Generation of vortices by a streamwise oscillating cylinder

The wake of a streamwise oscillating cylinder is presently investigated. The Reynolds number investigated is 300, based on the cylinder diameterd. The cylinder oscillates at an amplitude of 0.5d and a frequencyf _e/f_s=1.8, wheref _e is the cylinder oscillating frequency andf _s is the natural vortex shedding frequency of a stationary cylinder. Under these conditions the flow is essentially two dimensional. A two-dimensional direct numerical simulation (DNS) scheme has been developed to calculate the flow. The DNS results display a street of binary vortices, each containing two counter-rotating vortical structures, symmetrical about the centerline, which is in excellent agreement with measurements. The drag and lift on the cylinder have been examined. The time averaged drag and lift are 1.4 and 0, respectively, which are the same as those on a stationary cylinder at the sameRe. However, the fluctuating drag was high, about 2.68. It has been found that, being symmetrically formed about the centerline, the binary vortices induce an essentially zero fluctuating lift, which may have a profound implication in flow control and engineering.     

Flow visualization behind a streamwise oscillating cylinder and a stationary cylinder in tandem arrangement

Interference is investigated between a stationary cylinder wake and that of a downstream streamwise oscillating cylinder. Experiments were carried out in a water tunnel. A laser-induced fluorescence technique was used to visualize the flow structure behind two inline circular cylinders of identical diameterd. The downstream cylinder was forced to oscillate harmonically at the amplitude of 0.5d and the frequency ratiof _e f _s=1.8, wheref _e is the oscillation frequency of the downstream cylinder andf _s is the vortex shedding frequency from an isolated stationary cylinder. The investigation was conducted for the cylinder center-to-center spacingL/d=2.5 ∼ 4.5. Two flow regimes have been identified, i.e. the ‘single-cylinder shedding regime’ atL/d<-3.5 and the ‘two-cylinder shedding regime’ atL/d>3.5. At smallL/d, the upstream cylinder does not appear to shed vortices; vortices are symmetrically formed behind the downstream cylinder as a result of interactions between the shear layers separated from the upstream cylinder and the oscillation of the downstream cylinder. This is drastically different from that behind two stationary cylinders atL/d<-3.5, where vortices are shed alternately from the downstream cylinder only. AtL/d=4.5, both upstream and downstream cylinders shed vortices. This is true with or without the oscillation of the downstream cylinder. The flow structure is now totally different from that atL/d=3.5. The vortices are shed alternately from the upstream cylinder; a staggered spatial arrangement of vortices occurs behind the downstream cylinder.     

Flow characteristics around a rotating grooved circular cylinder with grooved of different depths

The present paper describes the flow characteristics around a rotating grooved circular cylinder with grooves of different depths. The surface structure of a circular cylinder was varied by changing the depths of 32 arc grooves on the surface. The surface pressure on the cylinder is measured for theRe range of from 0.4×10⁵ to 1.8×10⁵ and for rotations of from 0 to 4500 rpm. The drag coefficient of a grooved cylinder increases as the spin rate ratio α (= rotational speed of the cylinder surface/uniform velocity) increases forRe>1.0×10⁵. As the groove depth increases, the drag coefficient of a grooved cylinder is independent from the spin rate ratio α. The direction of the lift force of a smooth cylinder is opposite to the Magnus force forRe>1.0×10⁵. However, the direction of the lift force of a grooved cylinder is the same as that of the Magnus force for allRe>1.0×10⁵. As the groove depth increases, the increase in the slope of the lift coefficient becomes small. These phenomena are related to the positions of the flow separation points, which are clarified from the pressure distribution and flow visualization by the spark tracing method. In addition, in the present study, the flow around a rotating grooved cylinder is clarified by flow visualization.     

Flow characteristics around a square cylinder with changing chamfer dimensions

Abstract  

It is known that for a square cylinder subjected to uniform flow, the drag force changes with the angle of attack. To clarify the flow characteristics around a square cylinder with corner cutoffs, we measured the drag coefficient and the Strouhal number for changing chamfer dimensions. We analyzed the flow around a square cylinder with corner cutoffs by applying the RNG k–ε turbulent model, and investigated the surface flow pattern using visualization by means of the oil film and mist flow method. From these results, we obtained the surface flow patterns by the oil film method and numerical analysis. The numerical results agreed well with the experimental values. The drag coefficient of the square cylinder with corner cutoffs decreased suddenly at an angle of attack of about α = 0°– 10° when compared with the drag coefficient for a square cylinder. The minimum value of the drag coefficient for the square cylinder with corner cutoffs decreased by about 30% compared with that for the square cylinder. The drag coefficient of the square cylinder with 10% corner cutoffs was found to be smallest, since the wake area of this square cylinder was smaller compared with that of the other square cylinder.     

电磁力控制湍流边界层分离圆柱绕流场特性数值分析

在亚临界区高雷诺数Re=1.4×105下,采用脱体涡模拟结合湍流分离的方法对弱电解质中电磁力作用下湍流边界层分离圆柱绕流场及其升(阻)力特性进行了数值模拟和分析.结果表明,电磁力可以提高圆柱体湍流边界层内的流体动能,延缓圆柱体湍流边界层的流动分离,减弱圆柱体湍流绕流场中在流向和展向上大尺度漩涡的强度,减小圆柱体阻力时均值及其升力脉动幅值.当电磁力作用参数大于某个临界值后,湍流边界层流动分离消失,在圆柱体尾部产生射流现象,从而电磁力对圆柱体产生净推力作用,出现负阻力现象,而且升力脉动幅值接近于零,出现圆柱体升力消失现象.     

Numerical simulation of flow around a circular cylinder with curved sectional grooves

In a circular cylinder with uniform flow, a sudden decrease in the drag force occurs at a high Reynolds numbers; however, it is known that the same phenomenon occurs at a lower Reynolds number in the case where there exist grooves or roughness on the circular cylinder surface. To clarify the flow characteristics around a circular cylinder in the case of changing the shape of grooves we analyzed the drag coefficient, lift coefficient, turbulent kinetic energy, vorticity and pressure by applying the RNGk-ε turbulent model. The shapes of the grooves were arced, triangulated and curved. The results showed that the separation point for a circular cylinder with curved sectional grooves shifts to the most downstream side and the drag coefficient becomes the smallest among circular cylinders with grooves.     

Effect of the number of grooves on flow characteristics around a circular cylinder with triangular grooves

In the flow around a circular cylinder, a sudden decrease in the mean drag coefficient occurs at a high Reynolds number, but the same phenomenon occurs at a lower Reynolds number in the case where there exist grooves or roughness on the cylinder surface. In this paper, in order to make clear the flow characteristics around a cylinder with 20, 26 and 32 triangular grooves, the mean drag coefficient, pressure distribution, velocity distribution and turbulence intensity distribution were measured. Moreover, the flow around the cylinder was analyzed by applying the RNGk − ɛ turbulent model, and the surface flow pattern was investigated using the oil-film technique. From these results, it was found that a sudden decrease in the mean drag coefficient of a cylinder with 32 triangular grooves occurs at a lower Reynolds number compared with 20 and 26 triangular grooves.     

Effect of groove shape on flow characteristics around a circular cylinder with grooves

In the flow around a circular cylinder, a sudden decrease in the drag force occurs at a high Reynolds number, but the same phenomenon occurs at a lower Reynolds number in the case where there exist grooves or roughness on the circular cylinder surface. In this paper, in order to make clear the flow characteristics around a circular cylinder in the case of changing the shapes of grooves, the drag coefficient, pressure distribution, velocity distribution and turbulent distribution were measured. Moreover the flow around the cylinder was analyzed by applying the RNGk · ∈ turbulent model, and the surface flow pattern was investigated using the oil-film technique. From these results, it is clear that the drag coefficient of a circular cylinder with triangular grooves decreases by about 15% compared with that of a circular cylinder with arc grooves.     

Spin-Flip and Elastic Processes in Slow Collisions of Mesic Atoms

The reduced adiabatic hyperspherical (RAHS) basis suggested previously is used for the calculation of elastic and spin-flip cross sections in the processes (aμ) _F + a → (aμ) _F′ + a, a = (p, d, t), for collision energies 10⁻³ ≤ ε ≤ 10² eV. The rapid convergence of the method is demonstrated. A comparison of the obtained results with previous ones is presented. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

A numerical study of transient flow around a cylinder and aerodynamic sound radiation

The fully 3D turbulent incompressible flow around a cylinder and in its wake at a Reynolds number Re = = 9×10⁴ based on the cylinder diameter and Mach number M = 0.1 is calculated using Large Eddy Simulations (LES). Encouraging results are found in comparison to experimental data for the fluctuating lift and drag forces. The acoustic pressure in far-field is commutated through the surface integral formulation of the Ffowcs Williams and Hawkings (FWH) equation in acoustic analogy. Five different sound sources, the cylinder wall and four permeable surfaces in the flow fields, are employed. The spectra of the sound pressure are generally in quantitative agreement with the measured one though the acoustic sources are pseudo-sound regarding the incompressible flow simulation. The acoustic component at the Strouhal number related to vortex shedding has been predicted accurately. For the broad band sound, the permeable surfaces in the near wake region give qualitative enough accuracy level of predictions, while the cylinder wall surface shows a noticeable under-prediction. The sound radiation of the volumetric sources based on Lighthill tensors at vortex shedding is also studied. Its far-field directivity is of lateral quadrupoles with the weak radiations in the flow and cross-flow directions.     

Critical Behavior of the Blume-Emery-Griffiths Model for a Simple Cubic Lattice on the Cellular Automaton

The spin-1 Ising model with the nearest-neighbour bilinear and biquadratic interactions and single-ion anisotropy is simulated on a cellular automaton which improved from the Creutz cellular automaton (CCA) for a simple cubic lattice. The simulations have been made for several k=K/J and d=D/J in the 0≤d<3 and −2≤k≤0 parameter regions. We confirm the existence of the re-entrant and the successive re-entrant phase transitions near the phase boundary. The phase diagrams characterizing phase transitions are presented for comparison with those obtained from other calculations. The static critical exponents are estimated within the framework of the finite-size scaling theory at d=0, 1 and 2 in the interval −2≤k≤0. The results are compatible with the universal Ising critical behavior.     

Numerical investigation of incompressible fluid flow and heat transfer around a rotating circular cylinder

The heat transfer and air flow around an unconfined heated rotating circular cylinder is investigated numerically for varying rotation rates (α = 0–6) in the Reynolds number range of 20–200. The numerical calculations are carried out by using a finite volume method based commercial computational fluid dynamics solver FLUENT. The successive changes in the flow pattern are studied as a function of the rotation rate. Suppression of vortex shedding occurs as the rotation rate increases (α > 2). A second kind of instability appears for higher rotation speed where a series of counter-clockwise vortices is shed in the upper shear layer. The rotation attenuates the secondary instability and increases the critical Reynolds number for the appearance of this instability. Besides, time-averaged (lift and drag coefficients and Nusselt number) results are obtained and compared with the literature data. A good agreement has been obtained for both the local and averaged values.     

np → ηd near threshold and the s -wave ηN amplitude

We calculate the process np → ηd near threshold using a separable potential model of the coupled ηN - πN - ππN subystems, and a relativistic three-body calculation for the ηd scattering amplitude. The ππN channels are represented by an effective σN channel, and we compare the case where the σ and π masses are related by m _σ = 2m _π and no width is considered, to another where the mass and width of the σ -meson are taken from ππ scattering data. The np → ηd cross-section can be well described up to about 60MeV by models where the real part of the ηN scattering length lies between 0.4≤Re(a _ηN)≤0.6 fm which allows us to determine the s -wave ηN scattering amplitude for -60≤E≤60 MeV.     

Critical fields of a superconducting cylinder

The self-consistent solutions of the nonlinear Ginzburg-Landau equations, which describe the behavior of a superconducting mesoscopic cylinder in an axial magnetic field H (provided there are no vortices inside the cylinder), are studied. Different, vortex-free states (M-, e-, d-, p-), which exist in a superconducting cylinder, are described. The critical fields (H ₁, H ₂, H _p , H _i , H _r ), at which the first or second order phase transitions between different states of the cylinder occur, are found as functions of the cylinder radius R and the GL-parameter . The boundary , which divides the regions of the first and second order (s, n)-transitions in the icreasing field, is found. It is found that at R→∞ the critical value, is . The hysteresis phenomena, which appear when the cylinder passes from the normal to superconducting state in the decreasing field, are described. The connection between the self-consistent results and the linearized theory is discussed. It is shown that in the limiting case and R ≫ λ (λ is the London penetration length) the self-consistent solution (which correponds to the socalled metastable p-state) coincides with the analitic solution found from the degenerate Bogomolnyi equations. The reason for the existence of two critical GL-parameters and in, bulk superconductors is discussed. An erratum to this article is available at.     

Positron lifetime as a function of grain size

Published data on positron annihilation lifetime in copper as a function of grain size have been analyzed to show that there is a linear relationship between the internal grain boundary surface area, per unit volume,S _v, and the positron lifetime, τ. The analysis indicates that grain boundaries are important in the trapping of positrons. It is suggested that the slope of the resulting straight line,dS _v/dτ, can be used to determine the annihilation rate of the grain boundaries.     

均匀流中近壁面垂直流向振荡圆柱水动力特性研究

对均匀来流下靠近壁面处在垂直流向做强迫振荡运动的光滑圆柱的水动力特性进行了试验研究. 试验在拖曳水池中进行, 雷诺数为2× 10⁵, 通过采集顺流向和垂直流向的力, 得到了阻力系数、升力系数、相位角等与间隙比、振荡频率和振幅之间的关系. 通过研究得到如下结论: 1)振荡圆柱的平均阻力系数在近壁面处随间隙比的减小而骤降; 2)振荡圆柱泄涡受到完全抑制的临界间隙比要小于静止圆柱; 3)近壁面的存在对振荡圆柱的能量传递有着重要的影响, 自由边界圆柱强迫振荡所得到的水动力系数不能用来预报海底管道的涡激振动; 4)对于振荡圆柱, 附加质量系数只有在一定的频率范围内才是定值, 且在低频率区域其绝对值随间隙比减小而增大; 5)圆柱在进行强迫振荡时, 其平均阻力系数、振荡阻力系数和振荡升力系数均随无因次振幅的增加而增大. 关键词： 海底管道 强迫振荡 水动力特性 涡激振动     

Coupling of tilting Gaussian beam with hybrid mode in the corrugated waveguide

The mode-conversion loss in the matching between the gaussian beam emanated from the gyrotron and the hybrid mode in the circular corrugated waveguide with the diameter of 2a is discussed. By numerical calculation, it is found that the loss considerably increases and optimum waist sizew ₀ changes when TEM₀₀ mode with the wavelength λ is injected with offset or tilt. By fitting numerical data to the polynomial function, it becomes evident that the scaling formulas of the losses for the off-axis shiftr _d and for the tilt angle θ are derived to be 2.3(r _d /a)² – 2.2(r _d /a)⁴ and 3.9(aα/λ)² – 5.6(aθ/λ)⁴ for fixedw ₀/a=0.643, respectively. To keep the mode-conversion loss ≤1% for the frequency of 168 GHz and 2a=88.9 mm, tilting angle and offset should be less than 0.1 degrees and 2.9 mm, respectively.     

Computation of parabolic cylinder functions by means of a tricomi expansion

Fast convergence expansion of the parabolic cylinder functions U(a, x), V(a, x), W(a, ± x) is obtained in terms of the Tricomi functions E_v(z). The numerical results are quite accurate for a large interval of values of “a” and for |x| 7. Tables are given for U and V in order to compare our results with other recent works on the same functions.     

3D Visualization of the separated fluid flows

For the detailed investigation of the 3D unsteady incompressible viscous separated fluid flows around a sphere (for 200≤Re≤700) and a circular cylinder (for 200≤Re≤400) the direct numerical simulation and 3D visualization are used. For 3D visualization of the fluid flows around a sphere the definition of vortex core as a connected region containing two negative eigenvalues of theS ²+Ω ² tensor is used (whereS _i,j andΩ _ij are the rate of strain and the rate of rotation tensors). The formation mechanism of vortices in the sphere wake for Re=500 is described in detail. For 3D visualization of the fluid flows around a circular cylinder the 3D isosurfaces of the streamwise component of vorticity ω _x are used.     

Steps and facets at the surface of soft crystals

We consider the shape of crystals which are soft in the sense that their elastic modulus μ is small compared to their surface tension γ, more precisely μa < γ where a is the lattice spacing. We show that their surface steps penetrate inside the crystal as edge dislocations. As a consequence, these steps are broad with a small energy which we calculate. We also calculate the elastic interaction between steps a distance d apart, which is a 1/d ² repulsion. We finally calculate the roughening temperatures of successive facets in order to compare with the remarkable shapes of lyotropic crystals recently observed by Pieranski et al. [#!Pieranski!#,#!EPJ!#]. Good agreement is found. Received 25 June 2001