水生生物中砷的提取和形态分析的研究进展

综述了水生生物中不同形态砷(包括无机砷、甲基砷、砷甜菜碱、砷胆碱、砷糖、砷脂)的提取方法、分离方法(包括气相色谱法、高效液相色谱法、毛细管电泳法等)和检测方法(包括原子吸收光谱法、原子发射光谱法、原子荧光光谱法、电感耦合等离子体质谱法等)的研究进展,并对其前景进行了简要展望(引用文献74篇)。     

基于人工智能技术的烟气暴露大鼠代谢生物标志物筛选方法研究

该研究将主成分分析、偏最小二乘判别分析等多元统计分析方法用于烟草血浆、尿液和肺组织代谢组学数据的分析,以揭示暴露于不同烟气中大鼠血浆、尿液和肺组织中内源性生物标志物的整体变化情况,筛选潜在生物标志物;将血样、尿样和肺组织代谢轮廓谱分析得到的生物标志物进行整合,运用神经模糊网络模型对标志物进行缩减,并用人工神经网络评价模型预测能力,确定烟气暴露不同时间(7,14,30 d)以及不同烟气暴露对大鼠内源性代谢物变化影响"因果效应"密切相关的关键生物标志物群,明确不同烟气对大鼠机体损伤机制的异同。     

生物炭治理水稻砷污染的研究进展

当前,水稻种植中的土壤砷污染问题已经成为我国所面临的一个重要环境污染问题。为了保证水稻的产量以及粮食安全,亟需采取相应的措施对受污染的土壤进行修复和治理。近年来,在众多治理措施中,生物炭以其独特的吸附特性,便利的原料来源以及有效的修复效果成为了一个治理土壤重金属污染的热点,该文介绍了生物炭的基本性质,对生物炭在治理土壤污染方面的研究进行了简要总结,分析了在研究过程中存在的问题并提出相应的对策,以便对废弃物资源化,水稻安全生产提供参考和依据。     

环境中锑的分布、存在形态及毒性和生物有效性

由于自然过程及人类活动的影响,锑及其化合物在环境中普遍存在,环境中锑的污染也日益严重.近年来,国外对锑污染的研究日益重视.锑不是植物必需的,但能够被植物根系吸收.已有证据表明锑对生物及人体产生毒性.本文主要对环境中锑的分布和存在形态,及对动物和人体的毒性和对生物有效性研究进展进行评述。     

生物样品及中药中汞、砷的测定

建立了一种梯度升压微波消解样品 ,氢化物发生原子荧光光度法测定生物样品及中药中的汞、砷的方法。在优化实验条件下 ,生物样品中Hg回收率为97.3 %～99.1 % ,As回收率为99.4 %～105.7% ;含朱砂、雄黄中药 ,Hg、As平均回收率分别为(104.1±5.3) % ,(94.6±1.8) %。该法具有操作简便、快速、准确、灵敏、重复性好等优点。     

HPLC-ICP-MS在食品中硒和砷形态分析及其生物有效性研究中的应用

食品中含有与人体健康密切相关的多种微量元素,微量元素的毒性和生物有效性取决于它们的化学形态。食品中的微量元素形态分析及其生物有效性研究对食品安全控制与营养评价具有至关重要的意义。本文扼要介绍了高效液相色谱与电感耦合等离子质谱（HPLC-ICP-MS）联用情况,该技术以不同的色谱分离柱完成各种分析物的分离,具有高灵敏度、高选择性、线性范围宽、检测限低、多元素同时检测等特点,在微量元素形态分析中占有重要的地位。综述了HPLC-ICP-MS在食品微量元素形态分析及其生物有效性研究中的应用,重点介绍了富硒酵母、蒜类植物、富硒营养保健品等食品中硒形态和海产品、农产品等食品中砷形态的研究,以及其它多种微量元素的形态分析和这些微量元素在生物体内的代谢。     

基于液相色谱-质谱联用技术的心肌缺血大鼠血清和心肌组织代谢组学

采用异丙肾上腺素诱导心肌缺血大鼠模型,使用液相色谱-质谱法检测血清和心肌中的内源性成分,应用软件对已鉴定的40余种目标成分进行靶向提取,用主成分分析(PCA)、有监督偏最小二乘法判别分析(PLS-DA)对代谢组学数据进行多维度统计分析,筛选潜在生物标志物。与对照组相比,在心肌缺血模型组大鼠血清、组织中检测出18个差异代谢物,涉及精氨酸和脯氨酸代谢、甘氨酸、丝氨酸和苏氨酸代谢、谷氨酰胺和谷氨酸代谢、牛磺酸和亚牛磺酸代谢等多条代谢通路。代谢产物可作为心肌缺血研究中的重要标志物,该研究结果有助于揭示心肌缺血的发病机制,可为临床疾病诊断提供思路。     

基于同步辐射X射线荧光光谱和X射线吸收近边结构谱研究铅锌矿区浮萍中砷的耐受机制

水生植物浮萍能够富集高浓度的砷,是植物过滤修复技术的代表,其耐受机理备受关注.本研究利用同步辐射X射线荧光光谱(Synchrotron radiation X-ray fluorescence, SRXRF)和X射线吸收近边结构谱(X-ray absorption near edge structure, XANES)技术,开展了铅锌矿区天然富砷浮萍样品中砷元素的微区分布和形态特征研究.微区SRXRF分析了两个单片浮萍样品FP1和FP2,单点扫描时间分别为5 s和2 s,光斑尺寸分别为70 μm×80 μm和100 μm×100 μm;对FP2样品选择了6个位置进行了微区XANES单点形态分析,扫描的能量范围为11.81~11.96 keV;整体XANES形态分析是针对压片的浮萍样品,扫描的能量范围为11.67~12.27 keV.结果表明,浮萍样品整体和微区XANES数据均表明砷形态为As(Ⅲ);SRXRF微区分析发现浮萍中砷元素具有显著的叶脉分布特征,在一定浓度范围内,砷并不扩散到进行光合作用的叶肉中,有利于减轻砷对叶片的毒害作用,可能是浮萍耐受砷的一个保护机制.     

壬基酚和辛基酚联合染毒的尿液代谢组学研究

运用代谢组学方法研究壬基酚和辛基酚联合染毒对大鼠尿液代谢的影响.在高效液相色谱-飞行时间质谱技术检测的基础上,通过主成分分析观察了联合染毒的时间-毒效应和剂量-毒效应.根据主成分分析和判别分析,结合t检验,筛选出染毒组和对照组中具有明显差异的化合物,并在Metlin Scripps Center for Mass Spectrometry代谢物数据库中查询,推断其可能的代谢标志物.结果表明,壬基酚和辛基酚联合染毒后,尿液中可能出现的生物标志物有5种,分别为4,8-二羟基喹啉-2-甲酸(黄尿酸)、色氨酸及N-乙酰-5-羟色胺、RG- 13022和十六碳烯酸.由这些物质涉及的代谢途径,推测壬基酚和辛基酚联合染毒可能对生物体的蛋白质代谢、神经系统和心血管系统、生物节律、细胞抗氧化、性激素的平衡等方面产生毒效应,另外还可能影响细胞的信号传递和脂类代谢.     

砷与蛋白相互作用研究进展

本文综述了砷与不同蛋白相互作用的研究,比较了不同形态砷与蛋白结合能力的差异,进而讨论了砷的毒性与形态的关系.砷摄入体内后首先会进入血液,部分与血液中的蛋白结合,结合态和游离态的砷化合物随着血液循环到达各个器官、组织,甚至进入细胞内部与其他功能蛋白、受体、酶等发生直接或间接的相互作用,从而影响各种蛋白等活性分子的正常生理活动.在这过程中,不同形态砷的毒性也会体现在与蛋白相互作用能力的强弱上.同时,砷的解毒过程也在进行着,人们在ars操纵子中发现的两种去毒性蛋白与砷的相互作用被认为是将砷从细胞内排出,从而去除砷毒性的有效机制.     

Use of a Luminescent Bacterial Biosensor for Biomonitoring and Characterization of Toxicity of Seawater

Rapid and continuous detection of environmental contaminants in effluents and waterways is important for protecting natural environments and public health, and for managing waster treatment systems. Although physicochemical methods have traditionally been employed for analyzing contaminants, monitoring using biological indicators has received increasing attention over the last few years for measuring toxic and bioavailable pollutants. A useful approach has been employing chemi-or bioluminescent reporter systems that involve whole bioluminescent microbes or biochemical reactions which provide rapid and visible responses to the presence of harmful chemicals, including heavy metal ions and petrcchemial industry waters. Coupling such biological detection systems with optical biosensors for environmental monitoring combines rapid response times, low costs and improved reproducibility.     

Composition,Anti-MRSA Activity and Toxicity of Essential Oils from Cymbopogon Species

Many of the essential oils obtained from medicinal plants possess proven antimicrobial activity and are suitable for medicinal purposes and applications in the food industry. The aim of the present work was the chemical analysis of 19 essential oils (EOs) from seven different Cymbopogon species (C. nardus, C. citratus, C winterianus, C. flexuosus, C. schoenanthus, C. martinii, C. giganteus). Five different chemotypes were established by GC/MS and TLC assay. The EOs, as well as some reference compounds, i.e., citronellol, geraniol and citral (neral + geranial), were also tested for their antimicrobial and antibiofilm activity against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) by the microdilution method and direct bioautography. The toxicity of EOs was evaluated by Danio rerio ‘Zebrafish’ model assay. All examined EOs showed moderate to high activity against MRSA, with the highest activity noted for C. flexuosus—lemongrass essential oil, both in microdilution and direct autobiography method. Significant difference in the toxicity of the examined EOs was also detected.     

Natural Dietary Compounds in the Treatment of Arsenic Toxicity

Chronic exposure to arsenic (As) compounds leads to its accumulation in the body, with skin lesions and cancer being the most typical outcomes. Treating As-induced diseases continues to be challenging as there is no specific, safe, and efficacious therapeutic management. Therapeutic and preventive measures available to combat As toxicity refer to chelation therapy, antioxidant therapy, and the intake of natural dietary compounds. Although chelation therapy is the most commonly used method for detoxifying As, it has several side effects resulting in various toxicities such as hepatotoxicity, neurotoxicity, and other adverse consequences. Drugs of plant origin and natural dietary compounds show efficient and progressive relief from As-mediated toxicity without any particular side effects. These natural compounds have also been found to aid the elimination of As from the body and, therefore, can be more effective than conventional therapeutic agents in ameliorating As toxicity. This review provides an overview of the recently updated knowledge on treating As poisoning through natural dietary compounds. This updated information may serve as a basis for defining novel prophylactic and therapeutic formulations.     

The Contrasting Behaviour of Arsenic and Germanium Species in Seawater

The vertical profiles of inorganic arsenic [As(III)+As(V)], monomethylarsonic acid (MMAA), dimethylarsinic acid (DMAA), inorganic germanium and monomethylgermanium (MMGe) were investigated at three sampling stations in the Pacific Ocean. In addition, the concentrations of these species in various surface waters have also been determined. The vertical profile of both inorganic arsenic and germanium displayed low concentrations, 1100 to 1450 ng dm³ for inorganic arsenic and <0.7 to 2 ng dm³ for inorganic germanium, in the surface zone. The concentrations of inorganic arsenic increased with depth to maximum concentrations that varied from 1500 to 2200 ng dm³ at a depth of 2000 m and then slowly decreased to concentrations that varied from 1300 to 1900 ng dm³ at a depth of 5000 m. On the other hand, the vertical profiles of inorganic germanium displayed a relatively constant concentration (4 to 8 ng dm³) from a depth of 2000 m to 5000 m. These vertical profiles of inorganic germanium were linearly correlated with those of silicate with a Ge/Si molar ratio of 0.715×10⁶. Both MMAA and DMAA displayed maximum concentrations in surface water and abruptly dropped with depth from 0 to 200 m. The concentration in surface water was 12 ng dm³ for MMAA and varied from 48 to 185 ng dm³ for DMAA. At depths >200 m, MMAA and DMAA were generally at comparable concentrations of about 3 ng dm³. In the case of MMGe, it was uniformly distributed throughout the water column at a concentration of approximately 16 ng dm³, indicating that MMGe was not involved in the biogeochemical cycling of inorganic germanium. In deep waters (>200 m), the concentrations of both inorganic arsenic and germanium increased from the southern Tasman Sea to the north. The increase in inorganic arsenic concentration was linearly correlated with that of phosphate and the increase in inorganic germanium concentration was linearly correlated with that of silicate, with apparent δAs/δP and δGe/δSi molar ratios of 4.53×10³ and 0.73×10⁶, respectively. © 1997 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

浒苔中有毒有害元素及砷化学形态的研究

建立了微波消解-电感耦合等离子体质谱(ICP-MS)法测定浒苔中Cu、As、Cd、Hg、Pb等元素含量的分析方法,对各元素的线性关系良好(r=0.999 3～0.999 9),检出限为0.28～2.3 μg/L,元素加标回收率为83%～108%,符合痕量分析要求.并利用高效液相色谱(HPLC)与电感耦合等离子体质谱(ICP-MS)联用技术对浒苔样品中的砷化学形态进行了初步探讨,发现其中砷主要以无机As(Ⅴ)和某种未知的砷形态存在,推测该未知砷形态为砷糖类物质.     

Knowledge-Based Expert Systems for Toxicity and Metabolism Prediction: DEREK,StAR and METEOR

Abstract

It has long been recognised that the ability to predict the metabolic fate of a chemical substance and the potential toxicity of either the parent compound or its metabolites are important in novel drug design. The popularity of using computer models as an aid in this area has grown considerably in recent years.

LHASA Limited has been developing knowledge-based expert systems for toxicity and metabolism prediction in collaboration with industry and regulatory authorities. These systems, DEREK, StAR and METEOR, use rules to describe the relationship between chemical structure and either toxicity in the case of DEREK and StAR, or metabolic fate in the case of METEOR.

The rule refinement process for DEREK often involves assessing the predictions for a novel set of compounds and comparing them to their biological assay results as a measure of the system's performance. For example, 266 non-congeneric chemicals from the National Toxicology Program database have been processed through the DEREK mutagenicity knowledge base and the predictions compared to their Salmonella typhimurium mutagenicity data. Initially, 81 of 114 mutagens (71%) and 117 of 152 non-mutagens (77%) were correctly identified. Following further knowledge base development, the number of correctly identified mutagens has increased to 96 (84%). Further work on improving the predictive capabilities of DEREK, StAR and METEOR is in progress.     

煤中砷的测定方法及其赋存形态的研究进展

对近10年中国内外煤中砷量的测定方法以及煤中砷的赋存形态方面的研究进展作了综述。内容涉及测定煤中砷时试样的前处理方法,砷的各种测定方法和煤中砷的赋存形态研究以及各种形态砷的提取方法。对上述有关问题的发展前景也提出了期望(引述文献35篇)。     

高效液相色谱-电感耦合等离子体质谱同时测定虾类中6种砷形态

建立了高效液相色谱-电感耦合等离子体质谱(HPLC-ICP-MS)同时测定虾类中6种砷形态的方法。研究了不同流动相、梯度洗脱方法对6种砷形态化合物的分离效果。在优化的质谱条件下,采用pH=8.5的50 mmol/L(NH4)2CO3-甲醇(99∶1,V/V)溶液及pH=8.5的0.5mmol/L(NH4)2CO3-甲醇(99∶1,V/V)溶液为流动相进行梯度洗脱,10 min之内6种砷形态达到基线分离。同时采用0.5 mmol/L(NH4)2CO3-甲醇(99∶1,V/V)溶液(pH=8.5)作为提取剂能较好地提取养殖虾样品中的砷形态。该联用技术重现性好,能快速地同时测定养殖虾中6种砷形态化合物。     

New Approaches to the Extraction of Arsenic Species from Soils

Arsenic extraction in natural and spiked soil samples was studied using two main types of extractants. The extractants were phosphoric acid used alone and with the addition of reducing agents (ascorbic acid and hydroxylammonium hydrochloride). The stability of arsenite (As(III)), arsenate (As(V)), monomethylarsonic acid (MMA) and dimethylarsinic acid (DMA) in the extracts over time and under different storing conditions was assessed by means of LC-HG-AFS. A protocol was devised to extract arsenic species from soils. The protocol assures the stability of the original sample species in the extract proposed by using an extraction solution of phosphoric acid with ascorbic acid and by purging the extracts after microwave extraction. The total As, Mn and Fe content in aqua regia and in phosphoric extracts was also measured by ICP-AES in order to perform the mass balance.