Two-dimensional thermal illusion device with arbitrary shape based on complementary media

On the basis of transformation thermodynamics and compensation medium theory, we develop a method to design a two-dimensional thermal illusion device with arbitrary shape, and the general expression of thermal conductivity in the each region is obtained. Simulation results show that when an object is covered with the thermal illusion device, it will accurately perform the same temperature distribution signature as another object we have predetermined. Owing to the property of deceiving and interfering with the observer, the thermal illusion device can achieve generalized thermal stealth by using thermal metamaterials, which may have a potential application in military field.     

基于变换热力学的三维任意形状热斗篷设计

在变换热力学的基础上,通过坐标变换的方法,推导出三维任意形状热斗篷导热系数的通解表达式,并进行了全波仿真验证.结果表明:热流均能绕过保护区域流出,保护区域的温度保持不变,而且热斗篷外的温度场并没有破坏,具有很好的热保护和热隐身的效果.这一方法把变换热力学从二维拓展到三维,具有普遍的适用性.同时,这种技术为热流流动路径和目标温度场的控制奠定了理论基础,在微芯片、电动机的保护以及目标热隐身上有潜在应用.     

非均匀背景中任意柱状热斗篷的研究与设计

在变换热力学的基础上,通过坐标变换的方法严格推导出在层状背景和渐变背景下二维任意形状热斗篷导热系数的通解表达式,并在此基础上设计出非均匀背景下二维非共形热斗篷.全波仿真结果表明:在不同背景下,热流均能绕过保护区域流出,保护区域的温度保持不变,而且热斗篷外的温度场并没有破坏,具有很好的热保护和热隐身的效果.这一方法考虑到背景的复杂性,更加贴近工程实际应用,为未来灵活控制热流传递提供了一种可行的方法,对目标热隐身和热保护具有重要借鉴意义.     

Three-dimensional thermal illusion devices with arbitrary shape

Since the concept of invisible cloak was proposed by Pendry and Leonhardt in 2006, many researchers have applied the theory of coordinate transformation to thermodynamics and overcome the complexity of inhomogeneous and anisotropic of material parameters. However, only two-dimensional(2 D) thermal illusion devices are researched recently. According to this situation, our study focuses on three-dimensional(3 D) thermal illusion devices including shrinker(or invisible cloak),concentrator, amplifier, reshaper, and rotator with arbitrary shape in a general way. In this paper, the corresponding material parameters of thermal illusion devices mentioned above are derived based on the theory of transformation thermodynamics and the simulated results agree well with the theoretical derivations. In addition, the conventional invisible cloak just controls the temperature gradient rather than the temperature value which is more concerned in physical applications. Here,we find that the temperature value of the cloaked object can be controlled by adjusting the location of the original point of the coordinate system.     

Cloak an illusion

An illusion counter-part displays the same scattering far-field pattern as that of a real object. In this paper, for the first time, we demonstrate that such an unreal illusion can be cloaked by an external cloak. This phenomenon shall be called ??cloak an illusion??. Numerical simulations were performed to demonstrate such a phenomenon.     

Design method of reusable reciprocal invisibility and phantom device

Reusable reciprocal invisibility and phantom device is proposed and designed based on multi-folded transformation optics and equivalent components. In comparison with the reported reciprocal invisibility cloaks, the material parameters of the device presented here are homogeneous, and the hiding of the target object does not require any "anti-object" at all, which dramatically breaks through the limitations of the "anti-object" design in previous reciprocal cloak design. Perfectly illusion effect is also found by reasonably setting the material parameters of the restored medium of the device, which can be used to confuse detection radars while hiding target objects. Last but not least, the proposed device has an open structure, which enables the target object enclosed by the device to perform material exchange and simplex transfer of information with the outside world through open channels. In other words, the proposed device has a reusable function, enabling stealth or phantom of new target objects without changing any parameters of the device.     

Illusion optics

The technique of “transformation optics” establishes a correspondence between coordinate transformation and material constitutive parameters. Most of the transformation optics mappings give metamaterials that have graded positive refractive indices that can steer light in curves defined by the coordinate transformation. We will focus on those “folded-geometry mappings” that give negative refractive index materials that have special wave scattering properties. One interesting example is a kind of remote illusion device that can transform the stereoscopic image of an object into the illusion of some other object of our choice. The conceptual device can create the illusion without touching or encircling the object. For any incident wave, the device transforms the scattered waves of the original object into that of the object chosen for illusion outside a virtual boundary. We will illustrate some possible applications of this type of metamaterial remote device, including “cloaking at a distance,” partial cloaking, cloaking from an embedded device, revealing a hidden object inside a container, turning the image of one object into that of another object, and seeing through a wall. The feasibility of building this remote illusion device by metamaterials will also be discussed.     

Illusion optics

The technique of “transformation optics” establishes a correspondence between coordinate transformation and material constitutive parameters. Most of the transformation optics mappings give metamaterials that have graded positive refractive indices that can steer light in curves defined by the coordinate transformation. We will focus on those “folded-geometry mappings” that give negative refractive index materials that have special wave scattering properties. One interesting example is a kind of remote illusion device that can transform the stereoscopic image of an object into the illusion of some other object of our choice. The conceptual device can create the illusion without touching or encircling the object. For any incident wave, the device transforms the scattered waves of the original object into that of the object chosen for illusion outside a virtual boundary. We will illustrate some possible applications of this type of metamaterial remote device, including “cloaking at a distance,” partial cloaking, cloaking from an embedded device, revealing a hidden object inside a container, turning the image of one object into that of another object, and seeing through a wall. The feasibility of building this remote illusion device by metamaterials will also be discussed.     

Reciprocal invisibility cloak based on complementary media

The first invisibility cloak was proposed by Pendry et al. [Science 312, 1780 (2006)]. But the object enclosed in this original cloak is “blind", that is, it cannot see the outside world, since no electromagnetic waves can reach within the cloaked space. Based on the concept of complementary media, we propose a reciprocal invisibility cloak, in which the hidden object can see the outside world, but its presence cannot be detected by electromagnetic wave. The performance of the cloak has been verified by full-wave simulations.     

Quasi-invisible thermal cloak based on homogenous materials

Invisible thermal cloak, which cancels distortions of temperature distribution caused by objects, has many potential applications in thermal engineering. In this letter, we theoretically proposed and simulatively verified a new design method for quasi-invisible thermal cloak. Different from conventional transformation thermodynamics that focus on complete invisibility, our method only decreases the effective scale of objects to small enough and realizes a quasi-invisible cloaking effect in thermal conduction regime. However, this quasi-invisible cloak has the same effect as that of invisible thermal cloak in practical engineering. More important, our cloak is easy to construct by natural materials due to its homogenous thermal properties and can cloak objects with different shapes and properties. These characters make the clock more comfortable for engineering applications.     

Construction and mechanism analysis on nanoscale thermal cloak by in-situ annealing silicon carbide film

In recent years,there is a strong interest in thermal cloaking at the nanoscale,which has been achieved by using graphene and crystalline silicon films to build the nanoscale thermal cloak according to the classical macroscopic thermal cloak model.Silicon carbide,as a representative of the third-generation semiconductor material,has splendid properties,such as the high thermal conductivity and the high wear resistance.Therefore,in the present study,we build a nanoscale thermal cloak based on silicon carbide.The cloaking performance and the perturbation of the functional area to the external temperature filed are analyzed by the ratio of thermal cloaking and the response temperature,respectively.It is demonstrated that silicon carbide can also be used to build the nanoscale thermal cloak.Besides,we explore the influence of inner and outer radius on cloaking performance.Finally,the potential mechanism of the designed nanoscale thermal cloak is investigated by calculating and analyzing the phonon density of states(PDOS)and mode participation rate(MPR)within the structure.We find that the main reason for the decrease in the thermal conductivity of the functional area is phonon localization.This study extends the preparation method of nanoscale thermal cloaks and can provide a reference for the development of other nanoscale devices.     

基于拉普拉斯方程的任意形状热斗篷研究与设计

如何灵活地控制和操纵热流是目前研究的热点.本文基于拉普拉斯方程提出了一种设计任意形状热斗篷的方法.对于形状规则的热斗篷,在特定边界条件下求解拉普拉斯方程得到了斗篷区域材料的热导率分布解析表达式;对于不规则形状的热斗篷,通过数值求解拉普拉斯方程得到了斗篷区域材料的热导率参数分布.全波仿真结果表明,所设计的二维和三维任意形状热斗篷内部隐身区域的热通量为零,从而具有热保护功能;同时,热流绕过斗篷后温度场恢复原来的分布,实现了完美隐身功能.这项研究为解决热斗篷内外边界非共形问题提供了一种可行的方法,对热保护器件的设计和制备有指导意义.     

任意横截面柱形热斗篷研究与设计

基于变换热力学,导出了具有非共形任意横截面的柱形热斗篷热导率表达式,并在此基础上设计了具有非共形横截面的柱形热斗篷.全波仿真结果表明,热斗篷迫使外部热流绕过斗篷,导致隐身区域热通量为零,从而具有热保护功能;同时,热流绕过斗篷后将恢复原来的温度场分布,使其具有完美热隐身功能.此外,基于所导出的变换媒质热导率表达式,设计并求解了具有规则共形和非规则共形横截面的柱形热斗篷,发现它们同样具有热保护和完美热隐身功能.这表明通过选择适当的边界函数,所得变换媒质热导率表达式可用于设计任意横截面柱形热斗篷,具有普遍的适用性,这种技术在计算机芯片、卫星和航天器等的热保护中有潜在应用.     

Multifrequency optical invisibility cloak with layered plasmonic shells

Here, we theoretically suggest the possibility of employing a multilayered plasmonic shell as a cloak for reducing the total scattering cross section of a particle, simultaneously at different frequencies in the optical domain. By exploiting the frequency dispersion of plasmonic materials and their inherent negative polarizability, it is shown, theoretically and with numerical simulations, how covering a dielectric or conducting object of a certain size with this multilayered cloak may reduce its "visibility" by several orders of magnitude simultaneously at multiple frequencies.     

Periodic composites: quasi-uniform heat conduction,Janus thermal illusion,and illusion thermal diodes

Manipulating thermal conductivities at will plays a crucial role in controlling heat flow. By developing an effective medium theory including periodicity, here we experimentally show that nonuniform media can exhibit quasi-uniform heat conduction. This provides capabilities in proposing Janus thermal illusion and illusion thermal rectification. For the former, we study, via experiment and theory, a big periodic composite containing a small periodic composite with circular or elliptic particles. As a result, we reveal the Janus thermal illusion that describes the whole periodic system with both invisibility illusion along one direction and visibility illusion along the perpendicular direction, which is fundamentally different from the existing thermal illusions for misleading thermal detection. Further, the Janus illusion helps to design two different periodic systems that both work as thermal diodes but with nearly the same temperature distribution, heat fluxes and rectification ratios, thus being called illusion thermal diodes. Such thermal diodes differ from those extensively studied in the literature, and are useful for the areas that require both thermal rectification and thermal camouflage. This work not only opens a door for designing novel periodic composites in thermal camouflage and heat rectification, but also holds for achieving similar composites in other disciplines like electrostatics, magnetostatics, and particle dynamics.     

一种适用于对称截面的主动式热斗篷的研究

直接求解导热方程对具有自适应热源的可控式热隐身技术进行数值研究，探索热流控制方法及隐身效果，推导出均匀背景下二维对称截面热斗篷热隐身区域自适应热源分布的通解.仿真结果表明：对于任意对称截面斗篷，自适应热源都能使得扰动后的温度场很好地恢复到背景温度场，达到热隐身的目的.     

An arbitrary-shaped acoustic cloak with merits beyond the internal and external cloaks

Based on transformation acoustics, an arbitrary-shaped acoustic cloak capable of functioning as an information exchange-enabling internal cloak and a movement-allowing external cloak is presented. The general expressions of material parameters for the acoustic cloaks with arbitrarily conformal or non-conformal boundaries are derived, and then the performances of developed cloaks are validated by full-wave simulations. Finally, the different characteristics of the linear and nonlinear transformations-based cloaks are compared and analyzed. The proposed cloak could lead to wider applications beyond that of normal cloaks, since it effectively compensates the insufficiencies of traditional internal and external cloaks. Besides, this work also provides a new method to design bifunctional device and suggests an alternative way to make a large object invisible.     

纳米尺度金属-氧化物半导体场效应晶体管沟道热噪声模型

随着CMOS工艺的发展,热载流子效应对沟道热噪声的影响随着器件尺寸的降低而增大,传统热噪声模型未能准确表征沟道的热噪声.本文通过解能量平衡方程,得到电子温度表达式,并结合沟道漏电流表达式,建立了沟道热噪声模型.利用建立的电子温度表达式,该热噪声模型考虑了热载流子效应的影响,并且在计算热噪声的过程中考虑了电子温度对迁移率降低的影响以及温度梯度对热噪声的影响.通过分析与计算,结果显示,随着器件尺寸的减小,温度梯度对电子温度产生显著影响,使得热载流子效应的影响增大,热载流子效应对热噪声的增长作用超过了迁移率降低对热噪声的减小作用,最终导致热噪声增大.本文建立的沟道热噪声模型可应用于纳米尺寸金属-氧化物半导体场效应晶体管器件的噪声性能分析及建模.     

多量子阱超辐射发光二极管(SLD)热分布计算

对由8个量子阱所组成的条形超辐射发光二极管(Super luminescent diode,SLD)进行了热分析,计算了不同器件结构下的热阻和温度分布。计算结果表明,热阻变化受芯片宽度和长度的影响较大,可以达到两个数量级;当注入功率达到1W时,有源区的温度将接近50K。该分析对有效地设计芯片的结构,减少温度升高对SLD稳定性的影响具有指导意义。     

Isotropic Thermal Cloaks with Thermal Manipulation Function

By extending the conventional scattering canceling theory,we propose a new design method for thermal cloaks based on isotropic materials.When the objects are covered by the designed cloaks,they will not disturb the temperature profile in the background zone.In addition,if different inhomogeneity coefficients are selected in the thermal cloak design process,these cloaks can manipulate the temperature gradient of the objects,i.e.,make the temperature gradients higher,lower,or equal to the thermal gradient in the background zone.Therefore,thermal transparency,heat concentration or heat shield effects can be realized under a unified framework.