NH4VO3在NH4H2PO4-H2O和(NH4)3PO4-H2O体系中的溶解度

采用等温溶解法测定了偏钒酸铵(NH₄VO₃)在NH₄H₂PO₄-H₂O和(NH₄)₃PO₄-H₂O体系中T = 298.15-328.15 K时的溶解度以及溶液的密度和pH值。结果表明, NH₄VO₃的溶解度随着(NH₄)₃PO₄或NH₄H₂PO₄溶液浓度的增大,先降低后升高,这是由于同离子效应、化学反应平衡及离子活度的共同作用。比较T = 298.15K时, NH₄VO₃分别在NH₄H₂PO₄-H₂O、(NH₄)₂HPO₄-H₂O和(NH₄)₃PO₄-H₂O体系中溶解度,发现在相同的磷酸盐浓度下, NH₄VO₃的溶解度在NH₄H₂PO₄-H₂O体系中最大,在(NH₄)₃PO₄-H₂O体系中居中,在(NH₄)₂HPO₄-H₂O体系中最小。进一步地,在T = 298.15 K和磷酸盐浓度C = 0.5 mol·kg^-1时,结合pH值和反应溶度积常数K_SP等计算三个体系中的平均离子活度系数(γ_±),发现γ_±值在(NH₄)₂HPO₄-H₂O体系中最大,在(NH₄)₃PO₄-H₂O体系中居中,在NH₄H₂PO₄-H₂O体系中最小,与溶解度规律一致。     

磁性AgBr/Ag3PO4/ZnFe2O4复合催化剂的制备及光催化性能

水热法结合原位沉淀法成功制备新型磁性溴化银/磷酸银/铁酸锌(AgBr/Ag₃PO₄/ZnFe₂O₄)复合催化剂,并通过X射线衍射、能量色散X射线、场发射扫描电子显微镜、透射电子显微镜和紫外-可见漫反射光谱对其晶相结构、组成、形貌及吸光性能进行了表征。在可见光照射下,所制备的AgBr/Ag₃PO₄/ZnFe₂O₄复合催化剂光催化降解罗丹明B (RhB)的活性优于Ag3PO4/ZnFe₂O₄、AgBr/ZnFe₂O₄和P25 TiO₂。在酸性和碱性溶液中,AgBr/Ag₃PO₄/ZnFe₂O₄光催化剂呈现出优良光催化性能。在AgBr/Ag₃PO₄/ZnFe₂O₄体系中,光催化降解RhB的速率随着反应体系温度的升高而增大,由阿伦尼乌斯方程计算获得反应体系活化能为31.9 kJ·mol^-1。AgBr/Ag₃PO₄/ZnFe₂O₄复合材料优异的可见光催化活性归因于光生电荷的有效分离,所产生的超氧自由基和空穴是RhB降解的主要活性物种。     

钠和钾离子对磷酸二氢根拉曼光谱的影响

磷酸二氢根(H₂PO^-₄)溶液在生物缓冲、分子识别、晶体生长等方面有着重要的研究价值。 本文以KH₂PO₄(KDP)和NaH₂PO₄(NaDP)溶液为研究对象,利用原位微区拉曼光谱研究钠离子和钾离子对H₂PO^-₄溶液团簇聚合及化学键振动的影响,讨论单价阳离子(K⁺,Na⁺)的差异、溶液浓度对H₂PO^-₄拉曼位移变化和成核诱导时间的影响。 结果表明,拉曼位移变化、成核诱导时间随阳离子溶液电负性的增加、浓度的降低而增大。 在拉曼光谱中观察到P(OH)₂和PO₂振动峰在成核过程中发生偏移,表明由氢键作用导致的团簇构型逐渐稳定,化学键逐渐增强,深化溶液结晶过程中对溶液结构和化学键的理解。     

太阳光响应型Ag2S/Ag3PO4复合材料的制备及催化降解水杨酸

以AgNO₃, Na₂HPO₄和硫粉为原料, 采用共沉淀-水热法合成了具有太阳光响应型Ag₂S/Ag₃PO₄复合材料, 运用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、 X射线粉末衍射(XRD)、 X射线光电子能谱(XPS)和紫外-可见漫反射(UV-Vis DR)光谱等方法对样品进行了表征, 并在模拟太阳光条件下, 考察了Ag₂S/Ag₃PO₄对水杨酸的光催化降解效率. 结果表明, 与Ag₃PO₄相比, Ag₂S的负载量为1%(质量分数)时Ag₂S/Ag₃PO₄粒径变小, 呈立方晶相结构; Ag₂S/Ag₃PO₄复合材料可以有效促进光生电子-空穴分离, 使Ag₃PO₄禁带宽度降低到2.24 eV, 并增强了可见光的吸收能力. 在Ag₂S负载量为1%, 120 ℃水热4 h条件下, Ag₂S/Ag₃PO₄复合材料具有最佳光催化活性, 经模拟太阳光照射60 min对10 mg/L的水杨酸去除率达到88.2%.     

H3PO4-BF3/ZrO2及H3PO4-BF3H2SO4/ZrO2催化剂上异丁烷/丁烯的烷基化反应

研究了H₃PO₄-BF₃/ZrO₂及H₃PO₄-BF₃-H₂SO₄/ZrO₂催化剂对异构烷烃烷基化反应的催化作用。就载体的焙烧温度、活性组分的浓度、BF₃及H₂SO₄的添加及反应温度对催化剂活性的影响进行了较为详尽的研究。     

GO/Ag3PO4复合光催化剂的制备、表征及光催化性能

以石墨粉为原料,采用Hummers氧化法合成氧化石墨烯(GO).然后在超声作用下,将不同含量的Ag₃PO₄沉积在GO上,制备了一系列4% (w,质量分数) GO/Ag₃PO₄、8% GO/Ag₃PO₄、16% GO/Ag₃PO₄和32% GO/Ag₃PO₄复合光催化剂.对所制备的光催化剂运用N₂物理吸附、X射线粉末衍射(XRD)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、透射电子显微镜(TEM)、拉曼光谱、傅里叶变换红外(FT-IR)光谱、紫外-可见漫反射吸收光谱(UV-Vis DRS)等手段进行了表征,并在可见光下考察了GO含量对Ag₃PO₄光催化降解甲基橙(MO)的性能.结果表明, GO能够和Ag₃PO₄实现均匀复合.复合GO提高了催化剂的比表面积,改善了催化剂的吸附性能.复合16% GO使Ag₃PO₄光催化活性提高最显著, 120 min内对MO的降解率达到83%,是纯Ag₃PO₄光催化活性的7.5倍. GO能提高催化剂的比表面积,促进光生电子-空穴(e^-/h⁺)的分离,产生更多活性自由基,从而提高Ag₃PO₄光催化的活性和稳定性.     

Ag3PO4溶解热力学函数的晶面效应与温度效应

在室温下制备了立方体{100}、 四面体{111}、 菱形十二面体{110}和块体Ag₃PO₄微晶, 并进行了表征. 测定了其在不同温度下水溶液中的电导率, 结合强电解质溶液和溶解热力学理论, 得到了Ag₃PO₄微晶的溶解热力学函数. 以具有不同晶面的Ag₃PO₄微晶为模型, 研究了纳米材料溶解热力学函数的晶面效应和温度效应. 结果表明, 具有{110}晶面的菱形十二面体Ag₃PO₄的标准摩尔溶解吉布斯自由能()、 标准摩尔溶解焓()和标准摩尔溶解熵()最大, 具有{100}晶面的立方体Ag₃PO₄次之, 具有{111}晶面的四面体Ag₃PO₄最小; 溶解平衡常数(K_{\mathrm{SP}})和随着温度的升高而增大.     

O2/CO2气氛下稻秆添加磷酸二氢铵对固钾及灰熔融特性的研究

研究了21%O₂/79%CO₂气氛下,磷酸二氢铵对稻秆不同温度下的固钾能力及对灰熔融性的影响。利用电感耦合等离子体发射光谱(ICP-AES)、X射线衍射(XRD)以及扫描电子显微镜(SEM)等检测手段,对稻秆燃烧灰中K元素含量、产物物相以及微观形貌进行分析。固定床燃烧固钾实验表明,添加NH₄H₂PO₄能够有效提高稻秆固钾率,900℃下稻秆自身固钾率为14.65%,添加NH₄H₂PO₄后固钾率为68.79%,可以有效抑制生物质燃烧过程中碱金属以气态形式析出,并缓解了灰结渣现象。700℃燃烧条件下NH₄H₂PO₄和钾反应的主要产物为KPO₃;900℃下反应的主要产物为高熔点物质K₂CaP₂O₇,从微观形貌可以看出NH₄H₂PO₄能够抑制灰颗粒的烧结,添加NH₄H₂PO₄能有效提升稻秆灰熔点。     

γ-苄基膦酸-磷酸锆的合成、表征及插层性能研究

于220℃水热晶化下制备了高结晶度的γ-ZrP,合成了3种γ-苄基膦酸-磷酸锆层状化合物Zr(PO₄).(H₂PO₄)_0.15(C₆H₅CH₂PO₃H)_0.85·0.4H₂O(1,d=1.86nm),Zr(PO₄)(H₂PO₄)_0.30(C₆H₅CH₂PO₃H)_0.70·0.6H₂O(2,d=1.78nm)和Zr(PO₄)(H₂PO₄)_0.50(C₆H₅CH₂PO₃H)_0.50·0.7H₂O(3,d=1.66nm).用X射线粉末衍射和³¹P固态核磁共振等手段表征其结构,并研究了其与α-苯乙胺的插层性能.     

利用新的指示反应催化光度测定痕量银

催化动力学分析法测定痕量银的报导相对较少,至今仅二十多篇^[1-4],其中大多数是以过硫酸盐作氧化剂。用H₂O₂作氧化剂的体系文献报导很少^[5]。本文在实验基础上,发现在Na₃PO₄-Na₂PO₄介质中,银能催化H₂O₂氧化硫酸对氨基二乙基苯胺,得紫红色产物,其颜色随时间延长而加深,反应速度在一定范围内随银用量增大而加速。本文研究了一系列反应条件之后,拟定出了催化光度测定痕量银的分析方法。     

Infrared optical constants of highly diluted sulfuric acid solution droplets at cirrus temperatures

Complex refractive indices for supercooled sulfuric acid solution droplets in the mid-infrared spectral regime (wavenumber range 6000-800 cm(-1)) have been retrieved for acid concentrations ranging from 33 to 10 wt % H2SO4 at temperatures between 235 and 230 K, from 36 to 15 wt % H2SO4 at temperatures between 225 and 219 K, and from 37 to 20 wt % H2SO4 at temperatures between 211 and 205 K. The optical constants were derived with a Mie inversion technique from measured H2SO4/H2O aerosol extinction spectra that were recorded during controlled expansion cooling experiments in the large coolable aerosol chamber AIDA of Forschungszentrum Karlsruhe. The new data sets cover a range of atmospherically relevant temperatures and compositions in the binary sulfuric acid/water system for which infrared refractive indices have not been published so far, namely, the regime when supercooled H2SO4/H2O solution droplets at T < 235 K are subjected to an environment that is supersaturated with respect to the ice phase. With increasing ice supersaturation, the H2SO4/H2O aerosol particles will continuously dilute by the uptake of water vapor from the gas phase until freezing of the solution droplets eventually occurs when the acid concentration has dropped below a critical, temperature-dependent threshold value. With the aid of the new measurements, the homogeneous freezing process of supercooled H2SO4/H2O solution droplets at cirrus temperatures can be quantitatively analyzed by means of Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, thereby overcoming a major drawback from previous studies: the need to use complex refractive indices that were measured at temperatures well above 235 K to deduce the composition of the low-concentrated H2SO4/H2O aerosol particles. As in the case of the complex refractive indices for sulfuric acid solutions with acid concentrations greater than 37 wt % H2SO4, the new low-temperature optical constants for highly diluted droplets also reveal significant temperature-induced spectral variations in comparison with the refractive indices for higher temperatures, which are associated with a change in the equilibrium between sulfate and bisulfate ions.     

LaCl3-CS(NH2)2-H2O体系的研究

本文报告了以LaCl3·7H2O和LaCl3·3H2O作为原料用溶度法研完LaCl3-CS(NH2)2-H2O体系在30℃和50℃的溶度。体系30℃和50℃的等温溶度图皆为简单共饱型,其溶度曲线由两支组成,分别与CS(NH2)2和LaCL3·7H2O的结晶相对应。30℃时CS(NH2)2的溶度由纯水中的16.83%降到共饱点的6.15%,LaCl3由49.32%降到46.72%,在50℃时则分别由32.46%降到8.98%和51.72%降到48.05%。无论以LaCl3·7H2O或以LaCl3·3H2O为原料平衡所得的点均落在相同的溶度曲线和折光指数-组成(干盐)曲线上。     

三元体系La(ClO4)3-BAPHDCA-H2O(30℃)的相平衡研究及La(BAPHDCA)2.(ClO4)3.4H2O的合成和表征

在30℃时采用等温溶度法研究了三元体系La(ClO4)3-BAPHDCA-H2O(BAPHDCA, N, N'-二安替比林-1, 6-己二酰胺)的相平衡, 绘制了体系的溶度图及饱和溶液的折光指数-组成图,发现并制备了未见文献报道的固液异组成三元化合物La(BAPHDCA)2(ClO4)3.4H2O。通过化学分析、元素分析、IR光谱、TG-DTG及X射线粉末衍射分析等对其进行了物理化学表征。     

298.15和308.15 K时1,2-丙二醇+MCl (M=Na,K, Rb,Cs)+H2O三元体系的溶解度、密度和折光率

系统研究了1,2-丙二醇+MCl (M=Na, K, Rb, Cs)+H₂O三元体系在298.15 和308.15 K时的等温相平衡. 采用硝酸汞滴定法测定了体系中无机盐的含量, 采用安东帕RXA170 折光率仪及DMA4500 密度计测定了所有体系的折光率和密度数值. 报道了1,2-丙二醇质量分数从0增加到0.9过程中饱和及不饱和三元溶液体系的等温溶解度、密度和折光率数据. 实验结果发现, 随着1,2-丙二醇的不断加入, 饱和溶液的溶解度和密度均呈现出减小的趋势, 而折光率的变化则呈现出相反的趋势. 采用经验方程关联了不同醇水比条件下不饱和溶液的密度和折光率实验数据, 获得了较为理想的拟合结果. 本研究的开展充实了碱金属盐在混合溶剂中的热力学数据, 为相关溶液化学研究奠定了基础.     

Equilibrium Phase Behavior of Ethylene Glycol/Glycerin＋RbNO3/CsNO3＋H2O at 288.15 and 298.15 K

The solubilities, densities and refractive indices for the four ternary systems ethylene glycol/glycerin＋ RbNOJCsNO3＋H20 were measured with mass fractions of ethylene glycol or glycerin in a range of 0 to 1.0 at 288.15 and 298.15 K. In all the cases, the presence of either ethylene glycol or glycerin significantly reduces the solubilities of the rubidium nitrate and cesium nitrate in aqueous solution, but the refractive indices increase with the increase of mass fraction of either ethylene glycol or glycerin. The density, refractive index and solubility of the saturated ternary systems were correlated with each other via polynomial equations. In addition, the refractive indices and densities of unsaturated solutions were also determined for the four ternary systems with different salt concentrations, which were correlated with the salt concentration and proportion of ethylene glycol or glycerin in the solution.     

Na2B4O7-Na2CO3-NaHCO3-NaBO2-H2O四元体系的等温溶度

测定了四元体系Na2B4O7 Na2CO3 NaHCO3 NaBO2 H2O在25 、 35及45 ℃时的等温溶度和饱和溶液的折光率,绘制了相应的溶度图和组成 折光率图.体系在35和45 ℃时有异成分化合物－天然碱（Na2CO3•NaHCO3•2H2O）生成.这些结果有助于揭示含硼碱湖的固体盐矿成因,对有关盐卤存在的反应2Na2CO3＋Na2B4O7＋H2O=4NaBO2＋2NaHCO3,揭示了相化学规律.     

Solubilities, Densities and Refractive Indices of Rubidium Chloride or Cesium Chloride in Ethanol Aqueous Solutions at Different Temperatures

The data of solubilities, densities and refractive indices of rubidium chloride or cesium chloride in the system CEHsOH-H2O were measured by using a simple accurate analytical method at different temperatures, with mass fractions of ethanol in the range of 0 to 1.0. In all cases, the presence of ethanol significantly reduced the solubility of rubidium chloride and cesium chloride in aqueous solution. The solubilities of the saturated solutions were fitted via polynomial equations as a function of the mass fraction of ethanol. The CsC1-C2H5OH-H2O ternary system appeared in two liquid phases： alcoholic phase and water phase, when the mass fractions of ethanol were in the range of 10.37% to 49.59% at 35 ℃. Density and refractive index were also determined for the same ternary systems with varied unsaturated salt concentrations. Values for both experiment and theory were correlated with the salt concentrations and proportions of alcohol in the solutions. The equations proposed could also account for the saturated solutions.     

三水合高氯酸镨与18-冠-6配合的研究

采用半微量相平衡方法研究了三元体系Pr(ClO4)3.3H2O-18C6-C2H5OH在298.15K的溶解度, 测定了饱和溶液的折光率。该体系在298.15K时生成两种化学计量的配合物: Pr(ClO4)3.18C6.3H2O(1)和Pr(ClO4)3.2(18C6).3H2O(2)。制备了两种固态配合物, 用化学分析, IR, DTG和TG研究了配合物的组成和性质, 采用量热法, 测定了298.15K时18C6, 配合物1和2在乙醇中的积分溶解热, 以及Pr(ClO4)3.3H2O在18C6-C2H5OH溶液中的积分溶解热。利用本文设计的热化学循环, 求得了两种配合物的标准生成焓。     

室温固相反应制备纳米四水磷酸锌的热化学研究

Nanocrystalline zinc phosphate tetrahydrate was synthesized by solid-state reaction at ambient temperature using Na3PO4·12H2O and ZnSO4·7H2O as regents. The enthalpy of reaction and the standard enthalpy of formation of zinc phosphate tetrahydrate were studied by microcalorimeter. According to Hess s law, a new thermochemical cycle was designed. The dissolution enthalpies of reactant (△H1) and product (△H2) were performed by a RD496 microcalorimeter at 298.15 K using aqueous solution of hydrochloric acid (4mol/L) as a calorimetric solvent. Ultraviolet spectrum, conductivity and refractive index were measured respectively. The results show as follows: △H1=(-47.180±0.084) kJ/mol, △H2=(-7.617±0.096 )kJ/mol. The ultraviolet spectra of the above solution are the same. Conductivity values after 500 times diluted are 2180 and 2181μs/cm respectively. Refractive indexes are 1.3679 and 1.3678 respectively. The standard enthalpy value of the reaction was calculated: △rHm=-39.530 kJ/mol. The standard enthalpy of formation for zinc phosphate tetrahydrate are recommended -4354.004 kJ/mol.     

LaX3-C18H16N3O2Cl-H2O三元体系的相平衡

测定了ＬａＸ３－Ｃ１８Ｈ１６Ｎ３Ｏ２Ｃｌ－Ｈ２Ｏ（Ｘ＝ＮＯ＾３,Ｃｌ＾－）三元体系在３０℃时的溶度和饱和溶液的折光率。发现Ｌａ（ＮＯ３）３＝Ｃ１８Ｈ１６Ｎ３Ｏ２Ｃｌ－Ｈ２Ｏ体系有不一致溶化合物Ｌａ（Ｃ１８Ｈ１６Ｎ３Ｏ２Ｃｌ）３（ＮＯ３）３生成,而ＬａＣｌ３－Ｃ１８Ｈ１６Ｎ３Ｏ２Ｃｌ－Ｈ２Ｏ体系为简单共饱体系。