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1.
In this study, a novel hydrodynamic cavitation unit combined with a glow plasma discharge system (HC-GPD) was proposed for the degradation of pharmaceutical compounds in drinking water. Metronidazole (MNZ), a commonly used broad-spectrum antibiotic, was selected to demonstrate the potential of the proposed system. Cavitation bubbles generated by hydrodynamic cavitation (HC) can provide a pathway for charge conduction during glow plasma discharge (GPD). The synergistic effect between HC and GPD promotes the production of hydroxyl radicals, emission of UV light, and shock waves for MNZ degradation. Sonochemical dosimetry provided information on the enhanced formation of hydroxyl radicals during glow plasma discharge compared to hydrodynamic cavitation alone. Experimental results showed a MNZ degradation of 14% in 15 min for the HC alone (solution initially containing 300 × 10−6 mol L−1 MNZ). In experiments with the HC-GPD system, MNZ degradation of 90% in 15 min was detected. No significant differences were observed in MNZ degradation in acidic and alkaline solutions. MNZ degradation was also studied in the presence of inorganic anions. Experimental results showed that the system is suitable for the treatment of solutions with conductivity up to 1500 × 10−6 S cm−1. The results of sonochemical dosimetry showed the formation of oxidant species of 0.15 × 10−3 mol H2O2 L−1 in the HC system after 15 min. For the HC-GPD system, the concentration of oxidant species after 15 min reached 13 × 10−3 mol H2O2 L−1. Based on these results, the potential of combining HC and GPD systems for water treatment was demonstrated. The present work provided useful information on the synergistic effect between hydrodynamic cavitation and glow plasma discharge and their application for the degradation of antibiotics in drinking water.  相似文献   

2.
Hydrodynamic cavitation (HC) has emerged as one of the most potential technologies for industrial-scale water treatment. The advanced rotational hydrodynamic cavitation reactors (ARHCRs) that appeared recently have shown their high effectiveness and economical efficiency compared with conventional devices. For the interaction-type ARHCRs where cavitation is generated from the interaction between the cavitation generation units (CGUs) located on the rotor and the stator, their flow field, cavitation generation mechanism, and interaction process are still not well defined. The present study experimentally and numerically investigated the cavitation flow characteristics in a representative interaction-type ARHCR which has been proposed in the past. The cavitation generation mechanism and development process, which was categorized into “coinciding”, “leaving”, and “approaching” stages, were analyzed explicitly with experimental flow visualization and computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations. The changes in the cavitation pattern, area ratio, and sheet cavitation length showed high periodicity with a period of 0.5 ms/cycle at a rotational speed of 3,600 rpm in the flow visualization. The experimental and CFD results indicated that sheet cavitation can be generated on the downstream sides of both the moving and the static CGUs. The sheet cavitation was induced and continuously enlarged in the “leaving” and “approaching” stages and was crushed after the moving CGUs coincided with the static CGUs. In addition, vortex cavitation was formed in the vortex center of each CGU due to high-speed rotating fluid motion. The shape and size of the vortex cavitation were determined by the compression effect produced by the interaction. The findings of this work are important for the fundamental understanding, design, and application of the ARHCRs in water treatment.  相似文献   

3.
We have developed artificial neural network (ANN) based models for simulating two application examples of hydrodynamic cavitation (HC) namely, biomass pre-treatment to enhance biogas and degradation of organic pollutants in water. The first case reports data on influence of number of passes through HC reactor on bio-methane generation from bagasse. The second case reports data on influence of HC reactor scale on degradation of dichloroaniline (DCA). Similar to most of the HC based applications, the availability of experimental data for these two applications is rather limited. In this work a systematic methodology for developing ANN model is presented. The models were shown to describe the experimental data very well. The ANN models were then evaluated for their ability to interpolate and extrapolate. Despite the limited data, the ANN models were able to simulate and interpolate the data for two very different and complex HC applications very well. The extrapolated results of biomethane generation in terms of number of passes were consistent with the intuitive understanding. The extrapolated results in terms of elapsed time were however not consistent with the intuitive understanding. The ANN model was able to generate intuitively consistent extrapolated results for degradation of DCA in terms of number of passes as well as scale of HC reactor. The results will be useful for developing quantitative models of complex HC applications.  相似文献   

4.
The use of acoustic cavitation for water and wastewater treatment (cleaning) is a well known procedure. Yet, the use of hydrodynamic cavitation as a sole technique or in combination with other techniques such as ultrasound has only recently been suggested and employed.In the first part of this paper a general overview of techniques that employ hydrodynamic cavitation for cleaning of water and wastewater is presented.In the second part of the paper the focus is on our own most recent work using hydrodynamic cavitation for removal of pharmaceuticals (clofibric acid, ibuprofen, ketoprofen, naproxen, diclofenac, carbamazepine), toxic cyanobacteria (Microcystis aeruginosa), green microalgae (Chlorella vulgaris), bacteria (Legionella pneumophila) and viruses (Rotavirus) from water and wastewater.As will be shown, hydrodynamic cavitation, like acoustic, can manifest itself in many different forms each having its own distinctive properties and mechanisms. This was until now neglected, which eventually led to poor performance of the technique. We will show that a different type of hydrodynamic cavitation (different removal mechanism) is required for successful removal of different pollutants.The path to use hydrodynamic cavitation as a routine water cleaning method is still long, but recent results have already shown great potential for optimisation, which could lead to a low energy tool for water and wastewater cleaning.  相似文献   

5.
Within the last years there has been a substantial increase in reports of utilization of hydrodynamic cavitation in various applications. It has came to our attention that many times the results are poorly repeatable with the main reason being that the researchers put significant emphasis on the value of the cavitation number when describing the conditions at which their device operates.In the present paper we firstly point to the fact that the cavitation number cannot be used as a single parameter that gives the cavitation condition and that large inconsistencies in the reports exist. Then we show experiments where the influences of the geometry, the flow velocity, the medium temperature and quality on the size, dynamics and aggressiveness of cavitation were assessed. Finally we show that there are significant inconsistencies in the definition of the cavitation number itself.In conclusions we propose a number of parameters, which should accompany any report on the utilization of hydrodynamic cavitation, to make it repeatable and to enable faster progress of science and technology development.  相似文献   

6.
Water reclamation from lakes needs to be accomplished efficiently and affordably to ensure the availability of clean, disinfected water for society. Previous treatment techniques, such as coagulation, adsorption, photolysis, ultraviolet light, and ozonation, are not economically feasible on a large scale. This study investigated the effectiveness of standalone HC and hybrid HC + H2O2 treatment techniques for treating lake water. The effect of pH (3 to 9), inlet pressure (4 to 6 bar), and H2O2 loading (1 to 5 g/L) were examined. At pH = 3, inlet pressure of 5 bar and H2O2 loadings of 3 g/L, maximum COD and BOD removal were achieved·H2O2 was observed to significantly improve the performance of the HC when used as a chemical oxidant. In an optimal operating condition, a COD removal of 54.5 % and a BOD removal of 51.5 % using HC alone for 1 h is observed. HC combined with H2O2 removed 64 % of both COD and BOD. The hybrid HC + H2O2 treatment technique resulted in a nearly 100% removal of pathogens. The results of this study indicate that the HC-based technique is an effective method for removing contaminants and disinfection of the lake water.  相似文献   

7.
The present study is an attempt to improvise the hydrodynamic cavitation methodology for effective disinfection of water and also to suggest prototype development for practical application. The enhancement in the disinfection efficiency was evaluated specifically for the effect of pressure, temperature, pH, microbial inoculum size and also on effect of different additives for the two model microbial strains, gram-negative (Escherichia coli) and gram-positive (Staphylococcus aureus). The efficacy of the hydrodynamic cavitation is evaluated for the two types of flows/cavitation devices – linear flow in the case of orifice and vortex flow for vortex diode. The vortex diode requires significantly lower pressures, 50% lower as compared to orifice for the similar extent of disinfection. While the bacterial disinfection at high temperature is known, the usefulness of hydrodynamic cavitation is especially evident at ambient conditions and the process is effective even at very high concentrations of bacteria, not reported so far. The reactor geometry also has significant effect on the disinfection. The present study, for the first time, reports possible use of different natural oils such as castor oil, cinnamon oil, eucalyptus oil and clove oil in conjunction with hydrodynamic cavitation. The nature of oil modifies the cavitation behavior and an order of magnitude enhancement in the cavitation rate was observed for the two oils, eucalyptus and clove oil for a very small concentration of 0.1%. The increased rates of disinfection, of the order of 2–4 folds, using oil can drastically reduce the time of operation and consequently reduce cost of disinfection. A possible mechanism is proposed for the effect of oil and hydrodynamic cavitation in cell destruction through the rupture of cell wall, oxidative damage and possible DNA denaturation. A cavitation model using per pass disinfection was used to correlate the data. The increased efficiency using oils and possible benefits of the developed process, where natural oils can be perceived as biocatalysts, can have significant advantages in practical applications.  相似文献   

8.
The present study reports significant improvements in the removal of ammoniacal nitrogen from wastewater which is an important problem for many industries such as dyes and pigment, distilleries and fisheries. Pilot plant studies (capacity, 1 m3/h) on synthetic wastewater using 4-amino phenol as model nitrogen containing organic compound and two real industrial effluents of high ammoniacal nitrogen content were carried out using hydrodynamic cavitation. Two reactor geometries were evaluated for increased efficiency in removal-orifice and vortex diode. Effect of initial concentration (100–500 mg/L), effect of pressure drop (0.5–5 bar) and nature of cavitating device (linear and vortex flow for cavitation) were evaluated along with effect of salt content, effect of hydrogen peroxide addition and aeration. Initial concentration was found to have significant impact on the extent of removal: ~ 5 g/m3 removal for initial concentration of 100 mg/L and up to 12 g/m3 removal at high concentration of 500 mg/L. Interestingly, significant improvement of the order of magnitude (up to 8 times) in removal of ammoniacal nitrogen could be obtained by sparging air or oxygen in hydrodynamic cavitation and a very high removal of above 80% could be achieved. The removal of ammoniacal nitrogen by vortex diode was also found to be effective in the industrial wastewaters and results on two different effluent samples of distillery industry indicated up to 75% removal, though with longer time of treatment compared to that of synthetic wastewater. The developed methodology of hydrodynamic cavitation technology with aeration and vortex diode as a cavitating device was found to be highly effective for improving the efficiency of the conventional cavitation methods and hence can be highly useful in industrial wastewater treatment, specifically for the removal of ammoniacal nitrogen.  相似文献   

9.
In the present work, degradation of 2,4-dinitrophenol (DNP), a persistent organic contaminant with high toxicity and very low biodegradability has been investigated using combination of hydrodynamic cavitation (HC) and chemical/advanced oxidation. The cavitating conditions have been generated using orifice plate as a cavitating device. Initially, the optimization of basic operating parameters have been done by performing experiments over varying inlet pressure (over the range of 3–6 bar), temperature (30 °C, 35 °C and 40 °C) and solution pH (over the range of 3–11). Subsequently, combined treatment strategies have been investigated for process intensification of the degradation process. The effect of HC combined with chemical oxidation processes such as hydrogen peroxide (HC/H2O2), ferrous activated persulfate (HC/Na2S2O8/FeSO4) and HC coupled with advanced oxidation processes such as conventional Fenton (HC/FeSO4/H2O2), advanced Fenton (HC/Fe/H2O2) and Fenton-like process (HC/CuO/H2O2) on the extent of degradation of DNP have also been investigated at optimized conditions of pH 4, temperature of 35 °C and inlet pressure of 4 bar. Kinetic study revealed that degradation of DNP fitted first order kinetics for all the approaches under investigation. Complete degradation with maximum rate of DNP degradation has been observed for the combined HC/Fenton process. The energy consumption analysis for hydrodynamic cavitation based process has been done on the basis of cavitational yield. Degradation intermediates have also been identified and quantified in the current work. The synergistic index calculated for all the combined processes indicates HC/Fenton process is more feasible than the combination of HC with other Fenton like processes.  相似文献   

10.
Hydrodynamic cavitation was widely used in sterilization, emulsion preparation and other industrial fields. Cavitation intensity is the key performance index of hydrodynamic cavitation reactor. In this study, a novel rotor-radial groove (RRG) hydrodynamic cavitation reactor was proposed with good cavitation intensity and energy utilization. The cavitation performances of RRG hydrodynamic cavitation reactor was analyzed by utilizing computational fluid dynamics method. The cavitation intensity and the cavitation energy efficiency were used as evaluation indicators for RRG hydrodynamic cavitation reactor with different internal structures. The amount of generated cavitation for various shapes of the CGU, interaction distances and rotor speed were analyzed. The evolution cycle of cavitation morphology is periodicity (0.46 ms) in the CGU of RRG hydrodynamic cavitation reactor. The main cavitation regions of CGU were the outflow and inflow separation zones. The cavitation performance of rectangular-shaped CGU was better than the cylindrical-shaped CGU. In addition, the cavitation performance could be improved more effectively by increasing the rotor speed and decreasing the interaction distance. The research results could provide theoretical support for the research of cavitation mechanism of cavitation equipment.  相似文献   

11.
《Ultrasonics sonochemistry》2014,21(3):1213-1221
In this study, the removal of clofibric acid, ibuprofen, naproxen, ketoprofen, carbamazepine and diclofenac residues from wastewater, using a novel shear-induced cavitation generator has been systematically studied. The effects of temperature, cavitation time and H2O2 dose on removal efficiency were investigated. Optimisation (50 °C; 15 min; 340 mg L−1 of added H2O2) resulted in removal efficiencies of 47–86% in spiked deionised water samples. Treatment of actual wastewater effluents revealed that although matrix composition reduces removal efficiency, this effect can be compensated for by increasing H2O2 dose (3.4 g L−1) and prolonging cavitation time (30 min). Hydrodynamic cavitation has also been investigated as either a pre- or a post-treatment step to biological treatment. The results revealed a higher overall removal efficiency of recalcitrant diclofenac and carbamazepine, when hydrodynamic cavitation was used prior to as compared to post biological treatment i.e., 54% and 67% as compared to 39% and 56%, respectively. This is an important finding since diclofenac is considered as a priority substance to be included in the EU Water Framework Directive.  相似文献   

12.
Hydrodynamic cavitation is a promising technique for water disinfection. In the present paper, the disinfection characteristics of an advanced hydrodynamic cavitation reactor (ARHCR) in pilot scale were studied. The effects of various flow rates (1.4–2.6 m3/h) and rotational speeds (2600–4200 rpm) on the removal of Escherichia coli (E. coli) were revealed and analyzed. The variation regularities of the log reduction and reaction rate constant at various cavitation numbers were established. A disinfection rate of 100% was achieved in only 4 min for 15 L of simulated effluent under 4200 rpm and 1.4 m3/h, with energy efficiency at 0.0499 kWh/L. A comprehensive comparison with previously introduced HCRs demonstrates the superior performance of the presented ARHCR system. The morphological changes in E. coli were studied by scanning electron microscopy. The results indicate that the ARHCR can lead to serious cleavage and surface damages to E. coli, which cannot be obtained by conventional HCRs. Finally, a possible damage mechanism of the ARHCR, including both the hydrodynamical and sonochemical effects, was proposed. The findings of the present study can provide strong support to the fundamental understanding and applications of ARHCRs for water disinfection.  相似文献   

13.
A parametrical study of disinfection with hydrodynamic cavitation   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
The physical and chemical conditions generated by cavitation bubbles can be used to destroy microorganisms and disinfect wastewater. The effect of different cavitation chamber designs and diverse operational parameters on the inactivation rate of Escherichia coli have been studied and used to understand the mechanisms involved in cell disruption.  相似文献   

14.
This study investigates hydrodynamic performance of a novel pinned disc rotating generator of hydrodynamic cavitation in comparison with a serrated disc variant on a pilot-scale. Experimental results show that at a given rotational speed and liquid flow rate, the pinned disc generates more intense cavitation (i.e. lower cavitation number, higher volume fraction of vapor and higher amplitude of pressure fluctuations) than the serrated disc, while also consuming less energy per liquid pass (i.e., higher flow rate and pumping pressure difference of water at similar power consumption). Additionally, mechanical and chemical wastewater treatment performance of the novel cavitator was evaluated on an 800 L influent sample from a wastewater treatment plant. Mechanical effects resulted in a reduction of average particle size from 148 to 38 µm and increase of specific surface area, while the oxidation potential was confirmed by reduction of COD, TOC, and BOD up to 27, 23 and 30% in 60 cavitation passes, respectively. At optimal operating conditions and 30 cavitation passes, pinned disc cavitator had a 310% higher COD removal capacity while consuming 65% less energy per kg of COD removed than the serrated disc cavitator. Furthermore, the specific COD-reduction energy consumption of the pinned disc cavitator on the pilot scale is comparable to the best cases of lab-scale orifice and venturi devices operating at much lower wastewater processing capacity.  相似文献   

15.
Hair waste in large amount is produced in India from temples and saloons, India alone exported approximately 1 million kg of hair in 2010. Incineration and degradation of waste human hair leads to environmental concerns. The hydrothermal process is a conventional method for the production of hair hydrolysate. The hydrothermal process is carried out at a very high temperature and pressure, which causes the degradation of heat-sensitive essential amino acids, thereby depleting the nutritional value. This work deals with alkaline hydrolysis of human hair using acoustic and hydrodynamic cavitation, and comparison with the conventional method. The optimal operating conditions for highest efficiency was observed, for the hydrolysis of 1 g of sample hairs in 100 mL of solution, at 4:1 (KOH: hair) ratio, soaking time of 24 h, the ultrasonic power density of 600 W dm−3 (20 KHz frequency and input power 200 W) or hydrodynamic cavitation inlet pressure of 4 or 7 bars. Cavitation results in rupture of disulfide linkages in proteins and mechanical effects lead to cleavage of several hydrogen bonds breaking the keratin sheet structure in hair. Breakdown of bonds leads to a decrease in viscosity of the solution. 10% and 6% reduction in viscosity is obtained at optimal conditions for ultrasonic and hydrodynamic cavitation treatment, respectively. FTIR analysis of produced hair hydrolysate confirmed that the disulfide bonds in hair proteins are broken down during cavitation. The amino acid of hair hydrolysate, prepared using cavitation, has a relatively higher digestibility and nutritional value due to the enhancement of amino-acid content, confirmed using amino acid analysis. Cavitation assisted hair hydrolysate has a potential application in agricultural engineering as a fertilizer for improvement of the quality of the soil and land. Cavitation based hair hydrolysate can also be used as an environmentally friendly and economical source of essential amino acids and digestibles for animal or poultry feed.  相似文献   

16.
17.
This paper tries to discern the mechanistic features of sonochemical degradation of recalcitrant organic pollutants using five model compounds, viz. phenol (Ph), chlorobenzene (CB), nitrobenzene (NB), p-nitrophenol (PNP) and 2,4-dichlorophenol (2,4-DCP). The sonochemical degradation of the pollutant can occur in three distinct pathways: hydroxylation by OH radicals produced from cavitation bubbles (either in the bubble–bulk interfacial region or in the bulk liquid medium), thermal decomposition in cavitation bubble and thermal decomposition at the bubble–liquid interfacial region. With the methodology of coupling experiments under different conditions (which alter the nature of the cavitation phenomena in the bulk liquid medium) with the simulations of radial motion of cavitation bubbles, we have tried to discern the relative contribution of each of the above pathway to overall degradation of the pollutant. Moreover, we have also tried to correlate the predominant degradation mechanism to the physico-chemical properties of the pollutant. The contribution of secondary factors such as probability of radical–pollutant interaction and extent of radical scavenging (or conservation) in the medium has also been identified. Simultaneous analysis of the trends in degradation with different experimental techniques and simulation results reveals interesting mechanistic features of sonochemical degradation of the model pollutants. The physical properties that determine the predominant degradation pathway are vapor pressure, solubility and hydrophobicity. Degradation of Ph occurs mainly by hydroxylation in bulk medium; degradation of CB occurs via thermal decomposition inside the bubble, degradation of PNP occurs via pyrolytic decomposition at bubble interface, while hydroxylation at bubble interface contributes to degradation of NB and 2,4-DCP.  相似文献   

18.
该文利用搭建的高速摄影和空化噪声同步观测的声-流耦合空化实验平台,观察分析了声-流耦合场中空化云的演化规律及相应的空化噪声特征。通过引入空化状态变量,给出了空化强度的一种新的明确表述,并提出了一种基于高速摄影图像分析来测量和表征空化状态变量及空化强度的方法。利用该方法进一步对声-流耦合空化时间演化周期性和空间强度分布进行了定量计算。结果表明,声-流耦合空化强度和作用范围相比单独声空化和单独水力空化有显著的提升。  相似文献   

19.
The present work investigates the application of hydrodynamic cavitation (HC) for the pretreatment of wheat straw with an objective of enhancing the biogas production. The hydrodynamic cavitation reactor is based on a stator and rotor assembly. The effect of three different speeds of rotor (2300, 2500, 2700 rpm), wheat straw to water ratios (0.5%, 1% and 1.5% wt/wt) and also treatment times as 2, 4 and 6 min have been investigated in the work using the design of experiments (DOE) approach. It was observed that the methane yield of 31.8 ml was obtained with untreated wheat straw whereas 77.9 ml was obtained with HC pre-treated wheat straw confirming the favourable changes during the pre-treatment. The combined pre-treatment using KOH and HC gave maximum yield of biogas as 172.3 ml. Overall, it has been established that significant enhancement in the biogas production can be obtained due to the pretreatment using HC which can also be further intensified by combination with chemical treatment.  相似文献   

20.
The present study reports, for the first time, a new and techno-economic strategy for effective removal of antimicrobial resistant bacteria (AMR) and difficult, opportunistic pathogen using cavitation and natural oils/plant extract. A hybrid methodology using natural oils of known health benefits has been discussed in combination with conventional physico-chemical method of hydrodynamic cavitation that not only provides efficient and effective water disinfection, but also eliminates harmful effects of conventional methods such as formation of disinfection by-products apart from reducing cost of treatment. A proof-of concept is demonstrated by achieving exceptionally high rates for practically complete removal of antimicrobial resistant (AMR) and relatively less researched, gram-negative opportunistic pathogen, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and gram-positive methicillin resistant, Staphylococcus aureus using a natural oil-Peppermint oil and two different cavitating reactors employing vortex flow (vortex diode) and linear flow (orifice) for hydrodynamic cavitation. >99% disinfection could be obtained, typically in less than 10 min, using vortex diode with operating pressure drop of 1 bar and low dose of 0.1% peppermint oil as an additive, depicting very high rates of disinfection. The rate of disinfection can be further increased by using simple aeration which can result in significant lowering of oil dose. The conventional device, orifice requires relatively higher pressure drop of 2 bar and comparatively more time (~20 min) for disinfection. The cost of the disinfection was also found to be significantly lower compared to most conventional processes indicating techno-economic feasibility in employing the developed hybrid method of disinfection for effectively eliminating bacteria including AMR bacteria from water. The developed approach not only highlights importance of going back to nature for not just conventional water disinfection, but also for eliminating hazardous AMR bacteria and may also find utility in many other applications for the removal of antimicrobial bacteria.  相似文献   

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