Time resolved particle image velocimetry

The temporal evolution of the velocity field of an unsteady fluid flow can be tracked by combining Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) and high speed photography. Two alternative techniques for PIV are discussed: the classical light sheet technique and a method which makes use of the light scattered in forward direction. We applied time resolved PIV to investigate the flow around cavitation bubbles during their collapse near a solid boundary. The light source was an argon laser with an external acousto-optic deflector which produces series of short pulses. Using a drum camera for high speed photography, we achieved a temporal resolution of10 kHz and a spatial resolution of better than2 points/mm². Velocities could be determined without directional ambiguity in a range from2 m/s to30 m/s.     

Time-resolved measurements of shock-induced cavitation bubbles in liquids

A novel experimental method for the measurement of cavitation bubble dynamics is presented. The method makes use of a collimated cw HeNe laser beam that is focused onto a photodiode. A cavitation bubble centered in the laser beam leads to refraction and thus changes the diode signal. With sufficient temporal resolution of the measurement, the evolution of the bubble dynamics, and in particular, the collapse, could be well resolved (limitation is only due to diode response and oscilloscope bandwidth). In the present work this is demonstrated with cavitation bubbles generated with high-power nanosecond and femtosecond laser pulses, respectively. Bubble evolution is studied in two different liquids (water and glycerine) and at different temperatures and pressures.     

水中激光击穿空泡的高速摄影研究

为了分析激光击穿液体介质过程中的等离子腔体、空泡脉动、近/远场声波特性等综合效应,将高速摄影技术应用于水下激光击穿研究.观察到了激光击穿形成的等离子体闪光、空泡脉动及溃灭过程,通过对所得照片的分析,得到了激光空泡生长的规律,实验结果与已有的水下空泡理论计算及采用光散射、压力传感器测量结果吻合较好,证明了高速摄影技术在水下激光击穿产生空泡特性研究中的重要作用.     

微通道板选通X射线纳秒分幅相机的研制

设计并研制了一种新的微通道板选通X射线纳秒分幅相机,相机系统由带有行波选通微带光电阴极的近贴聚焦分幅变像管、电控单元、针孔安装和调节系统及真空系统组成.电控单元提供相机上作需要的直流电压和脉冲开关电雎.输出图像山采用光纤面板耦合到荧光屏的CCD相机读出.采用厚50 mm的Au作为变像管光电阴极,相机谱响应范围0.1～10 keV.可获得八幅分幅图像,每幅曝光时间1 ns,2 ns和5.0 ns三档可调,像幅时间间隔分2 ns、5 ns和10 ns 三档可调.相机动态空间分辨力优于18 lp/mm,触发晃动小于100 ps,时间抖动小于5%.并可实现远距离监视、控制和数据采集.对相机静态特性和动态特性的实验标定及应用现场所获得的实验结果均表明,相机上作性能稳定,具有几何畸变小、动态范围大等特点,满足 Z-箍缩实验研究的需要.     

多脉冲激光作用下光学薄膜损伤的累积效应

研究了高反射膜在多脉冲激光作用下损伤的累积效应.实验中使用1064nm调Q的Nd∶YAG激光器,脉宽是12 ns,频率为10 Hz.实验发现:高反射膜的损伤阈值随辐照脉冲数增加而降低,表现出明显的累积效应.通过对损伤阈值和损伤概率以及辐照次数的统计性研究,并结合单脉冲辐照的结果,说明了存在于薄膜中微小的缺陷参与了多脉冲激光对薄膜的损伤过程,得到了制备IBS高反射膜的损伤阈值和照射次数的关系式,用Nomarski偏光显微镜观察了实验过程中样品的损伤形貌,发现是典型的缺陷损伤.     

延时法测量条纹相机μs档扫描非线性

为实现μs档条纹相机扫描非线性标定,建立了基于延时可调信号源和外触发激光器的条纹相机μs档扫描非线性标定系统,弥补了标准具法的不足。系统通过延时值的递增,得到条纹相机扫描速度在全扫程的变化。系统中时间关系抖动来源主要是测试设备延时抖动和条纹相机触发延时抖动。时间抖动测试与分析显示,条纹相机延时抖动±0.6ns,测试设备延时抖动±0.3ns,系统总时间抖动±0.7ns。系统时间抖动会造成最终时间轴信息的起伏。大量数值模拟分析表明,时间轴起伏对系统时间抖动的影响±2ns,在可以接受的范围内。因此,该系统能够胜任条纹相机μs扫程时间信息的测量标定。     

Determination of the fluorescence lifetime of glyoxal(C_2H_2O_2)water solution by beconvolution

This paper reports that the actual fluorescence lifetime 7.64±0.06ns of a10％-glyoxal water solution is determined for the first time from the laser-induced fluores-cence decay curve detected by the system with a response time in the order of magnitude ofnanosecond and processed by deconvolution on combination with phase plane method and iter-ative convolution method.The experimental method presented in this paper is regarded as aneffective method for measuring the fluorescence lifetime in nanoseconds or even in sub-nanoseconds by means of a detecting system with an order of magnitude of nanosecond.     

Detection of picosecond laser pulses with nanosecond time resolution by use of analogue-to-digital converters

A photodetector-analogue-to-digital converter system with 1.8 ns rise and decay time is described. The photodetector waveform is fanned-out with power splitters and sampled with high-speed analogue-to-digital converters. The system is used to detect picosecond light pulses from a mode-locked Nd-glass laser with nanosecond time resolution.     

重复率激光作用下光学薄膜损伤的累积效应

使用脉宽12 ns,频率10 Hz的1064 nm调Q NdYAG激光器,研究了高反射膜在重复率激光作用下的损伤的累积效应.实验发现,高反射膜的损伤阈值随辐照脉冲数增加而降低,表现出明显的累积效应.通过对损伤阈值和损伤概率以及辐照次数的统计性研究,并结合单脉冲辐照的结果,说明了存在于薄膜中微小的缺陷参与了多脉冲激光对薄膜的损伤过程.可用预损伤机制解释实验结果.得到了关于IBS制备的高反射膜的损伤阈值和照射次数的关系式,并用实验结果进行验证,发现具有很好的一致性.实验过程中样品的损伤形貌通过Nomarski偏光显微镜进行了观察,发现是典型的缺陷损伤.     

Experimental investigation on dynamic characteristics and strengthening mechanism of laser-induced cavitation bubbles

The dynamic features of nanosecond laser-induced cavitation bubbles near the light alloy boundary were investigated with the high-speed photography. The shock-waves and the dynamic characteristics of the cavitation bubbles generated by the laser were detected using the hydrophone. The dynamic features and strengthening mechanism of cavitation bubbles were studied. The strengthening mechanisms of cavitation bubble were discussed when the relative distance parameter γ was within the range of 0.5–2.5. It showed that the strengthening mechanisms caused by liquid jet or shock-waves depended on γ much. The research results provided a new strengthening method based on laser-induced cavitation shotless peening (CSP).     

Two-dimensional measurements of laser-induced breakdown in air by high-speed two-frame shadowgraphy

We present two-dimensional measurements of the laser-induced plasma development and shock wave evolution in air. The breakdown is induced by a Q-switched Nd:YAG laser (λ=1064 nm) with a pulse duration of 4 ns. To study these fast laser-induced phenomena, we have developed a high-speed, two frame shadowgraph method. It enables 2D visualization of a laser-induced event in two time instances, which are delayed by an arbitrary time interval in the range from 300 ps to 30 ns. The established method is based on 30 ps, green (λ=532 nm), and linearly polarized laser pulse, which is split into two orthogonally polarized illumination pulses for direct and delayed illumination of the breakdown area. Exploiting polarization of the probe pulses, we capture two temporally and spatially separated frames with two CCD cameras. Special attention is given to the subsequent data processing, especially to the minimization of the systematic error due to alignment of both images, and to the determination of 2D velocity distribution from the captured image pairs.     

变象管、双近贴象增强器及带微通道板光电倍增管的快门选通电路

本文主要简介我国变象管、双近贴象增强器毫微秒分幅相机的研制现状,并讨论这些相机的快门脉冲发生器电路。同时还介绍了用于带微通道板光电倍增管的选通电路。这些电路作适当修改后可用于微光硅靶摄象管的控制,高压电器特性试验,毫微秒脉冲源以及激光调制等场合中。     

Plasma and cavitation dynamics during pulsed laser microsurgery in vivo

We compare the plasma and cavitation dynamics underlying pulsed laser microsurgery in water and in fruit fly embryos (in vivo)--specifically for nanosecond pulses at 355 and 532 nm. We find two key differences. First, the plasma-formation thresholds are lower in vivo--especially at 355 nm--due to the presence of endogenous chromophores that serve as additional sources for plasma seed electrons. Second, the biological matrix constrains the growth of laser-induced cavitation bubbles. Both effects reduce the disrupted region in vivo when compared to extrapolations from measurements in water.     

用于双光子激发荧光寿命显微成像的高重复频率皮秒扫描相机

建立了一台基于新研制的高重复频率皮秒扫描相机的双光子激发荧光寿命显微成像系统,重点介绍所研制的高重复频率皮秒扫描相机。为了在高时间分辨力的同时扩大时间测量范围,实现大面积两维空间高时间分辨取样测量,从而提高采样速率和更有效地发挥扫描相机的作用,设计和研制了一种大面积、高时间分辨力扫描变像管和一种重复频率高达1MHz的斜坡电压扫描电路。基于上述关键部件所研制的扫描相机具有重复频率高、扫描速度可调、时间分辨力高、工作面积大、非线性低、触发晃动小等优点。用钛宝石飞秒激光器作为激光脉冲源,通过脉冲提取器将76MHz的高重复频率降低为1MHz,采用可调延时器和标准具对扫描相机的时间分辨力、扫描速度和非线性进行标定。该系统的时间分辨力达到6.5ps,非线性为2.60%,可测量的时间范围从十几皮秒到几十纳秒。测量了若丹明6G和香豆素314两种标准荧光染料的荧光寿命,取得了与参考文献一致的实验结果。     

Spatial characterization of laser-induced sparks in air

Images and emission spectra of sparks produced by laser-induced breakdown in air were investigated as functions of the laser energy and optical configuration. The laser-induced breakdown was generated by focusing a 532-nm nanosecond pulse from a Q-switched Nd:YAG laser. The data were collected using an intensified CCD camera and a Cassegrain optics system coupled to an ICCD spectrometer. The results provided information about the first stages of laser-induced spark breakdown. Good reproducibility of the plasma location and shape was observed; these parameters depended largely on the optical configuration and plasma energy absorption rate. The high spatial resolution of the Cassegrain optics system was used to observe different ionization levels in the plasma kernel, which confirmed the electron cascade mechanism for plasma formation. The different ionization levels partially explained the asymmetry of the ignition induced by the plasma generation in gaseous mixture. Backward propagation of the plasma along the laser path was observed using the high spatial and temporal resolution of the experimental apparatus. The propagation was largely due to the thickness of the plasma relative to the laser wavelength, which created different ionization levels and energy absorption rates throughout the plasma. This observation was correlated with images obtained using the ICCD camera.     

Laser-induced fluorescence study of fast desorption of ground-state K atoms from potassium halides excited by synchrotron radiation

The nanosecond desorption of ground-state K atoms from potassium halides was investigated for the first time using a laser-induced fluorescence method with synchrotron radiation and laser pulses. It was found that the desorption consists of a nanosecond component and a slow one of > 180 ns response time. The fast desorption is several orders of magnitude faster than existing results for the time response of ground-state alkali desorption. Therefore, the fast desorption of ground-state alkali atoms cannot be interpreted in terms of the existing mechanisms based on thermal processes and requires a new desorption model. We suggest that the lattice instability due to electronic excitation in the surface layer may play an important role in the fast desorption of ground-state alkali atoms.     

第六届全国高速摄影与光子学会议评述

第六届全国高速摄影与光子学会议,于1990年12月20日至22日在西安召开。来自全国31个单位的116名代表参加了会议。会上,高速摄影与光子学专业委员会主任侯洵研究员作了“西安光机所在高速摄影与光子学方面进展”的报告;专业委员会常务副主任陈俊人研究员作了有关“第19届国际高速摄影与光子学会议情况”报告。     

变像管皮秒分幅和飞秒扫描相机的实验研究

本文将描述两种变像管皮秒分幅相机和一种飞秒扫描相机的设计特点、动态测试方法和实验结果。第一种变像管皮秒分幅相机采用了交叉点扫描多光栏分幅的方法,其变像管具有长加速电极和短阳极的静电弱聚焦系统与偏转灵敏度高、偏转像质好的偏转群体结构;其超快速控制电路只需一个光电开关斜坡电压脉冲发生器和一个特殊设计的脉冲成形网络即可送出具有合适时间关联的4对正负极性三角波和一对正负极性的单台阶液电压脉冲。实验表明,该相机在提供6幅分幅图像的情况下,每幅图像全曝光时间为80ps,除 3～4幅图像间的时间间隔为680ps外,其余均为160ps,动态空间分辨率达到5.51p/mm。第二种变像管皮秒分幅相机采用快门式分幅方法;其变像管采用行波偏转系统,内增强MCP做成带状线结构,并具有输入输出阻抗变换器,其三台阶波和快门脉冲序列均由光电开关电路和脉冲成形网络产生。该相机在提供三幅分幅图像的情况下,每幅图像全曝光时间为660ps,画幅之间的时间间隔均为4ns,动态空间分辨率为5.5lp/mm。飞秒扫描相机采用MCP内增强飞秒扫描变像管、具有负时间畸变的中继透镜和无触发晃动的光电开关扫描电路。实验证明,该相机在时间分辨率为500fs时,其动态范围为30;当时间分辨率为1.2ps时,其动态范围可达500;无扫描图像弯曲现象,触发晃动为±2ps.     

Role of laser-induced plasma formation in pulsed cellular microsurgery and micromanipulation

We investigate experimentally the physical processes underlying pulsed cellular microsurgery and micromanipulation using nanosecond 532- and 1064-nm laser pulses focused at high numerical aperture. We find that the laser parameters employed for many microirradiation techniques are congruent with those leading to optical breakdown in water. We determine the size and shape of the laser-induced plasma, pressure of the emitted shock wave, and size and energy of the cavitation bubble formed by the expanding plasma. We discuss implications of the results for biophysical microirradiation procedures.     

Spatially,temporally, and spectrally resolved measurement of laser-induced plasma in air

Images and emission spectra of sparks produced by laser-induced breakdown in air were investigated with a high degree of spatial and temporal resolution. The laser-induced breakdown was generated by focusing a 532-nm nanosecond pulse from a Q-switched Nd:YAG laser. The data were collected using a framing intensified charged coupled device (CCD) camera and a multi-fiber Cassegrain optics system coupled to an intensified CCD spectrometer. The results provided information about the different stages of laser-induced breakdown. The plasma shape and emission spectrum were very reproducible. Different ionization levels in the plasma kernels, which were observed using the high spatial resolution of the multi-fiber Cassegrain optics system, occurred during the plasma formation and cooling and at different locations within the plasma. This was due mainly to the thickness of the plasma relative to the laser wavelength, which created different ionization levels and energy absorption rates throughout. These observations were correlated with the plasma visualizations obtained with the framing ICCD camera. The plasma emission analysis permitted us to study the temperature evolution along the plasma during the laser-induced breakdown process. The analysis demonstrated the validity of a laser-supported wave model during the first stages of laser-induced breakdown and illustrated the weak dependence of the plasma temperature on the input energy. PACS 52.50.Jm; 52.70.-m; 51.50.+v