进行了介绍。     

Amino acid profiling in plant cell cultures: an inter-laboratory comparison of CE-MS and GC-MS

A CE-MS method for metabolic profiling of amino acids was developed and used in an integrated functional genomics project to study the response of Medicago truncatula liquid suspension cell cultures to stress. This project required the analysis of more than 500 root cell culture extracts. The CE-MS method profiled 20 biologically important amino acids. The CE-MS method required no sample derivatization prior to injection and used minimal sample preparation. The method is described in terms of CE and MS operational parameters, reproducibility of migration times and response ratios, sample preparation, sample throughput, and reliability. This method was then compared with a previously published report that used GC-MS metabolic profiling for the same tissues. The data reveal a high level of similarity between the CE-MS and GC-MS amino acid profiling methods, thus supporting these as complementary technologies for metabolomics. We conclude that CE-MS is a valid alternative to GC-MS for targeted profiling of metabolites, such as amino acids, and possesses some significant advantages over GC-MS.     

氨基酸卟啉锌配合物对氨基酸酯的分子识别研究(英文)

用紫外可见吸收光谱滴定方法研究了一种新型的苏氨酸卟啉锌配合物(主体)对氨基酸酯(客体)的分子识别.这种锌卟啉可以与氨基酸酯形成 1:1和 1:2的两种加合物.氨基酸酯的氨基首先与氨基酸残基的羧基作用形成 1:1的加合物,然后与锌卟啉的中央锌原子配位形成 1:2的加合物,客体分子与主体分子上的氨基酸残基之间的排斥作用以及主客体之间的色散力作用是主体分子能识别客体分子的另外两种作用。     

大亚湾沉积物中氨基酸的垂直分布棗沉积物柱样W0中的游离氨基酸

用邻苯二甲醛（OPA）－3－巯基丙酸（3－MPA）柱前衍生高效液相色谱法测定了采自大亚湾近岸海域的一个长60cm的沉积物柱样W0中15种游离氨基酸（FAA）的含量，结果表明，W0中FAA总量在0．83－2．69mmol/kg之间，15种FAA以及FAA总量均随深度而以指数曲线降低，对氨基酸组成的分析表明，天冬氨酸，甘氨酸，组氨酸和苯丙氨酸的摩尔分数随深度而上升，苏氨酸，精氨酸，缬氨酸和异亮氨酸的摩尔分数随浓度而下降，其他氨基酸的摩尔分数随深度无显著变化，甘氨酸，丙氨酸，天冬氨酸，谷氨酸，丝氨酸是W0中含量最丰富的氨基酸，其摩尔数依次为28．1％，16．0％，14．7％，10．6％和7．2％。