五氧化二氮(N2O5)非均相摄取系数的定量和参数化

颗粒物污染是我国超大城市地区面临的主要污染问题,大气化学受到非均相反应的强烈影响。N₂O₅非均相反应过程的定量描述对厘清我国超大城市地区夜间大气氧化性、区域NO_x收支、臭氧生成等问题具有重要意义。本文从反应机理、摄取系数测量技术和不同气溶胶基体测量结果等方面系统总结了N₂O₅非均相反应动力学研究进展。N₂O₅非均相摄取是典型的反应性摄取过程,是气溶胶流动管测量系统的理想应用对象。实验室动力学研究从硫酸盐等模型颗粒物出发,结合外场观测获取的颗粒物信息,模拟使用的颗粒物越来越接近实际大气条件。N₂O₅在不同颗粒物表面摄取系数在0.001~0.2之间,其变化范围超过两个数量级,主要受到环境温度、湿度、颗粒物组分中NO₃^-、Cl^-、SO₄^2-、含水量、有机物、颗粒物混合状态和相态等因素影响;颗粒物中H₂O、Cl^-、SO₄^2-的浓度升高会提高非均相摄取速率,而NO₃^-、有机物则会对摄取过程产生抑制作用。欧美地区外场观测研究表明这些影响因素并不是线性叠加的,而是存在非常复杂的相互作用,基于实验室测量结果开发的参数化公式不能很好地拟合观测结果。由于N₂O₅和颗粒物的高值区共存于污染城市地区,下一步研究需要在包括我国超大城市地区在内的典型城市大气条件下开展更多的外场实测研究和建立更准确的参数化公式。     

改性HZSM-5沸石分子筛对五氧化二氮硝化甲苯的影响

五氧化二氮(N₂O₅)作为一种新型绿色硝化剂,可替代传统高污染的混酸,然而N₂O₅直接硝化收率较低。 本文使用3种方法对HZSM-5沸石分子筛Z5进行改性,将催化剂用于N₂O₅硝化甲苯,并使用吡啶红外(FT-IR)、X射线衍射(XRD)进行表征。 实验表明:引入催化剂后,一硝基甲苯收率明显提升,其中浸渍法(IM)改性效果优于离子交换法,Cu-Z5-IM(Z5为HZSM-5沸石)的活性最高,一硝基甲苯产率达到了67.7%,相比未改性(45.2%)提高了22.5% ;经过5种不同浓度NaOH改性后,得出0.2 mol/L改性浓度最佳,硝化产率达到了58.5%。     

五氧化二氮和水反应的从头算研究

在臭氧空洞形成过程中,极地云是一个重要的条件。为了理解极地云的形成和性质,采用不同水平的从头计算方法对N~2O~5+H~2O→2HNO~3反应进行了理论研究。在QCISD(T)//MP2/6-311G(d,p)理论水平上,该气相反应的焓变△H^0=-39.5kJ·mol^-^1,自由能变化△G^0=-36.1kJ/mol,活化能E~a=88.2kJ·mol^-^1(298K)。计算的结果与五氧化二氮易潮解的性质相符。     

4,5-二氧-2-硫-1,3,2,4-二氮二磷杂环戊烷的合成和结构

本文通过氨基甲酰基膦酰胺酯与4-(取代)苯基二氯化膦缩含,然后硫化的方法制备了一类新型的双磷杂环化合物——4,5-二氧-2-硫-1,3,2,4-二氮二磷杂环戊烷。利用HPLC分离出了顺式和反式异构体,并分别测定了其晶体结构。通过~1HNMR和~(31)P NMR谱研究了化合物的立体结构,顺式和反式异构体有不同的化学位移和偶合常数。生物测定初步结果表明,这些化合物都有一定的除草活性,其中个别化合物有较高的除草活性。     

还原-氧化预处理对Co_3O_4催化分解N_2O性能的影响

采用液相沉淀法制备了Co_3O_4催化剂,并对其进行还原-氧化预处理制得Co_3O_4-RO。通过XRD、N_2-physisorption、Raman、H_2-TPR、XPS和O_2-TPD等技术对催化剂进行表征,在连续流动微反应装置上考察了催化剂催化分解N_2O性能。结果表明,经过还原-氧化预处理,与Co_3O_4催化剂相比,Co_3O_4-RO结晶度变差,晶粒粒径减小,尤其是尖晶石结构重构过程削弱了Co-O键,增强了催化剂表面的氧物种脱附能力,降低了催化分解N_2O反应的活化能,因而显著提高了催化剂的催化活性。同时,Co_3O_4-RO对原料气中的O_22%(体积分数)和H_2O 2. 3%(体积分数)表现出较强的耐受性。     

漆树漆酶催化2,6-二甲基酚的氧化反应

在0.1mol/L磷酸盐缓冲液中,漆树漆酶催化2,6-二甲基酚(DMP)氧化生成3,3'5.5'-四甲基-4,4'-二苯醌(TMDQ).pH8.0,温度40～50℃时酶促氧化DMP较快.DMP浓度在1.66×10^-4～9.92×10^-4mol/L时为一级反应,速率常数为3.57×10^-5s^-1,共存的二茂铁(Fc-H)能大大促进酶促氧化DMP的速度.提出了该反应可能的反应机理。     

铜配合物[Cu(AFO)2(N3)2](DMF)(H2O)的合成和晶体结构(AFO=4,5-二氮芴-9-酮)

近年来,利用晶体工程方法设计裁剪和组装具有一维、二维、三维框架结构的固体化合物材料已成为材料科学和化学学科中最活跃的研究领域之一。研究表明在这些框架内镶嵌活性组分可得到新型功能材料,如磁性材料、非线性光学材料及新型催化剂等[1]。而叠氮根是一个多功能桥联配体,它能形成一维[2],二维[3],三维[4]等配合物,有关叠氮根的磁性研究也成为分子基铁磁体研究的一个重要方面[5]。本文报道了[Cu(AFO)2(N3)2](DMF)(H2O)(DMF=N,N 二甲基甲酰胺)配合物的合成和晶体结构,并进行了元素分析和红外光谱表征。1　实验部分1 1　试剂与…     

5-取代-1H-1,2,4-三氮唑-3-羧酸的合成

三氮唑类化合物具有很强的生物活性[1,2],尤其是利用5 氨基 1H 1,2,4 三氨唑 3 羧酸为原料制得的Schiff碱具有较强的生根性能和较好的细胞分裂活性[3,4]本文以5 氨基 1H 1,2,4 三氨唑 3 羧酸为原料,经Sandmeyer反应将 NH2转变 Cl、 Br、 I和 CN。其合成路线如下:1　实验部分1 1　仪器与试剂Impact 420型傅里叶红外光谱仪;HP8452A二极管阵列紫外/可见光光度计;PE 2400型元素自动分析仪:XL 200MHz超导核磁共振仪;M 80AGC/MS质谱仪。5 氨基 1H 1,2,4 三氮唑 3 羧酸(工业纯,武汉中储鹤翔新技术有限公司,纯度95%以上),其余试剂均…     

2-(1,3,4-三氮唑偶氮)-5-二乙氨基苯甲酸光度法测定钒

有机偶氮类显色剂与钒 (Ｖ)形成络合物的分光光度法测定钒 ,灵敏度或选择性不高[1 ,2 ] ,我们曾合成了三氮唑偶氮类显色剂ＴＺＡＰＮ[3] 和ＣＴＺＡＰＮ[4] 以及四氮唑偶氮类显色剂ＴＺＡＤＡＰ[5] ,用于光度法测定钒 ,效果较好。为了进一步考察试剂结构对金属离子显色反应灵敏度和选择性的影响 ,以便筛选灵敏度和选择性更好的试剂 ,我们又设计合成了 2 ( 1 ,3,4 三氮唑偶氮 ) 5 二乙氨基苯甲酸 (简称ＴＺＤＢＡ)。探讨其与钒 (Ｖ)的显色反应条件 ,并用于铝合金样品及合成废水中钒的直接测定 ,结果令人满意。1　实验部分仪器 :ＵＶ - 2 4…     

新显色剂2-(5-羧基-1,3,4-三氮唑偶氮)-5-二乙氨基苯胺与Co(Ⅱ)显色反应的研究

研究了新显色剂 2 (5 羧基 1,3,4 三氮唑偶氮 ) 5 二乙氨基苯胺与Co(Ⅱ )的显色反应 ,试剂与钴在pH 8.0～ 10 .0范围内形成稳定的紫色络合物 ,其组成比为 3∶1,λmax=5 80nm ,络合物表观摩尔吸光系数为 4 .0 6× 10 4 L·mol- 1·cm- 1,Co(Ⅱ )在 0～ 0 .8μg·ml- 1范围内符合比耳定律 ,该络合物在强酸溶液中能稳定存在 ,可消除大量离子的干扰 ,具有良好的选择性。方法可以不经分离直接测定维生素B12 和合成工业废水中的微量钴 ,加标回收率为 99.0 %～ 10 2 .0 % ,RSD(n =6 )为 1.3%～ 1.8% ,结果满意。     

NO2-N2O4平衡体系定量化探究

勒夏特列原理一直被描述为定性理论。以NO2-N2O4平衡体系为例,初步探讨了化学平衡体系中吸光物质的浓度与压强、温度之间的函数关系。     

Vapour-Liquid and Liquid-Solid Equilibria in the System Th(NO3)4-UO2(NO3)2-HNO3-H2O

Vapour-liquid and liquid-solid equilibria were studied in the system Th(NO₃)₄-UO₂(NO₃)₂-HNO₃-H₂O. Hexahydrate of thorium nitrate as well as hexa- and trihydrate of uranyl nitrate were supposed to be formed in this system. Empiric equations of solubility isotherms were derived for 25 °C and liquid phase densities were determined. It was established that nitric acid was salted out into the vapour phase by the nitrates present in the system both separately and simultaneously. Empiric equation was derived that describes the relationship between the HNO₃ concentration of condensate and that of all liquid phase components.     

Ab initio calculations of nitrogen oxide reactions: formation of N2O2, N2O3, N2O4, N2O5, and N4O2 from NO, NO2, NO3, and N2O

Ab initio computational methods were used to obtain Delta(r)H(o), Delta(r)G(o), and Delta(r)S(o) for the reactions 2 NO <=> N(2)O(2) (I), NO+NO(2) <=> N(2)O(3) (II), 2 NO(2) <=> N(2)O(4) (III), NO(2)+NO(3) <=> N(2)O(5) (IV), and 2 N(2)O <=> N(4)O(2) (V) at 298.15 K. Optimized geometries and frequencies were obtained at the CCSD(T) level for all molecules except for NO, NO(2), and NO(3), for which UCCSD(T) was used. In all cases the aug-cc-pVDZ (avdz) basis set was employed. The electronic energies of all species were obtained from complete basis set extrapolations (to aug-cc-pV5Z) using five different extrapolation methods. The [U]CCSD(T)/avdz geometries and frequencies of the N(x)O(y) compounds are compared with literature values, and problems associated with the values and assignments of low-frequency modes are discussed. The standard entropies are compared with values cited in the NIST/JANAF tables [NIST-JANAF Thermochemical Tables, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data Monograph No. 9, 4th ed. edited by M. W. Chase, Jr. (American Chemical Society and American Institute of Physics, Woodbury, NY, 1988)]. With the exception of I, in which the dimer is weakly bound, and V, for which thermodynamic data appears to be lacking, the calculated standard thermodynamic functions of reaction are in good agreement with literature values obtained both from statistical mechanical and various equilibrium methods. A multireference-configuration interaction calculation (MRCI+Q) for I provides a D(e) value that is consistent with previous calculations. The combined uncertainties of the NIST/JANAF values for Delta(r)H(o), Delta(r)G(o), and Delta(r)S(o) of II, III, and IV are discussed. The potential surface for the dissociation of N(2)O(4) was explored using multireference methods. No evidence of a barrier to dissociation was found.     

Studies on the System ZnO-V2O5-Fe2O3 Reactivity of ZnFe2O4 Towards ZnV2O6

Studies on the reactivity of ZnFe₂O₄ towards ZnV₂O₆ revealed that in the solid state the phases interact in a molar ratio of 1:3 to form a new compound, to which the molecular formula Zn₂FeV₃O₁₁ was assigned. The compound melts congruently at 825±5°C. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

ACo_2O_4/HZSM-5催化剂上N_2O的直接分解

分别采用柠檬酸络合燃烧法和低温络合浸渍法制备尖晶石型复合金属氧化物催化剂ACo2O4(A=Mg,Ni,Zn)和分子筛负载尖晶石型复合金属氧化物催化剂ACo2O4/HZSM-5(A=Mg,Fe,Ni,Cu,Zn,Zr,La).采用X射线衍射(XRD)、氨程序升温脱附(NH3-TPD)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)和X射线能谱(EDS)等手段对催化剂进行表征,并在固定床微型反应器中评价其催化分解N2O活性.实验结果表明,A位离子种类影响ACo2O4/HZSM-5催化剂活性,以Ni、Fe、Zr或La为A位离子时,催化剂的活性较好,N2O分解温度低.ACo2O4/HZSM-5催化剂的活性高于ACo2O4尖晶石型复合氧化物,一方面是ACo2O4在分子筛HZSM-5载体上高度分散,使其以超细颗粒形态存在,另一方面ACo2O4/HZSM-5催化剂具有适宜的酸性,可提高催化剂的活性.     

(C5H6N4O)(C5H5N4O)3(C5H4N4O)[Bi2Cl11]Cl2 as a simple and efficient catalyst in Biginelli reaction

A highly efficient and facile procedure for the one‐pot three‐component synthesis of 3,4‐dihydropyrimidin‐2‐(1H )ones/thiones from the one‐pot condensation of aldehyde, β‐dicarbonyl compound and urea/thiourea was developed. The methodology is applicable to a wide range of substrates with high yield in the presence of (C₅H₆N₄O)(C₅H₅N₄O)₃(C₅H₄N₄O)[Bi₂Cl₁₁]Cl₂. The complex is an air‐stable, environmentally friendly and recoverable catalyst and can efficiently catalyze the Biginelli reaction. The catalyst has high catalytic efficiency with low catalyst loading, and can be recycled ten times with only a small loss of activity.     

Stability of nitrogen-oxygen cages N12O2, N14O2, N14O3, and N16O4

Molecules consisting entirely of nitrogen have been studied extensively for their potential as high energy density materials (HEDM). However, many such molecules are too unstable to serve as practical energy sources. This has prompted many studies of molecules that are mostly nitrogen but which incorporate heteroatoms into the structure to provide additional stability. In the current study, cages of three-coordinate nitrogen are viewed as candidates for stabilization by insertion of oxygen atoms into the nitrogen framework. Cages of N12, N14, and N16 with four-membered rings are studied because four-membered rings have been previously shown to be a destabilizing influence. Insertion of oxygen atoms, which converts N-N bonds to N-O-N bonding groups, relieves ring strain and can potentially result in stable molecules. These molecules are studied by theoretical calculations, using Hartree-Fock and Moller-Plesset (MP3 and MP4) theories, to determine the dissociation energies of the molecules. The primary result of the study is that stable molecules can result from oxygen insertion but that oxygen-oxygen proximity destabilizes the insertion products.     

Phase Equilibria in the V2O5-Sb2O4 System

Differential thermal analysis (DTA) and X-ray powder diffraction (XRD) were used to study phase equilibria, established in air in the V₂O₅-Sb₂O₄ system up to 1000°C. It has been found that there is a new phase =SbVO₅. The =SbVO₅ has been prepared by two methods: by heating equimolar mixtures of V₂O₅ and α-Sb₂O₄ in air and by oxidation of the known phase of rutile type obtained in pure argon at temperatures between 550 and 650°C. Thermal decomposition of =SbVO₅ in the solid state starts at 710°C giving off oxygen. The results provide a basis for constructing only a part of the phase diagram of the investigated system (up to 50.00 mol% Sb₂O₄). This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.