Analysis of gas flow dynamics in hollow core photonic crystal fibre based gas cell

Gas flow dynamics in hollow core photonic crystal fibre (HC-PCF) is a trivial problem to study the gas filling time in HC-PCF gas sensor and other gas filled HC-PCF devices. This article analyzes the pressure dependence of gas diffusion coefficient in core and cladding holes of HC-PCF under the same condition of temperature and pressure during filling of methane and acetylene gas. An analytical model has been proposed to study the gas flow dynamics in core and cladding of HC-PCF. Due to gas filling, as the pressure varies inside the HC-PCF, at each increment of time, this model computes the change in pressure and respective gas diffusion coefficient. Using incremental gas diffusion coefficient, this model computes the gas filling time in a process similar to practical scenario. The gas filling time inside the core and cladding holes of HC-PCF for both methane and acetylene gas has been analyzed in this article. The results obtained can be utilized for HC-PCF based gas cell design.     

基于FLACS的某城市燃气储配站气云爆炸安全评估

随着城市的发展,位于城市边缘的燃气储配站逐渐转移到了城市中心,而储配站存在燃气泄漏爆炸的可能,给城市公共安全带来潜在的风险。基于GIS技术建立了南京某燃气储配站所在区域的几何模型,导入FLACS软件进行甲烷气云爆炸数值模拟,研究了储配站气云爆炸发展过程与荷载分布规律,讨论了气云大小、点火位置以及气云位置对爆炸超压的影响,最后根据模拟结果划出爆炸损伤范围。结果表明:将GIS技术应用于FLACS模型建立可以大大缩短建模时间并提高模型精度;当气云尺寸不小于60 m且点火位置存在明显约束或障碍时,点火后可能产生爆燃;气云位于储罐西南侧时将造成大范围的人员轻伤和建筑物轻微损坏,并造成一定范围的人员重伤和建筑物的严重损坏;为避免气云爆炸产生严重后果,储配站附近应尽量减少高大密集的建筑群。     

一种基于双气室切换分时扫描的新型气体吸收光谱补偿方法

针对变压器油中溶解气体傅里叶红外光谱在线分析应用中,气室与光谱仪之间气隙中气体的带来的干扰,以及基线漂移与畸变问题,提出一种基于双气室切换分时扫描的新型气体吸收光谱补偿方法。在传统单气室测量的基础上,增加一个与测量气室的结构、尺寸等参数基本相同的背景气室,背景气室充满氮气,而测量气室通入待测样气,通过工控机实现双气室的切换控制。但是,采用常规的吸光度计算公式处理的光谱在波数1 100～1 200 cm-1范围存在不明吸收峰,且存在严重的基线漂移现象,说明该计算方法已不适用于双气室切换。因此,为了消除双气室间参数无法一致的不利影响,特别是窗片的滤光特性的差异,提出了一种适用于双气室的新型气体吸收吸光度光谱计算方法;实验发现漂移量由近0.3降为0.005左右,证明其可以消除不明吸收峰和基线漂移。最后,于陕西某变电站的变压器中,取得油样,经脱气处理后,获得相应的气体样本,分别采用常规单气室扫描方法（组别1）,提出的双气室补偿方法（组别2）,以及气相色谱法（组别3）进行实验。结果表明,组别1的甲烷的浓度分析结果总是大于组别2。同时,组别1的二氧化碳浓度总是大于组别2的二氧化碳浓度,而造成这样分析结果的明显差异极可能是由于光谱仪与气室间气隙中空气的影响;且从总体上看,相比于组别1,组别2的分析结果更接近于气相色谱法的分析结果。综上所述,所提出的基于双气室切换分时扫描的新型气体吸收光谱补偿方法可以有效的解决光谱基线漂移与畸变问题,获得较为理想的光谱,在气体分析上可以消除气室与光谱仪的间隙干扰气的影响,获得更为准确地分析结果。     

测量喷气Z箍缩负载的气流马赫数

 利用双压力传感器的方法测量了喷气Z箍缩负载的气流马赫数。测量得到的气流马赫数最高可达到4.25，它和定常计算的结果4.8很接近，这表明可以用定常计算来估算喷气Z箍缩中超声速喷嘴产生的气流马赫数。     

Dynamic characteristics of gas jets from subsonic and supersonic nozzles for high pressure gas laser cutting

During laser cutting of stainless steels, titanium and aluminum alloys, a coaxial and high pressure inert gas jet is used to improve the cut edge quality. The process normally consumes a large amount of inert gas and has a poor tolerance to variation in process parameters. This is solely because the gas nozzles are mostly of the conical and convergent type in which the gas jets are subsonic. Based on two dimensional steady state gas dynamic theory, computer simulation and shadowgraphic techniques, the gas jet patterns from conical nozzles and the newly designed supersonic nozzles are analyzed. The distribution of pressure, momentum, gas density and existence of shock waves are predicted and mapped. Based on these characteristics, the effect of the gas jets upon the cut quality is explained. It is concluded that a supersonic gas jet offers the best flow characteristics for high pressure laser cutting.     

气体栓子超声多普勒信号的仿真研究

通过分析研究气体栓子的超声多普勒信号的特征及其成因,建立气体栓子的超声多普勒仿真模型,为后续的气体栓子与固体栓子的分类提供理论基础。先利用超声辐射力和液体黏滞阻力的模型计算气体栓子所受的超声辐射力和黏滞阻力,然后计算气体栓子在血管内的径向加速度和轴向加速度,并从加速度得到气体栓子在血管内的运动轨迹,最后建立气体栓子的计算机仿真模型。实验中仿真合成气体栓子和固体栓子的超声多普勒信号,对信号的分析结果表明,相比于固体栓子,仿真的气体栓子信号受到作用力而产生的加速度将导致气栓信号在多普勒声谱图上频域的展宽,当气体栓子由低速区域加速到高速区域再由高速区减速至低速区将会在声谱图上体现为"V"型,若只有单一的加速或减速运动将只表现为斜线型。将仿真的气栓信号与临床采集的气栓信号进行比较,发现两者的特征是吻合的,说明气栓超声多普勒信号的仿真方法是合理的。      

Dynamic Equations for Tachyon Gas

Dynamics of the tachyon gas is considered. It is interesting in the relation, that dark matter phenomenon is explained freely by existence of the tachyon gas. Tachyons have two unexpected properties: (1) a single tachyon cannot be detected and (2) the tachyon gas can be detected by its gravitational field. Although molecules (tachyons) of the tachyon gas moves with superluninal velocities, the mean motion of these molecules appears to be less, than the speed of the light. The tachyon gas properties differs from those of usual gas. The pressure of the tachyon gas is very high. It is not isotropic and depends on the gravitational potential. As a result the tachyon gas may form huge halos around galaxies. These halos have very large and almost constant density. This circumstance can explain the law of star velocities at the periphery of a galaxy. Properties of the tachyon gas admit one to consider it as a dark matter.     

Effect of gas adsorption on momentum accommodation coefficients in microgas flows using molecular dynamic simulations

The tangential momentum accommodation coefficient (TMAC), usually used in slip boundary conditions in micro-gas flows, is reported to be always less than unity and greatly influenced by temperature and the strength of gas–wall interactions. According to the definitions of accommodation coefficients, a proper statistical algorithm in non-equilibrium molecular dynamics method was described and verified. In planar Poiseuille gas flow in a smooth microchannel, the TMAC were calculated considering both the effects of temperature and gas–wall interaction. In the simulation processes, more gas molecules began to be adsorbed near walls under the condition of stronger gas–wall interaction and lower temperature. The gas adsorption resulted in a longer gas–wall interaction time so that the TMAC increased. While the gas–wall interaction became much stronger, more and more gas molecules were adsorbed to form an explicit layer above the wall. The full coverage of gas molecules on the wall prevented further adsorption; therefore the TMAC did not keep on increasing as the interaction strength continued to increase. Meanwhile, the normal momentum accommodation coefficient (NMAC) was also calculated according to the definition. In the isothermal flow, the average gas momentum normal to the wall was in complete accommodation with the wall, and the NMAC was almost unity in smooth micro channels.     

高温空气低燃气浓度燃烧过程的数值模拟研究

从工程实际出发,本文提出了高温空气低燃气浓度燃烧新技术,即充分利用烟气余热提高助燃空气温度,提高热能利用率;同时通过优化喷口结构,提高燃气射流速度,使燃气射流在同空气射流混合燃烧前卷吸大量炉内烟气,从而降低燃气射流中的可燃物浓度,进而降低氮氧化物的排放。通过数值模拟研究表明,通过燃气射流速度从24.56m/s提高到55.26m/s,可以降低NOx的排放;当围绕燃气喷口的六个圆形空气喷口改为两个矩形喷口时,燃气射流可从两侧卷吸更多的炉内烟气,形成低燃气浓度燃烧,从而大大降低了NOx的排放。     

Measurement of radiative gas and particle emissions in biomass flames

Radiation is the dominant mode of heat transfer near the burner of coal and biomass-fired boilers. Predicting and measuring heat transfer is critical to the design and operation of new boiler concepts. The individual contributions of gas and particle phases are dependent on gas and particle concentration, particle size, and gas and particle temperature which vary with location relative to the flame. A method for measuring the contributions of both gas and particle radiation capable of being applied in harsh high temperature and pressure environments has been demonstrated using emission from particles and water vapor using an optical fiber probe transmitting a signal to a Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectrometer. The method was demonstrated in four environments of varying gas and particle loading using natural gas and pulverized wood flames in a down-fired 130?kW_th cylindrical reactor. The method generates a gas and particle temperature, gas concentrations (H₂O and CO₂), total gas and particle intensities, and gas and particle total effective emissivity from line-of-sight emission measurements. For the conditions measured, downstream of the luminous flame zone, water vapor and CO₂ radiation were the dominant modes of heat transfer (effective emissivity 0.13–0.19) with particles making a minor contribution (effective emissivity 0.01–0.02). Within a lean natural gas flame, soot emission was low (effective emissivity 0.02) compared to gas (0.14) but within a luminous flame of burning wood particles (500?µm mean diameter) the particles (soot and burning wood) produced a higher effective emissivity (0.17) than the gas (0.12). The measurement technique was therefore found to be effective for several types of combustion environments.     

An optico-acoustical gas analyzer with a driftless null point

The underlying principle of this gas analyzer is that the absorption cell, which holds the gas mixture under investigation, is wedge-shaped and situated between the radiation source and a selective opticoacoustical receiver, which, as usual, contains the gas to be determined. The cell is rotated about an axis parallel to the radiation flux which enters the receiver. As a result, the thickness of the gas layer penetrated by the radiation varies periodically, so that the radiation is subjected to a modulation whose index corresponds to the concentration of the gas being determined in the mixture. If no gas is present, the instrument indicator reads zero.     

缩比地下化学爆炸气体泄漏规律研究

针对气体通过均匀多孔介质、非均匀多孔介质和贯通裂缝泄漏三种机制,研究地下爆炸缩比实验气体泄漏时间和份额的规律.结果显示,对于相同介质中的缩比化学爆炸实验,气体泄漏时间与药量的三分之二次方成正比,不同药量实验的最终泄漏份额基本一致.实验室缩比化学爆炸实验气体泄漏时间关系的监测结果与理论分析基本一致.     

痕量气体可调谐激光二极管吸收光谱分析系统在线自校准技术研究

可调谐激光二极管吸收光谱技术(TDLAS)是最有潜力的痕量气体在线监测技术之一。受测量原理的限制,其测量结果受温度和气压影响很大,目前多采用现场安装传感器来测量温度和气压信息,以对该误差进行修正。提出了利用在线参考气室对TDLAS系统中温度、气压变化引起的测量误差进行在线自校准;该参考气室内包含标准浓度的被测气体,并带有能变形的压力膜盒,工作的时候,该气室被放置在被测气体工作环境中,能自适应地调整室内气压和温度;在一次扫描过程中同时测得工作光路和参考光路的吸收光谱,并求得二者的吸收谱线强度比,即可得到校准后的被测痕量气体的浓度,无需考虑温度和气压影响;还介绍了这一自校准系统的原理、设计、实验和现场应用。     

弱激波冲击无膜重气柱和气帘界面的实验研究

研制了一个改进的激波管设备,对马赫数为1.2的弱激波冲击作用下空气中SF6气柱和气帘界面的演变过程进行了初步的实验研究。通过设计激波管实验段、烟雾发生器、气体箱、进气吸气系统和激波管尾段,控制混合气体中SF6的峰值浓度和初始气流速度,建立了稳定、可重复的无膜气柱和气帘初始界面形成技术。利用高速摄影技术,在水平面内观测了气柱和气帘的初始界面图像,沿垂直方向观测了界面RM(Richtmyer-Meshkov)不稳定性的演变过程。气柱演变图像显示了典型的对涡结构,气帘演变图像显示了早期的多蘑菇形结构和后期的相邻波长干扰效应。图像后处理表明,气柱的高度和宽度、气帘的宽度均随时间单调增加,且宽度比高度增加快得多。从二维涡量动力学方程出发,对图像中涡的演变过程进行了初步解释。     

基于真实气体效应的湍流标度律特性

在量热完全气体、热完全气体和化学反应完全气体等3种气体模型假设下,利用Mach数为4.05、壁温为1 300 K的超声速槽道湍流的直接数值模拟（direct numerical simulation,DNS）结果,对标度律和自相似性做了详细分析.结果表明,不仅在量热完全气体模型下存在标度律和扩展自相似性,而且在热完全气体和化学反应完全气体模型下标度律和扩展自相似性仍然成立.压缩性的影响使得速度结构函数通过Favre平均获得更为合适.与热完全气体模型的结果相比,化学反应完全气体和量热完全气体模型的结果吻合更好.      

网络窄缝通道气液逆向渗透传输特性研究

利用网络窄缝通道模拟实验研究DMFC多孔扩散层气液两相逆流传输特性,结果表明,网络结构喉道内水侵渗机制呈"活塞状",孔内侵渗机制包含三种:"弯月形"、"球冠形"和几何截面突变处"夹断"气柱方式;网络结构内空气驱替水的机制包含两种:喉道内呈"活塞状"驱替,孔内呈"球冠形"驱替;气体流量小,气驱液在网络结构内呈现稳定驱替现象,随着气体流量的增加,逐渐向"树冠形"分布转变;网络结构内气相驱动压力随气相流量和水流量的增加而增加;气相饱和度略有减小。     

Short-pulse laser interferometric measurement of absolute gas densities from a cooled gas jet

We report on the use of a novel technique to measure the gas density from a pulsed gas jet. Deuterium gas is fully ionized with an intense picosecond laser, and the resulting electron density is measured by interferometric probing with a second picosecond pulse. We have applied this technique to characterize a cryogenically cooled, high-density gas jet.     

小型天然气膨胀液化流程参数优化

天然气是一种优质、洁净的能源,因其热值高、燃烧产物对环境污染少,被认为是二十一世纪的首选能源。小型天然气液化装置是国际上研究的一个热点。本文从小型液化流程装置的要求出发,提出小型天然气膨胀液化流程,并以液化单位千摩尔天然气的比功耗为系统性能评价指标,对影响比功耗的主要参数进行分析优化,为流程参数的选择提供理论指导。     

基于润湿阶跃的水下大尺度气膜封存方法

超疏水表面水下减阻效果通常与其微结构上封存气膜的厚度和面积正相关,且气膜尺寸越大封存越困难.构造亲疏水相间表面,能在壁面形成润湿阶跃,产生约束固-气-液三相接触线移动的束缚力.通过监测切向水流作用下,润湿阶跃为54.8?,84.7?,103.6?和144.0?的亲疏水相间表面上不同面积和厚度气膜的形态发现,厘米尺度气膜可被长时间稳定封存,且气膜破坏的临界流速随润湿阶跃和气膜厚度的增加而升高,随气膜迎流宽度增加而降低.同时,该方法封存的气膜上能产生显著滑移量,尺寸0.6 cm×0.5 cm×0.15 cm的气膜上即可产生约占主流速度25%的稳定滑移速度.期待该气膜封存方法能进一步提升超疏水表面水下减阻技术性能.     

Radon measurements over a natural-gas contaminated aquifer

Radon and thoron concentrations in soil pores in a gas production region of the Anzoategui State, Venezuela, were determined by active and passive methods. In this region, water wells are contaminated by natural gas and gas leaks exist in the nearby river. Based on soil gas Radon data surface hydrocarbon seeps were identified. Radon and thoron concentration maps show anomalously high values near the river gas leaks decreasing in the direction of water wells where natural gas is also detected. The area where the highest concentrations of ²²²Rn were detected seems to indicate the surface projection of the aquifer contaminated with natural gas. The Radon/Thoron ratio revealed a micro-localized anomaly, indicating the area where the gas comes from deep layers of the subsoil. The radon map determined by the passive method showed a marked positive anomaly around abandoned gas wells. The high anomalous Radon concentration localized near the trails of ascending gas bubbles at the river indicates the zone trough where natural gases are ascending with greater ease, associated with a deep geological fault, being this the main source of methane penetration into the aquifer. It is suggested that the source of the natural gas may be due to leaks at deep sites along the structure of some of the abandoned wells located at the North-East of the studied area.