高温超导体中的赝隙与超导位相涨落

高温超导体赝隙态与超导态之间的关系一直是研究的焦点.交流电导和能斯特（Nernst）效应测量相继探测到超导转变温度Tc0以上温区一定范围内存在磁通涡旋激发,利用力矩技术的磁化率测量则探测到超导涨落引起的弱抗磁性.这些发现都支持了高温超导体赝隙相中存在有限的超导序参量振幅和强烈的位相涨落的图像,说明Tc0处的相变是由库珀对之间长程位相关联的消失所驱动的.文章首先简短地介绍高温超导体的电子态相图和赝隙态,以及能斯特效应的原理和测量方法,然后对能斯特效应的测量结果作一评述性介绍,还讨论了相关的理论模型.     

超声测量证实铜基超导体中一个长期找寻的相变

铜氧化合物高温超导体发现至今已过25年,但该材料的许多方面仍然充满着挑战。超导机理仅仅是其中的一个谜,在超导转变温度 Tc之上,铜基超导体表现出了许多目前的凝聚态理论无法解释的、错综复杂的实验现象。最大的谜团之一是“赝能隙”的本源。“赝能隙”在铜基超导体的相图中占据很大一片区域(见图1),电荷载流子的状态非常类似于超导态,但是材料的电阻仍然很大。目前存在两种可能的解释：一种认为赝能隙代表材料逐步进入超导态的过渡区;另一种认为赝能隙态是一种不同于超导态的特殊物态。近期的实验支持了后一种观点,但是,作为确凿的证据,赝能隙刚刚出现时的热力学相变特征却难以找寻。     

配对对称性与带间作用

研究d p模型的超导性质.可出现d p配对占主导的情形，配对对称性取决于CuO2面内空穴作用的各向异性，可以是纯d波配对，也可以是纯s波配对.CuO2面内各向排斥作用不能导致空穴配对.欠掺杂区域可以出现“预配对”.当库伯对是局域的则不能根据配对函数求超导临界温度.空穴的退局域以及配对参量对称性的演化也能得到理解. 关键词： d波对称性 d p配对 超导电性     

铜氧化物高温超导体中的电子有序态

铜氧化物高温超导现象自30年前被发现以来,对现代凝聚态物理的发展产生了极其重要的影响,然而其微观机制至今依然是一个谜。近年来,多种实验手段的研究结果发现,在铜氧化物高温超导体中电子除了形成库珀对,还可能形成多种其他新奇的有序态,例如自旋有序态、电荷有序态以及库珀对密度波等。这些有序态的起源及其与赝能隙态和超导态的关联对于理解高温超导机理可能具有重要的意义。文章将主要从实验的角度对铜氧化物超导体中的电子有序态做一个概述。     

电子型最佳掺杂高温超导体Nd1.85Ce0.15CuO4-δ中的磁激发谱

文章作者用非弹性中子散射探测了电子型最佳掺杂高温超导体Nd1.85Ce0.15CuO4-δ(Tc=25K)的磁激发谱.当样品的温度从正常态逐渐降低至超导态时,在以波矢Q=(π,,π0)为中心的区域,系统打开了一个小于4m eV的自旋隙,与此同时,在9.5m eV附近出现了一个"中子-自旋磁共振峰",并且"共振峰"的强度随温度的变化关系类似于超导序参量在超导相变发生时的变化,这一点与以前发现的各种空穴型超导体以及电子型超导体Pr0.88LaCe0.12CuO4中的"共振峰"的性质极为相似.因此可以说明"共振峰"是所有高温超导体的共性,并且对高温超导电性的形成有着非常关键的作用.     

铁基超导体能隙结构和机理的统一认识

铁基超导体作为除铜氧化物超导体之外的第二类高温超导体,自从被发现以来其超导电性的成因就备受关注。早期有人针对同时具有空穴型费米口袋和电子型费米口袋的铁砷基超导体提出了S~±配对模式,而且得到中子散射和隧道谱实验的初步支持。这一配对模型的基础是需要在布里渊区同时具有空穴型和电子型费米面。但是铁基超导体的费米面因材料而异,新发现的很多铁硒基超导体因缺乏空穴型费米面,对S~±电子配对模型来说是一个挑战。文章综述了过去几年来作者在这方面取得的工作进展。运用高精度的扫描隧道显微镜,在不同铁基超导体系中,针对超导能隙结构,或超导序参量的性质进行了仔细研究。首先作者在铁砷基超导体Na Fe_(1-x)Co_xAs和Ba_(1-x)K_xFe_2As_2中利用无磁性杂质态测量和隧道谱测量,发现S~±的明确证据。进一步,在只有电子型费米面的(Li_(1-x)Fe_x)OHFe Se超导材料中发现两个各向异性的超导能隙,利用准粒子相干散射实验第一次把这两个超导能隙对应到由电子型费米面套叠或杂化后形成的内外两套费米面上。通过非磁性杂质诱导产生的能隙内杂质态和新型电子驻波相位敏感实验的探测,证明该材料中超导能隙符号也发生反转。因此作者的系列工作统一了有和没有空穴型费米面的铁基超导体的能隙形式,支持排斥势是导致电子配对和超导电性产生的关键因素。     

铁基超导体的扫描隧道显微镜研究进展

铁基高温超导体自2008年发现以来,对其超导电性的研究一直是一个热门的课题.扫描隧道显微镜能够在原子尺度进行表面形貌和隧道谱测量,从微观角度研究电子态密度的信息,是研究超导的重要谱学手段.近年来,在铁基超导电性方面,扫描隧道显微镜实验已经积累了一些有价值的结果,本文进行了总结介绍.铁基超导体是多带多超导能隙的超导体,不同材料的费米面结构有很大的变化.扫描隧道显微镜证明,同时有电子和空穴费米面最佳掺杂的铁基样品超导能隙结构是无节点并带有能隙符号变化的s^±波.而进一步的实验发现在没有空穴费米面的FeSe基超导体中也存在能隙符号的相反,对统一铁基超导体的配对对称性提供了重要实验证据.此外,扫描隧道显微镜在研究铁基超导体的电子向列相、浅能带特性、可能的拓扑特性方面,提供了重要的实验数据.本文对上述相关内容进行了总结,并做了相应分析和讨论.     

向列型三态超导体中的磁通涡旋态（英文）

在掺杂拓扑绝缘体Cu_xBi₂Se₃中，向列型三态超导电性的发现引发了人们对指认三态超导中d-矢量的兴趣，它与能隙函数的反节点方向有关，并且决定了该超导体是否为拓扑。我们对向列型自旋三态p_x波超导体的涡旋态性质进行了自洽分析。我们首先推导了Ginzburg-Landau理论来确定涡旋和涡旋晶格的形状。我们发现孤立涡旋的空间轮廓沿着反节点方向拉长，涡旋晶格是一个沿x方向拉长的形变了的三角晶格，在圆形费米面的特定情况下会变成正方形。最后，我们使用微观的Bogoliubov-de Gennes方程自洽计算了孤立涡旋和涡旋晶格的局域态密度。我们发现在隙间低能量下，局域态密度的轮廓始终沿着反节点方向拉长。我们的发现对于实验上探测向列型三态超导体中能隙函数的反节点方向以及进而确定超导态的拓扑性质(如在Cu_xBi₂Se₃中)具有重要价值。     

铜氧超导电声耦合失效及强关联耦合实验证据

铜氧高温超导丰富的物理属性使BCS理论遇到严峻挑战.一系列关于电子及空穴载流子的理论和实验研究结果显示,"电声耦合"在铜氧超导电性中失效.如铜氧超导的转变温度Tc与价电子密度之间构成非单调"钟形"曲线分布,而"电声耦合"下两者之间则表现为单调指数关系.同时,Hall效应实验揭示Tc与空穴载流子浓度的关系也为"钟形"轮廓.两类实验结果一致表明,无论是空穴配对还是电子配对,铜氧超导Cooper对配对机制不符合"电声耦合"特征.另外,关于铜氧超导拆对能隙的研究,目前已获得丰富的实验结果,飞秒激光和光子反射谱测量显示,拆对能隙分别达到1.5eV左右及1.2~2.1eV,只有电耦合才能达到如此大的耦合强度.因此,电耦合的"激子"可能是建立铜氧超导微观机制的合理途径.Ginzburg早年设想的高温超导激子模式或许在铜氧化合物中实现.     

铜氧超导电声耦合失效及强关联耦合实验证据

铜氧高温超导丰富的物理属性使BCS理论遇到严峻挑战.一系列关于电子及空穴载流子的理论和实验研究结果显示,"电声耦合"在铜氧超导电性中失效.如铜氧超导的转变温度Tc与价电子密度之间构成非单调"钟形"曲线分布,而"电声耦合"下两者之间则表现为单调指数关系.同时,Hall效应实验揭示Tc与空穴载流子浓度的关系也为"钟形"轮廓.两类实验结果一致表明,无论是空穴配对还是电子配对,铜氧超导Cooper对配对机制不符合"电声耦合"特征.另外,关于铜氧超导拆对能隙的研究,目前已获得丰富的实验结果,飞秒激光和光子反射谱测量显示,拆对能隙分别达到1.5eV左右及1.2~2.1eV,只有电耦合才能达到如此大的耦合强度.因此,电耦合的"激子"可能是建立铜氧超导微观机制的合理途径.Ginzburg早年设想的高温超导激子模式或许在铜氧化合物中实现.     

Guided-Wave Two-Dimensional Acousto-Optic Scanner Using Proton-Exchanged Lithium Niobate Waveguide

Two-dimensional scanning of a 0.6328 mum guided-light beam has been realized using noncolinear acousto-optic (AO) coplanar Bragg diffraction together with colinear AO guided-mode to substrate radiation-mode conversion in a Z-cut Xpropagation LiNbO3 proton-exchanged (PE) waveguide. The two surface acoustic (SAW) waves utilized are at the center frequencies of 500 and 200 MHz, propagating in the Y and X axes, respectively. Two-dimensional scanning of approximately 720 resolvable light beam spots, namely, 18 40 (horizontal vertical) scanning, has been demonstrated using a light beam of 1.0 mm aperture. The total number of resolvable beam spots can be greatly increased from 720 by simply utilizing SAW transducers of larger bandwidth and a light beam of greater aperture. It should also be possible to significantly increase the diffraction efficiency from 3 % by optimizing the parameters of the PE waveguide and the SAWs.     

Effect ofγ-radiation on the spectral luminescence characteristics of impure cadmium tungstate crystals

Results of a study of the effect of γ-radiation on the spectral luminescence properties of cadmium tungstate crystals doped with silver, bismuth, and molybdenum cations are presented. Spectral characteristics of the nondnnnoped crystals are briefly described. Absorption and photo and X-ray luminescence spectra of the crystals taken before and after exposure to γ-radiation (5.5·10⁴ Gy) are compared. It is found that the spectral characteristics of the crystals doped with silver, bismuth, and molybdenum cations do not change markedly after the exposure. The relation between the type of impurity-induced defects, individual characteristics of the impurity cations, and the character of the effect of γ-radiation on the spectral luminescence properties of impure crystals is analyzed (preliminarily). Translated from Zhurnal Prikladnoi Spektroskopii, Vol. 64, No. 1, pp. 55–60, January–February, 1997.     

Femtosecond Transform-Limited Pulse Generation by Compensating for the Linear Chirp of SPM Spectra in Dispersion Shifted Fibers

A simple technique of pulse compression, based on the linear chirp compensation of self-phase modulation (SPM) spectra in dispersion shifted fibers, is demonstrated. The optimization procedure is carried out, for a short span of a single-mode fiber, using a parabolic law, which describes the behavior of the squared output pulse width versus the pump peak power in the case of Gaussian pulses. The experimental results give a minimum pulse duration of 233 fs, which is in good agreement with the model. Shorter and coherent pulses, down to 90 fs, have been obtained by inserting an interference filter at the optical output.     

Sorting of bending magnets for the SSRF booster

The Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility(SSRF)booster ring,a full energy injector for the storage ring,is deigned to accelerate the electron beam energy from 150MeV to 3.5GeV that demands high extraction efficiency at the extraction energy with low beam loss rate when electrons are ramping.Closed orbit distortion(COD)caused by bending magnet field uniformity errors which affects the machine performance harmfully could be effectively reduced by bending magnet location sorting.Considering the affections of random errors in measurement,both ideal sorting and realistic sorting are studied based on measured bending magnet field uniformity errors and one reasonable combination of bending magnets which can reduce the horizontal COD by a factor of 5is given as the final installation sequence of the booster bending magnets in this paper.     

Measurement of nonlinear coefficient of optical fiber based on small chirped soliton transmission

We measure the waveform and phase curves of short optical pulses before and after transmission over different lengths of fibers by use of the pulse analyzer with the frequency-resolved optical gating (FROG),and numerically simulate pulse evolution under the experimental conditions.The nonlinear coefficient of the fiber is given by comparing the experimental results with the numerical ones.Difference between the experiment and numerical simulation is analyzed.     

Resonance scattering of canonical elastic shells in absorbing fluid medium

Resonance scattering of elastic spherical shell and cylindrical shell while the surrounding fluid medium has absorption is studied. The normal mode solution derived using exact elastic theory and the separation of variables is still applicable. However, the scattering form function has to be modified for the absorbing medium, otherwise the unreasonable result would be obtained. The backscattering form function in the absorbing medium is redefined, and the form function of elastic spherical and cylindrical shell with vacuum or solid matter filled is calculated in various absorption conditions. The results show that the absorption of surrounding fluid leads to notable attenuation of the coincidence resonances in the mid-frequency, but it has a little influence on the low-frequency resonance scattering induced by the filler inside the shell.     

Single-beam self-referenced phase-sensitive surface plasmon resonance sensor with high detection resolution

A versatile and low-cost single-beam self-referenced phase-sensitive surface plasmon resonance(SPR)sensing system with ultra-high resolution performance is presented.The system exhibits a root-mean-square phase fluctuation of ±0.0028.over a period of 45 min.i.e.a resolution of±5.2×10-9 refractive index units.The enhanced performance has been achieved through the incorporation of three design elements:a true single-beam configuration enabling complete self-referencing so that only the phase change associated with SPR gets detected,a differential measurement scheme to eliminate spurious signals not related to the sensor response,and the elimination of retardation drifts by incorporating temperature stabilization in the liquid crystal phase modulato .Our design should bring the detection sensitivity of non-labeling SPR biosensing closer to that achievable by conventional fluorescence-based techniques.     

Influences of SiO2 protective layers and annealing on the laser-induced damage threshold of Ta2O5 films

Ta2O5 films are prepared on BK7 substrates with conventional electron beam evaporation deposition.The effects of SiO2 protective layers and annealing on the laser-induced damage threshold (LIDT) of the films are investigated.The results show that SiO2 protective layers exert little influence on the electric field intensity(EFI)distribution,microstructure and microdefect density but increase the absorption slightly.Annealing iS effective on decreasing the microdefect density and the absorption of the films.Both SiO2 protective layers and annealing are beneficial to the damage resistance of the films and the latter is more effective to improve the LIDT.Moreover,the maximal LIDT of Ta2O5 films is achieved by the combination of SiO2 protective layers and annealing.     

A stereo matching algorithm using multi-peak candidate matches and geometric constraints

Gray cross correlation matching technique is adopted to extract candidate matches with gray cross correla- tion coefficients less than some certain range of maximal correlation coefficient called multi-peak candidate matches. Multi-peak candidates are extracted corresponding to three closest feature points at first. The corresponding multi-peak candidate matches are used to construct the model polygon. Correspondence is determined based on the local geometric relations between the three feature points and the multi-peak candidates. The disparity test and the global consistency checkout are applied to eliminate the remaining ambiguous matches that are not removed by the local geometric relational test. Experimental results show that the proposed algorithm is feasible and accurate.