纺织纤维发展历程概观

人类在纺织材料的应用上历经了从天然纤维到化学合成纤维的发展道路。毛、麻、棉、丝是人类最早使用的天然纺织纤维。19世纪末,随着现代化学和化学工业的兴起,人类迎来了化学合成纤维的新时代。20世纪50年代以后,伴随着现代石油化学工业的快速发展,人类开启了以聚酯纤维等为代表的高分子合成纤维新时代。20世纪中后期,新型高性能的复合纺织纤维逐渐成为现代纺织材料发展的新方向。     

现代防弹材料发展概观

防弹材料的不断创新发展带来了防弹装备的现代化发展,现代防弹材料历经了3代发展：第1代防弹材料以特种钢、铝合金等硬质金属为主;第2代防弹材料是合成高分子材料,以凯芙拉（Kevlar）为代表的高性能合成纤维为主;第3代防弹材料则以高性能的有机-无机复合材料为主。     

亨利定律的历史概观

亨利定律是现代物理化学的一个重要内容,但它却被应用于涉及气体在液体中的溶解度的所有科学分支学科中,这是一个值得注意的现象。     

我国化学发展前景

化学是一门实用的学科,它与数学、物理学等学科共同成为当代自然科学迅猛发展的基础.化学的核心知识已经应用于自然科学的方方面面,与其它学科相辅相成,构成了创造自然、改造自然的强大力量.     

我国电化学的发展

解放前,国内几乎没有做过有关电极过程的研究。1950年前出版的十六卷《中国化学会会志》,只有一篇卤代硝基苯电解还原的报道。约自五十年代中期开始,在中国科学院长春应用化学研究所首先开展了与工业电解有关的阳极过程的研究。随后不久,复旦大学、厦门大学、武汉大学、山东大学等先后开始了电极过     

我国配位化学进展

简述了我国配位化学的发展、进展和特点。     

我国化学农药的进展

在毛主席革命路线指引下,在无产阶级文化大革命和批林批孔运动的推动下,我国农药工业和农林业病、虫、草害防治工作蓬勃发展,形势大好。目前在发展高效、低毒、低残留农药、研制防治难治的重大农林病虫害新药剂和大力开展水旱田除草剂的使用方面都做了不少工作,取得较大的成效。由于我国农药事业的发展,使我国重大农林病虫危害受到控制,农林业增产得到保证,农林化学除草得以逐步实现,把我国农药化工和农林植物保护工作提高到新的水平,为社会主义革命和社会主义建设作出了贡献。我国农民采用以砷、汞、硫黄等矿物和烟草、除虫菊、黄藤等植物为原料配制杀虫、杀菌药剂来防治农作物病虫害已有悠久的历史。但是,我国化学农药工业     

我国农药化学进展

本文简要介绍了我国化学工作者近年来在植物源农药、农用抗菌素、植物和昆虫激素、新农药创制、农药立体化学、农药计算化学等农药化学领域,所取得的成果。     

我国古代炼铁技术

我们伟大的祖国有悠久的历史,我国人民创造了灿烂的古代文化,在发展古代冶金技术方面有辉煌的成就,古代炼铁技术的发明,就是一项杰出的范例。炼铁技术的发明我国历史上使用铁器始于何时?目前还很难定论,从一些文献记载来看,大致可追溯到春秋时期,再早的还有一些传说或推测,难以为据。考古发掘的金属文物是古代劳动人民创造的古代冶金技术的实物见证。用现代科学技术检测金属文物,为冶金史的研究提供了丰富的、可靠的资料。     

Applications of Surfactants in Petroleum Industry

Surfactants find applications in different operations of petroleum production. They have become important in drilling, cement slurries, fracturing, acidization, demulsification, corrosion inhibition, transportation, cleaning, waterflooding, chemical, foam and steam flooding and- environment protection. They are essential to the improvement of production economics and total recovery of petroleum. This review describes those points of applications, logic behind their use and more common formulations.     

The Petroleum Industry Surfactants Synthesized from Fish Oils

Biodegradable surfactants for the petroleum industry have been synthesized by the sulfurization of fish oils. A qualitative composition analysis of surfactants was conducted by FTIR spectroscopy that showed the presence of sulfonic acid groups in the samples. Previously, several samples of the technical fish oils (fish processing waste) have been studied with regard to their use for the synthesis of biodegradable surfactants. It has been shown by gas–liquid chromatography, FTIR spectroscopy, high-performance liquid chromatography, and mass spectrometry method that samples under study contain a large amount of saturated and nonsaturated fatty acids with hydrocarbon radicals comprising from 16 to 22 carbon atoms. The results reveal that the concentration of oleic acid approaches to 15 wt%. Fish oils with a high content of free fatty acids were used as the basis for the synthesis of technical, environmentally friendly surfactants that can be applied in the petroleum industry.     

An Overview of Surfactant Applications in Drilling Fluids for the Petroleum Industry

Surfactants are increasingly being used in an ever-expanding variety of applications for drilling fluids. In oil-based drilling fluids, the most well-known applications of surfactants are as emulsifiers and wetting agents. In water-based drilling fluids, there is a continually-growing variety of applications that include:

• oil-in-water emulsification in base fluid formulations;

• shale-swelling inhibitors to prevent wellbore instabilities;

• detergency to prevent cuttings sticking to drill bit (adhesion of clay to metal parts);

• prevention of differential sticking;

• dispersants to inhibit flocculation of clay particles;

• foaming additives, to generate high gas/water ratio foam used as drilling fluids for low-pressure reservoirs and hard-rock drilling;

• defoaming additives to eliminate undesirable foam in water-based fluids;

• surfactant-polymer complexes for enhanced properties in fluids for low-pressure reservoirs.

This review describes historical and modern applications of surfactant technology in drilling fluids, and the impact of those molecules on drilling operations. Proper selection and application of surfactants in drilling fluids have a significant economic impact, in terms of reducing the amount of lost time and potential trouble, and have a direct consequence on overall drilling performance and results.     

A Comparative Evaluation of Nitrogen Compounds in Petroleum Distillates

Although the concentration of nitrogen compounds in crude oil is relatively low, they can become more concentrated in petroleum distillates and poison the catalysts used in refining processes. They cause undesirable deposits, color formation and odor in products; they also contribute to air pollution and some are highly carcinogenic. The poisoned catalyst becomes deactivated for hydrodesulfurization and unable to remove sulfur from middle distillates. In order to understand the effect on catalytic processes, it is desirable to identify the nitrogen compounds in various petroleum distillates. This paper compares the nitrogen species profiles in different petroleum distillates using a nitrogen chemiluminescence detector. In addition, four different petroleum distillate samples from different refineries were analyzed to find the variation in their nitrogen profiles. The nitrogen compounds in petroleum distillate samples were identified as anilines, quinolines, indoles, and carbazoles and their alkyl derivatives. Quantitation was carried out against known reference standards. The quantitative data were compared to the total nitrogen content determined by elemental analysis.     

中国高分子工业技术进展

介绍了“十五”期间国内合成树脂、合成纤维、合成橡胶等高分子材料生产技术的新进展.聚合工艺技术开发方面,大型化的聚丙烯、聚乙烯、聚酯、顺丁橡胶、SBS热塑性弹性体、溶聚丁苯橡胶、丁基橡胶等高分子聚合成套工艺技术相继开发成功,建成了国产化的生产装置.纺丝成套工艺技术开发方面,大容量涤纶短纤、腈纶生产技术亦取得重要进展.合成材料新产品开发方面,合成树脂专用料比例、合成纤维差别化率和合成橡胶新产品比例均有了明显提高.化工新材料方面,在非通用合成树脂,如增粘PET、环氧树脂、聚氨脂,工程塑料,如尼龙6、PBT,以及高性能纤维,如超高分子量聚乙烯纤维、PBO纤维的合成工艺技术开发与新产品开发方面均取得了重要的进展.     

离子色谱在我国建材行业中的应用进展

对国内建材行业相关标准中涉及的离子检测方法进行总结;概述了离子色谱在建材中常见的氯离子、硫酸根、氟离子检测中的应用进展,并对其在建材行业中的应用前景进行了展望。离子色谱法具有快速,选择性好,灵敏度高等优点,在建材行业中会得到越来越广泛的应用。     

A Holistic View of Polymer Aggregate

Polymers are everywhere.The living kingdom is full of natural polymers or biological macromolecules(e.g.,polysaccharides,polynucleotides and proteins),while the modern society is alive with synthetic polymers or manmade macromolecules(e.g.,plastics,fibers and rubbers).     

离子交换色谱测定原油中的单双石油磺酸盐

建立了一种新的离子交换高效液相色谱在线测定原油中单双石油磺酸盐的方法,通过使用六通阀切换,在一根强阴离子交换柱上完成在线纯化和分离。原油样品经过二氯甲烷-甲醇(体积比60∶40)溶剂稀释后进入HPLC测定。原油中单石油磺酸盐的检出限为10.0μg/g,双石油磺酸盐的检出限为12.5μg/g。2-萘磺酸钠和萘-1,5-二磺酸钠分别在4.8~120.0 mg/L和4.0~100.1 mg/L范围内有良好的线性。该方法准确、重复性好,可以满足原油中石油磺酸盐的分离测定。