红外光电成像系统MTF测试技术分析

调制传递函数是评价红外光电成像系统整机成像质量的重要指标之一。通常MTF的测试方法有狭缝法和刀口法等。详述了倾斜目标靶（斜狭缝和斜刀口）测试MTF的测试原理,并且对该两种方法进行了比对实验。提出一种改进刀口法,将多行数据刃边对齐并排列成一行数据作为刀口扩散函数,能增加采样点数和采样率并提高测试分辨率,进而得到刀口图像,对每行数据先微分得到各行LSF(线扩散函数),再对LSF多行数据构成的新图像按照斜缝法处理过程计算MTF。实验验证表明,该方法数据能够有效地降低在MTF测试过程中的噪声影响,与斜缝法MTF测试结果差值最大不超过7.5%。     

移动刀刃法检测垂直扫描方向成像光谱仪像方MTF探讨

描述成像光谱仪系统空间分辩率优劣的关键参数是系统的调制传递函数-MTF,MTF的检测是一个古老而又困难的课题。首次在有限视场的输入景物下通过移动刀刃法对扫描成像过程中垂直扫描方向系统像方MTF的检测进行了分析和模拟计算。     

光纤成像光谱仪中谱线畸变对调制传递函数的影响

将光纤传像束应用到色散型成像光谱仪中取代其狭缝,链接望远系统和光谱仪组成光纤成像光谱仪。它是二重采样系统,光谱仪的谱线畸变使光纤束采样像元的像与探测器像元之间产生对准偏差,从而对第二次采样过程产生影响,导致调制传递函数(MTF)下降。从线扩散函数角度出发推导出采样过程光学传递函数,分析了谱线畸变对系统MTF的影响,建立了一套评价光纤成像光谱仪MTF的模型。该模型比狭缝型成像光谱仪MTF计算模型多了一项光纤积分MTF因子和一项由谱线畸变引起的对准偏差MTF因子,最后用该模型评价了某机载可见近红外波段光纤成像光谱仪MTF。MTF计算模型的推导和建立方法对计算二重采样系统光学传递函数有参考意义,能指导光纤成像光谱仪的设计。     

新一代帕洛马天文台光谱仪的虚拟刀口欠采样像质测量方法

天文光谱仪的成像质量可用点扩散函数或线扩散函数来表征,但其相对于光谱仪探测器通常为欠采样,很难直接测量。在新一代帕洛马天文台光谱仪的像质测试中引入虚拟刀口法进行光源物面扫描,并应用虚拟刀口法开展欠采样光谱仪像质及光源尺度测量,通过模拟和实验研究,对比分析过采样经典直边刀口法和过采样直接测量方法,验证了虚拟刀口法具有良好的测量精度。在693 nm处,直边刀口法测得光谱仪过采样线扩散函数的半高全宽为7.05μm,虚拟刀口法测量欠采样线扩散函数的半高全宽为7.14μm,测量误差为1.3%。在0.3"视场的光源尺度下,虚拟刀口法测得689、693、701 nm欠采样线扩散函数的半高全宽分别为24.2、27.7、30.8μm,以过采样直接测量结果为参考,其测量准确度分别为98.3%,93.9%和88.8%。实验结果表明,探测器成像严重欠采样时,采用光源物面扫描的虚拟刀口法可准确测量光谱仪的成像质量,该方法结合色散系数还可实现光谱仪分辨率的测量,相关研究工作可为天文光谱仪像质的直接测量提供借鉴。     

基于双Amici棱镜设计的多狭缝偏振成像光谱仪

偏振成像光谱技术可以获取目标景物的七维空间信息,其获取丰富数据信息的能力使它的应用越来越广泛。基于双Amici棱镜对多狭缝偏振成像光谱仪的光学系统进行设计,采用双Amici棱镜作为系统的分光元件提供宽视场平行光束色散,以满足多狭缝的需求;宽视场的多狭缝结构是基于常规狭缝式成像光谱仪结构进行优化的。本系统中宽视场的多狭缝光谱仪结构须做好与前置望远物镜的光瞳衔接。成像系统和偏振光谱仪系统均采用远心结构,以便与光瞳匹配,系统总长度为279mm,系统光路共轴,结构紧凑;通过调制传递函数(MTF)和点列图对光学系统的像质进行评价。结果表明:全系统在各视场典型波长处的MTF均接近衍射极限,MTF在39lp/mm处超过了0.75;各典型波长处的点列图均在艾里斑内,接近完美成像;3条狭缝对应3个不同的偏振态,可通过推扫获取目标景物的偏振信息、空间信息和光谱信息。     

基于Offner结构分视场成像光谱仪光学设计

为满足航天应用中仪器小型和轻量化、大视场的观测要求,通过分析现有Offner成像光谱仪,给出了一种简单的采用凸面光栅设计成像光谱仪的方法。并据此方法设计了一应用于400 km高度,波段范围为0.4~1 μm,焦距为720 mm,F数为5,全视场大小为4.3°的分视场成像光谱仪系统。分视场采用光纤将望远系统的细长像面连接到光谱仪的三个不同狭缝而实现。三狭缝光谱面共用一个像元数为1 024×1 024,像元大小18 μm×18 μm的CCD探测器。通过ZEMAX软件优化和公差分析后,系统在28 lp·mm-1处MTF优于0.62,光谱分辨率优于5 nm,地面分辨率小于10 m,能很好的满足大视场应用要求,该光学系统刈幅宽度相当于国内已研制成功的同类最好仪器的三倍。     

干涉成像光谱仪光通量的计算与分析

论述了干涉成像光谱技术的工作原理,采用光线追迹的方法对基于Sagnac棱镜和Savart偏光镜的干涉仪中的光线传播规律进行了分析,推导出了无狭缝式干涉成像光谱仪光通量的精确理论计算公式,并对干涉成像光谱仪中具有代表性的Savart型偏振干涉成像光谱仪光通量和改型Sagnac成像光谱仪光通量进行了分析比较.通过计算机模拟给出了系统光通量随入射角和波长变化的关系曲线.该研究对干涉成像光谱仪的研究和工程化研制具有重要的指导意义. 关键词： 干涉成像光谱仪 光通量 透射比     

基于多级微镜的傅里叶变换成像光谱仪干涉成像系统分析与设计

为了实现傅里叶变换成像光谱仪的静态化与高通量,提出一种基于多级微镜的时空混合调制成像光谱仪,其干涉系统是利用一个多级微镜代替迈克尔逊干涉仪中的平面镜,其显著特点是无运动部件和限制系统光通量的狭缝,可同时获得目标的干涉图与二维空间图像。该成像光谱仪利用前置成像系统将目标成像到干涉系统的平面镜与多级微镜上,利用多级微镜的结构特点对两成像光束的光程差进行调制,然后通过后置成像系统获得不同干涉级次的目标图像。首先通过对该成像光谱仪干涉系统光谱信噪比的分析,明确了光谱信噪比与图像信噪比之间的关系,确定了多级微镜的特征参数。为了确保每个阶梯面所对应光程差的恒定性,通过对前置成像系统成像过程的分析,确定了前置成像系统像方远心的光路结构;通过对系统视场角与光程差之间关系的分析和计算,确定了前置成像系统的设计指标并完成了光学设计。为了保证后置成像系统不引入额外的光程差,通过对后置成像系统成像特点的分析,确定了后置成像系统双远心的光路结构;通过对系统入射孔径角与阶梯级数之间关系的分析和计算,最终设计出满足系统性能需求的后置成像系统。通过对各单元系统的理论分析与光学设计,为静态化与高通量成像光谱仪的发展提供了一种新的思路。     

编码孔径成像光谱仪光学系统设计

本文设计了一种以双Amici棱镜为分光元件的成像光谱系统,该系统主要包括前置望远物镜、编码板、双Amici棱镜、准直镜和成像镜.此类光学系统可以获得很高的衍射效率,相比于狭缝结构的成像光谱系统,该光谱仪为两维空间扩展的视场,无疑增加了设计难度.后期的数据反演算法对一次像面编码板的成像效果过于依赖,基于此,对光学系统的像差校正提出了更高的要求.本文设计、分析了基于双Amici棱镜的成像光谱仪的原理及特点,设计了一套完整的成像光谱系统.前置望远物镜的设计为像方远心,MTF在39线对处,达到0.8,成像质量良好.创新性的将前置望远物镜倒置用做准直系统.全系统各个波长在39线对处的MTF值均在0.65以上.对室外目标景物进行推扫成像,从获得的成像数据判断,本文设计的编码孔径成像光谱仪原理可行,衍射效率高,全视场成像质量良好,全谱段光谱数据可信.     

红外热成像系统调制传递函数（MTF）测试研究

为了能对红外热成像系统的性能进行准确的评价，必须对其MTF进行准确测试。利用高精度双黑体反射靶标评估系统，并依据刀口靶测试原理，首先在计算机中进行微分运算，获得线扩展函数，然后再进行傅里叶变换，最终获得MTF。通过对CEDIT ⅡA型热像仪MTF的测试和分析，发现MTF的测试主要受输入差分信号强度，脉冲电平的去除与否，以及采集到的信号是否滤波等因素的影响。该测试评估系统能保证背景辐射的均匀性和稳定性，且受环境温度变化的影响极小，因此可大大提高测量的准确性和可靠性。     

Continuous imaging space in three-dimensional integral imaging

We report an integral imaging method with continuous imaging space. This method simultaneously reconstructs real and virtual images in the virtual mode, with a minimum gap that separates the entire imaging space into real and virtual space. Experimental results show that the gap is reduced to 45% of that in a conventional integral imaging system with the same parameters.     

Targeted-ROI imaging in electron paramagnetic resonance imaging

Electron paramagnetic resonance imaging (EPRI) is a technique that has been used for in vivo oxygen imaging of small animals. In continuous wave (CW) EPRI, the measurement can be interpreted as a sampled 4D Radon transform of the image function. The conventional filtered-backprojection (FBP) algorithm has been used widely for reconstructing images from full knowledge of the Radon transform acquired in CW EPRI. In practical applications of CW EPRI, one often is interested in information only in a region of interest (ROI) within the imaged subject. It is desirable to accurately reconstruct an ROI image only from partial knowledge of the Radon transform because acquisition of the partial data set can lead to considerable reduction of imaging time. The conventional FBP algorithm cannot, however, reconstruct accurate ROI images from partial knowledge of the Radon transform of even dimension. In this work, we describe two new algorithms, which are referred to as the backprojection filtration (BPF) and minimum-data filtered-backprojection (MDFBP) algorithms, for accurate ROI-image reconstruction from a partial Radon transform (or, truncated Radon transform) in CW EPRI. We have also performed numerical studies in the context of ROI-image reconstruction of a synthetic 2D image with density similar to that found in a small animal EPRI. This demonstrates both the inadequacy of the conventional FBP algorithm and the success of BPF and MDFBP algorithms in ROI reconstruction. The proposed ROI imaging approach promises a means to substantially reduce image acquisition time in CW EPRI.     

Dynamic sample imaging in coherent diffractive imaging

As the resolution in coherent diffractive imaging improves, interexposure and intraexposure sample dynamics, such as motion, degrade the quality of the reconstructed image. Selecting data sets that include only exposures where tolerably little motion has occurred is an inefficient use of time and flux, especially when detector readout time is significant. We provide an experimental demonstration of an approach in which all images of a data set exhibiting sample motion are combined to improve the quality of a reconstruction. This approach is applicable to more general sample dynamics (including sample damage) that occur during measurement.     

光电成像系统超分辨成像技术方法研究

提出一种提高现有光电观瞄系统成像空间分辨率的新方法.在不改变阵列探测器件像元尺寸和不移动探测器的前提下,利用双光楔的较大移动使像平面发生微小位移,实现对探测器各相邻像元和不感光间隔目标进行微位移采样,提高目标信息的采样率,通过超分辨重建技术来提高系统的分辨能力,达到提高光电观瞄系统空间分辨率的目的.实验结果表明:该方法绕开了微小位移探测器需要克服的技术难题,同时避开了直接减少像元尺寸的工艺问题,且成像分辨率高.     

Superresolution imaging of scatterers in ultrasound B-scan imaging

A number of imaging systems exhibit speckle, which is caused by the interaction of a coherent pulse reflecting off of random reflectors. The limitations of these systems are quite serious because the speckle phenomenon creates a pattern of nulls and peaks from subresolvable scatterers or targets that are difficult to interpret. Another limitation of these pulse-echo imaging systems is that their resolution is dependent on the full spatial extent of the propagating pulse, usually several wavelengths in the axial or propagating dimension and typically longer in the transverse direction. This limits the spatial resolution to many multiples of the wavelength. This paper focuses on the particular case of ultrasound B-scan imaging and develops an inverse filter solution that eliminates both the speckle phenomenon and the poor resolution dependency on the pulse length and width to produce super-resolution ultrasound (SURUS) images. The key to the inverse filter is the creation of pulse shapes that have stable inverses. This is derived by use of the standard Z-transform and related properties. Although the focus of this paper is on examples from ultrasound imaging systems, the results are applicable to other pulse-echo imaging systems that also can exhibit speckle statistics.     

High-resolution diffusion imaging using phase-corrected segmented echo-planar imaging

Diffusion magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was performed with a high-resolution segmented echo-planar imaging technique, which provided images with substantially less susceptibility artifacts than images obtained with single-shot echo-planar imaging (EPI). Diffusion imaging performed with any multishot pulse sequence is inherently sensitive to motion artifacts and in order to reduce motion artifacts, the presented method utilizes navigator echo phase corrections, performed after a one-dimensional Fourier transform along the frequency-encoding direction. Navigator echo phases were fitted to a straight line prior to phase correction to avoid errors from internal motion. In vivo imaging was performed using electro cardiographic (ECG) triggering. Apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) maps were calculated on a pixel-by-pixel basis using up to seven diffusion sensitivities, ranging from b = 0 to 1129 x 10(6) s/m(2).