创新综合化学实验:烷基-烷基Kumada偶联反应*

为将交叉偶联反应引入本科化学实验教学中,设计了创新综合化学实验——Kumada偶联反应。该实验选取氯化亚铜作催化剂,常温下即可反应,溶剂低毒,反应时间短,产率高,符合“绿色化学”理念。该实验在无水无氧条件下进行偶联反应,再通过萃取、分液、柱层析对产物进行分离,并引入气相色谱对产物进行定性和半定量分析。通过该实验项目的学习,学生可以掌握典型的有机化合物合成、分离手段并熟悉大型仪器设备的分析技术。     

从高分子化学的一个趣味实验谈如何培养学生的综合实验能力

高分子化学是一门实验性很强的学科,是高分子材料合成、加工和应用的基础,也是高分子专业研究生入学考试必考的科目之一,但如何提高学生们的实验观察能力和动手操作能力成为近些年来各高校培养学生的重点课题。而在高分子化学实验合成方法中,悬浮聚合方法由于反应温度低、操作方便、反应过程容易散热、聚合物粒度容易控制、水为分散介质廉价等优点,在橡胶、塑料等高分子材料合成工艺中被广泛应用。本文以高分子化学悬浮聚合实验为例,从"看"、"听"、"摸"、"嗅"多个角度向学生们展示了高分子化学反应在不同反应条件下及不同反应阶段所表现出的实验现象及反应结果,旨在提高学生们的综合实验能力,使之早日踏上科研探索之路。     

多酸配位聚合物的制备与表征——推荐一个综合化学实验

介绍了一个综合化学新实验--多酸配位聚合物的制备与表征。通过杂多酸和有机配体的合成、多酸配位聚合物的制备和性能表征,使学生了解多酸配位聚合物这一无机合成化学前沿领域,在引导学生进行材料合成及性质表征的过程中,提高学生对已学知识融会贯通的能力,提升学生学习化学的兴趣。本实验综合了无机、有机化学知识点以及实验、仪器操作和数据分析能力的培养,可纳入高年级综合化学实验。     

基于连续流技术的三苯甲醇合成实验

三苯甲醇的制备实验是化学相关专业的经典教学实验,是有机化学理论与实践操作重要的结合点。然而,实验装置复杂、格氏试剂引发较为困难、严苛的无水无氧操作等导致实验成功率较低;反复转移溶剂导致师生的溶剂暴露。基于上述问题,本文利用中压柱塞泵和固定床连续流反应器,设计并搭建了格氏试剂连续流动制备装置,实现了三苯甲醇的连续制备。基于连续流的格氏试剂制备装置设备搭建简单,全程避免了师生的有机溶剂暴露,溴苯-格氏试剂转化率重现性好。在本连续流装置内,格式试剂制备反应稳定可控,实验安全性高。过量镁屑无需淬灭,可重复使用。     

基于二维MOFs构建MicroRNA荧光传感器的综合分析化学实验及"赛学结合、三位一体评价"的教学模式设计

本综合性实验将二维金属有机框架(2D MOFs)和MicroRNA (miRNA)分析等前沿研究领域引入化学(材料)本科和研究生实验教学中。主要包括2DMOFs材料的合成及表征、基于2DMOFs的荧光核酸探针构建以及将探针用于miRNA荧光分析等,共10个学时。所需掌握的实验技能包含溶剂热法、离心分散和外标法等基本材料合成和分析化学操作以及荧光、红外、X射线粉末衍射等材料表征和分析方法。我们在实验中实施了一种新型的"赛学结合、三位一体评价"教学模式。在该模式中,学生分组开展团队作业、实验和汇报,不仅要记录实验现象和结果,还需对实验过程录像并总结做成PPT。各组间通过"PPT答辩、实验报告和录像"等进行比赛,三位一体决出成绩。学生在实验中不仅学习了大量实验技能,提高了动手能力,拓展了学术视野;而且通过比赛和教学相结合,激发了你追我赶的学习热情,培养了团队合作精神,调动了学习的主观能动性。该实验和教学模式也适合推广至其他综合化学实验教学中。     

7-硝基苯并噻吩-2-甲酸乙酯合成实验的优化与改进

有机合成实验是化学专业学生重要单列实验课程,目前选用的有机合成实验项目多为单步骤合成操作,对学生多步合成的衔接、化合物的检测和鉴定等方面的训练存在不足。7-硝基苯并噻吩-2-甲酸乙酯的合成是本校应用化学专业学生有机合成实验课程中的一个综合训练项目,但存在耗时较长、产率不稳定,后处理难度较大及使用有毒试剂等问题。本项目旨在改进苯并噻吩环系的合成方法和步骤,降低试剂用量,提高产率,优化后处理过程,减少有毒物使用和三废排放,使之更符合教学实验和绿色化学要求;同时,改进后的实验增加了有机波谱分析内容,训练学生通过红外光谱、核磁共振氢谱及质谱等方式对目标化合物进行表征,更有利于学生综合素质的培养。     

纳米硫酸钡增强聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯复合材料实验探究

BaSO4纳米粒子/聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯(PMMA)复合材料的合成与表征的综合性实验,通过反相微乳液模板法合成复合材料,利用红外光谱、电镜、热重分析和差热分析方法表征了材料的性质。该复合材料制备方法简单,材料性能优异。综合运用了学生在基础化学实验阶段所学习的材料合成、仪器分析等基本技能,加深了学生对这些知识点的理解,使学生综合实验能力得到训练。     

含硒杂环的电化学合成、分析及表征综合实验设计

化学综合实验是学生开展创新实践训练的重要课程。笔者结合团队的科研成果,设计了一个电化学合成含硒杂环的综合实验。实验通过底物制备→电化学合成分析→结构表征→晶体培养解析等环节,对学生的合成操作、过程分析和结构解析等技能进行系统训练。实验中的电化学合成思路有助于提升学生的绿色化学意识,激发实验学习兴趣。     

手性高烯丙基胺的合成及表征——一个微量不对称合成教学实验

描述了一个以立体化学中非对映选择性为知识重点,以无水无氧操作为操作重点的微量不对称合成实验。(R)-N-叔丁基亚磺酰亚胺在无水无氧环境中,经过锌参与的烯丙基化,在不同的溶剂、添加剂条件下以不同的选择性得到了一对非对映异构体,以较高的产率得到终产物。烷基化反应产物的非对映体比率(dr)通过1H与19F NMR以及手性HPLC确定。总体来说,这一实验所用试剂易得,反应条件温和,速率快,产率高;学生在学习无水无氧操作(Schlenk技术)的同时,还能够熟悉立体化学的基本概念,了解如何通过调节反应溶剂和添加剂实现立体化学结果的逆转,并掌握使用手性HPLC和NMR确定光学活性物质的dr值的方法。     

新型表面活性剂的合成与表征综合实验设计

将专业综合实验与科研成果相结合,设计了新型表面活性剂的合成与表征综合化学实验。实验涉及含羟基基团的表面活性剂的合成、纯化、结构表征和性能测定等操作。该综合实验将有机化学基础知识、表面活性剂的基本性质与前沿科学研究相结合,从而实现学生实验技能的提升、认知视野的拓展和综合能力培养的目标。     

Aryl calcium compounds: syntheses, structures, physical properties, and chemical behavior

Organocalcium chemistry is still in its infancy. The direct synthesis of activated calcium and (substituted) iodobenzenes allows for the large-scale and high-yield synthesis of aryl calcium iodides. The influence of the substitution patterns of the phenyl group, halogen atom, and solvent is discussed. Aryl calcium iodides show a Schlenk equilibrium that enables the isolation of diaryl calcium derivatives. Owing to the high reactivity of aryl calcium halides, low temperatures have to be maintained throughout the preparative procedures in order to avoid side reactions. A decrease of reactivity and, hence, an enhanced stability at higher temperatures can be achieved by shielding of the calcium atom by increasing the coordination number of the metal center or by substitution of the iodide anion by bulky groups.     

Photodamaging Effects of Porphyrin in a Human Carcinoma Cell Line

A convenient procedure to visualize the photodynamic effect of porphyrins on cell lines is shown. 5,10,15,20-Tetra(4-methoxyphenyl)porphyrin (TMP) was used as photosensitizer. The culture flasks bearing a Hep-2 cell line were incubated for 24 h with 1 M of TMP. Under these conditions saturation of the TMP intracellular concentration is obtained. The irradiation of cell cultures for 30 min produces 90% cell mortality, while no toxicity was observed under dark conditions or under irradiation without TMP. This methodology can be used to demonstrate the photodynamic therapy (PDT) process in a laboratory experiment.     

Synthesis of Urea Derivatives from CO2 and Silylamines

A series of thirty‐three N,N′‐diaryl, dialkyl, and alkyl‐aryl ureas have been prepared in pyridine or toluene by reaction of silylamines with CO₂. This protocol is shown to provide facile access to ¹³C‐labeled ureas, as well as chiral and macrocyclic ureas. These reactions proceed through initial generation of the corresponding silylcarbamates, which subsequently react with silylamine under thermal conditions to afford the thermodynamically favored urea and disilyl ether.     

Direct asymmetric catalytic 1,2-addition of RZnX to aldehydes promoted by AlMe3 and reversal of expected stereochemistry

Addition of AlMe3 to commercial THF solutions of RZnX (R = aryl, functionalised aryl, vinyl; X = Br, I) simultaneously promotes Schlenk equilibria (leading to competent nucleophiles) and the formation of an Al-Zn-ligand catalyst delivering 80-90% ee for Ar(1)CH(OH)Ar(2) formation from aldehydes.     

Synthesis and Reactivity of Manganese Complexes Bearing Anionic PNP- and PCP-Type Pincer Ligands toward Nitrogen Fixation

A series of manganese complexes bearing an anionic pyrrole-based PNP-type pincer ligand and an anionic benzene-based PCP-type pincer ligand is synthesized and characterized. The reactivity of these complexes toward ammonia formation and silylamine formation from dinitrogen under mild conditions is evaluated to produce only stoichiometric amounts of ammonia and silylamine, probably because the manganese pincer complexes are unstable under reducing conditions.     

Ni-Catalyzed Cross Coupling of Aryl Grignard Reagents with Aryl Halides in a Nonpolar Solvent and an Efficient Synthesis of Biaryls Under Neat Conditions

This study details Ni-catalyzed cross coupling of aryl Grignard reagents with aryl halides in toluene, a nonpolar solvent with a high boiling point. The reaction was applied for the synthesis of various biaryls in good yields without the introduction of a large steric ligand. The Kumada-Tamao-Corriu(KTC) reaction in toluene was then successfully modified to proceed under neat conditions for the efficient syntheses of symmetrical biaryls, particularly in large-scale preparations. Unactivated aryl chlorides show higher reactivity than aryl bromides, particularly under neat conditions. Mechanistic investigations suggest a radical procedure for the catalytic cycle, and the origin of the radical intermediates being aryl halides.     

以“偏光显微镜观察高聚物的球晶”为例的高分子物理实验项目改革

本文对高分子物理实验教学改革进行了思考,提出实验项目的建设应当成为实验教学改革的核心,而实验项目的改革不应当局限在将最新的科研成果引入到实验教学中。以"偏光显微镜观察聚合物的球晶"这一传统实验为例,更为有效的办法可以是通过系统化的设计扩展实验项目内容,注重实验项目实施过程中多知识点的串联以及实验结果获取过程的思维过程培养,从而将传统的验证性实验项目转化为综合性实验项目,有力提升实验教学的效果。     

现代教育技术构建氧化还原反应线上实验教学的策略探索与实践

In the era of "Internet +", with the help of national excellent MOOC course of Chinese university and Mlabs-virtual experimental software, Tencent classroom is built to provide a diversified and efficient online inorganic chemistry basic laboratory classroom by combining a variety of modern education technologies with the concept of flipped classroom. Taking the redox reaction experiment as an example, we designed a multi-link teaching process and carried out a multi-faceted assessment. The online teaching can not only strengthen the cultivation of students' comprehensive and innovating ability, but also help teachers to update the teaching mode and create the new experimental content in line with the development of the times, so as to realize the mutual learning between teachers and students in the exploration of experimental teaching reform.     

The rearrangement and solvolysis of furfuryl arenesulfinates

Furfuryl benzenesulfinate, furfuryl p-toluenesulfinate and 5-nitrofurfuryl benzenesulfinate were synthesized, and their behaviour under various conditions was investigated. The first two esters were found to undergo readily rearrangement to sulfone. In nonhydroxylic solvents, a mixture of furfuryl aryl sulfone and 2-methyl-3-furyl aryl sulfone is obtained. The ratio between the two sulfones changes with the polarity of the solvent. In hydroxylic solvents, only rearrangement to the furfuryl aryl sulfone takes place, and this is accompanied by solvolysis of the ester. A kinetic study of the reaction in ethanol and aqueous ethanol solvents indicated an ionization mechanism. It is suggested that under these conditions the sulfone is formed by recombination of ion pairs. A kinetic study of the rearrangement under nonsolvolytic conditions was also performed in order to obtain the effect of the solvent and the effect of added salts on the rate of rearrangement. This study has shown that the rate of rearrangement is sensitive to the ionizing power of the solvent. The addition of perchlorate was found to have a stronger effect on the formation of the furfuryl sulfone than on the 2-methyl-3-furyl sulfone. In this case an ionic mechanism is also suggested, and the two sulfones may arise by recombination from two different species of ion pairs.